FTO genetic variants, dietary intake and body mass index: insights from 177,330 individuals.

FTO is the strongest known genetic susceptibility locus for obesity. Experimental studies in animals suggest the potential roles of FTO in regulating food intake. The interactive relation among FTO variants, dietary intake and body mass index (BMI) is complex and results from previous often small-scale studies in humans are highly inconsistent. We performed large-scale analyses based on data from 177,330 adults (154 439 Whites, 5776 African Americans and 17 115 Asians) from 40 studies to examine: (i) the association between the FTO-rs9939609 variant (or a proxy single-nucleotide polymorphism) and total energy and macronutrient intake and (ii) the interaction between the FTO variant and dietary intake on BMI. The minor allele (A-allele) of the FTO-rs9939609 variant was associated with higher BMI in Whites (effect per allele = 0.34 [0.31, 0.37] kg/m(2), P = 1.9 × 10(-105)), and all participants (0.30 [0.30, 0.35] kg/m(2), P = 3.6 × 10(-107)). The BMI-increasing allele of the FTO variant showed a significant association with higher dietary protein intake (effect per allele = 0.08 [0.06, 0.10] %, P = 2.4 × 10(-16)), and relative weak associations with lower total energy intake (-6.4 [-10.1, -2.6] kcal/day, P = 0.001) and lower dietary carbohydrate intake (-0.07 [-0.11, -0.02] %, P = 0.004). The associations with protein (P = 7.5 × 10(-9)) and total energy (P = 0.002) were attenuated but remained significant after adjustment for BMI. We did not find significant interactions between the FTO variant and dietary intake of total energy, protein, carbohydrate or fat on BMI. Our findings suggest a positive association between the BMI-increasing allele of FTO variant and higher dietary protein intake and offer insight into potential link between FTO, dietary protein intake and adiposity.

Cerebral Lactate Metabolism After Traumatic Brain Injury.

Cerebral energy dysfunction has emerged as an important determinant of prognosis following traumatic brain injury (TBI). A number of studies using cerebral microdialysis, positron emission tomography, and jugular bulb oximetry to explore cerebral metabolism in patients with TBI have demonstrated a critical decrease in the availability of the main energy substrate of brain cells (i.e., glucose). Energy dysfunction induces adaptations of cerebral metabolism that include the utilization of alternative energy resources that the brain constitutively has, such as lactate. Two decades of experimental and human investigations have convincingly shown that lactate stands as a major actor of cerebral metabolism. Glutamate-induced activation of glycolysis stimulates lactate production from glucose in astrocytes, with subsequent lactate transfer to neurons (astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle). Lactate is not only used as an extra energy substrate but also acts as a signaling molecule and regulator of systemic and brain glucose use in the cerebral circulation. In animal models of brain injury (e.g., TBI, stroke), supplementation with exogenous lactate exerts significant neuroprotection. Here, we summarize the main clinical studies showing the pivotal role of lactate and cerebral lactate metabolism after TBI. We also review pilot interventional studies that examined exogenous lactate supplementation in patients with TBI and found hypertonic lactate infusions had several beneficial properties on the injured brain, including decrease of brain edema, improvement of neuroenergetics via a "cerebral glucose-sparing effect," and increase of cerebral blood flow. Hypertonic lactate represents a promising area of therapeutic investigation; however, larger studies are needed to further examine mechanisms of action and impact on outcome.

Étude de la traduction IRES-dépendante du VIH-1

Le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine de type 1 (VIH-1) est responsable de la pandémie du SIDA (syndrome de l’immunodéficience acquise). Des souches virales résistantes aux antirétroviraux actuellement utilisés apparaissent rapidement. Il est donc important d’identifier de nouvelles cibles dans le cycle de réplication du VIH-1 pour développer de nouveaux agents contre ce virus. La traduction des protéines de structure et des enzymes du VIH-1 est une étape essentielle du cycle de réplication virale. Ces protéines sont exprimées à partir de l’ARN messager (ARNm) pleine-longueur (ARNmPL) à la fin du cycle de réplication. L’ARNmPL du VIH-1 peut utiliser un mode d’initiation de la traduction coiffe-dépendant, comme la majorité des ARNm cellulaires, mais peut aussi utiliser un mode d’initiation alternatif, car sa région 5’ non-traduite (5’UTR) contient un site interne d’entrée du ribosome (IRES), ce qui lui permet d’initier la traduction suivant un mode IRES-dépendant. L’initiation IRES-dépendante permet à l’ARNmPL d’être traduit quand l’initiation coiffe-dépendante est inhibée. L’activité de l’IRES de la région 5’UTR de l’ARNmPL du VIH-1 (IRES5’UTR) est faible dans des conditions physiologiques, mais est stimulée lorsque la cellule est arrêtée à la transition G2/M du cycle cellulaire, un arrêt qu’induit l’infection par le VIH-1. Une grande portion de l’IRES5’UTR, que nous nommons IRES5’UTRc, est présente dans tous les ARNm viraux et a une activité semblable à celle de l’ IRES5’UTR, ce qui indique que le mode IRES-dépendant peut être utilisé par tous les messagers du VIH-1. Lors de mes études doctorales, j’ai caractérisé le fonctionnement de l’IRES5’UTR du VIH-1. J’ai transfecté des cellules lymphocytaires Jurkat T, dérivées des cibles naturelles du VIH-1, avec un vecteur dual-luciférase contenant les séquences codantes des luciférases de la Renilla (Rluc) et de la luciole (Fluc) séparées par la région 5’UTR de l’ARNmPL du VIH-1. La traduction de la Rluc est coiffe-dépendante alors que celle de la Fluc dépend de l’IRES5’UTR. J’ai d’abord effectué une analyse mutationnelle et j’ai identifié trois régions qui stimulent l’activité de l’IRES5’UTR et une tige-boucle qui réprime l’activité de cet IRES, que j’ai nommée IRENE (IRES negative element). J’ai montré que l’effet répresseur d’IRENE est aboli lorsque les cellules sont soumises à un stress oxydatif, un type de stress induit lors d’une infection par le VIH-1. Nous proposons que IRENE maintiendrait l’IRES5’UTR dans une conformation peu active dans des conditions physiologiques. On sait que les IRES sont activés par divers facteurs cellulaires, appelés ITAF (IRES trans-acting factors). Nous proposons que l’IRES5’UTR adopterait une conformation active suite à la liaison d’un ITAF exprimé ou relocalisé lors d’un stress oxydatif. Ces travaux ont fait l’objet d’une publication (Gendron et al., 2011, Nucleic Acids Research, 39, 902-912). J’ai ensuite étudié l’effet de la protéine virale Tat sur l’activité de l’IRES5’UTR. En plus de son rôle essentiel dans la transactivation de la transcription des ARNm viraux, Tat stimule leur traduction coiffe-dépendante, en empêchant l’inhibition d’un facteur d’initiation canonique, eIF2, induite par la protéine kinase modulée par l’ARN double-brin (PKR) et en déroulant la structure TAR présente à l’extrémité 5’ de tous les ARNm du VIH-1. Elle affecte aussi l’expression de plusieurs gènes cellulaires. J’ai montré que les isoformes Tat86 et Tat72, mais non Tat101, stimulent l’activité de l’IRES5’UTR. Cet effet est indépendant de PKR et de TAR, mais dépendrait de la conformation de Tat. Nous proposons que Tat activerait un facteur de transcription cellulaire qui déclenche l’expression d’un ITAF de l’IRES5’UTR ou encore qu’elle activerait directement un tel ITAF. J’ai de plus montré que PKR stimule l’activité de l’IRES5’UTR, ce qui est surprenant puisque PKR est une protéine antivirale. Cet effet est indépendant de l’inhibition d’eIF2 par PKR et pourrait résulter de l’activation d’un ITAF. Sachant qu’une portion active de l’IRES5’UTR, IRES5’UTRc, est présente dans tous les ARNm viraux, notre hypothèse est que la stimulation de cet IRES par PKR permettait de traduire l’ARNm de Tat au début du cycle de réplication, ce qui permettrait ensuite la traduction coiffe-dépendante des ARNm du VIH-1, qui est stimulée par Tat. Ces travaux font l’objet d’un manuscrit (Gendron et al., soumis à RNA). Mes résultats, couplés aux données de la littérature, me conduisent à la conclusion que, à la fin du cycle de réplication du VIH-1, l’activité de l’IRES5’UTR est stimulée par le stress oxydatif, l’arrêt en G2/M et la présence de quantités élevées de Tat, alors que la traduction coiffe-dépendante est compromise. L’initiation IRES-dépendante serait alors indispensable pour que le VIH-1 traduise l’ARNmPL. L’IRES5’UTR constituerait donc une cible très intéressante pour développer des agents anti-VIH.

Should rituximab be considered as the first-choice treatment for severe autoimmune rheumatic diseases?

The present study aimed to assess the tolerance and efficacy of rituximab (RTX), a chimeric IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against the CD20 receptor present in B lymphocytes, in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases (AIRD). For this purpose, patients treated with RTX and their respective clinical charts were comprehensively examined. Indications for treatment were a refractory character of the disease, inefficacy or intolerance of other immunosuppressors. Activity indexes (SLEDAI, DAS28, and specific clinical manifestations) were used to evaluate efficacy. Serious side effects were also recorded. Seventy-four patients were included. Forty-three patients had systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 21 had rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 8 had Sjögren’s syndrome (SS), and 2 had Takayasu’s arteritis (TA). RTX was well-tolerated in 66 (89%) patients. In 8 patients (SLE = 3, SS = 3, RA = 2), serious side effects lead to discontinuation. The mean follow-up period was 12 ± 7.8 (2–35) months. The efficacy of RTX was registered in 58/66 (87%) patients, of whom 36 (83%) had SLE, 18/21 (85%) had RA, 3/8 (37%) had SS, and 1 had TA. The mean time of efficacy was 6.3 ± 5.1 weeks. A significant steroid-sparing effect was noticed in half of the patients. These results add further evidence for the use of RTX in AIRD. Based on its risk–benefit ratio, RTX might be used as the first-choice treatment for patients with severe AIRD.

Pressure-jump-induced kinetics reveals a hydration dependent folding/unfolding mechanism of ribonuclease A

Pressure-jump (p-jump)-induced relaxation kinetics was used to explore the energy landscape of protein folding/unfolding of Y115W, a fluorescent variant of ribonuclease A. Pressure-jumps of 40MPa amplitude (5ms dead-time) were conducted both to higher (unfolding) and to lower (folding) pressure, in the range from 100 to 500MPa, between 30 and 50°C. Significant deviations from the expected symmetrical protein relaxation kinetics were observed. Whereas downward p-jumps resulted always in single exponential kinetics, the kinetics induced by upward p-jumps were biphasic in the low pressure range and monophasic at higher pressures. The relative amplitude of the slow phase decreased as a function of both pressure and temperature. At 50°C, only the fast phase remained. These results can be interpreted within the framework of a two-dimensional energy surface containing a pressure- and temperature-dependent barrier between two unfolded states differing in the isomeric state of the Asn-113–Pro-114 bond. Analysis of the activation volume of the fast kinetic phase revealed a temperature-dependent shift of the unfolding transition state to a larger volume. The observed compensation of this effect by glycerol offers an explanation for its protein stabilizing effect

Influence of SNPs in nutrient-sensitive candidate genes and gene–diet interactions on blood lipids: the DiOGenes study

Blood lipid response to a given dietary intervention could be determined by the effect of diet, gene variants or gene–diet interactions. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether variants in presumed nutrient-sensitive genes involved in lipid metabolism modified lipid profile after weight loss and in response to a given diet, among overweight European adults participating in the Diet Obesity and Genes study. By multiple linear regressions, 240 SNPs in twenty-four candidate genes were investigated for SNP main and SNP–diet interaction effects on total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and TAG after an 8-week low-energy diet (only main effect), and a 6-month ad libitum weight maintenance diet, with different contents of dietary protein or glycaemic index. After adjusting for multiple testing, a SNP–dietary protein interaction effect on TAG was identified for lipin 1 (LPIN1) rs4315495, with a decrease in TAG of − 0·26 mmol/l per A-allele/protein unit (95 % CI − 0·38, − 0·14, P= 0·000043). In conclusion, we investigated SNP–diet interactions for blood lipid profiles for 240 SNPs in twenty-four candidate genes, selected for their involvement in lipid metabolism pathways, and identified one significant interaction between LPIN1 rs4315495 and dietary protein for TAG concentration.

Digestibilidade e degradabilidade de rações à base de milho desintegrado com palha e sabugo em diferentes graus de moagem

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Disponibilidade e absorção de aminoácidos em bovinos alimentados com diferentes fontes de compostos nitrogenados

Objetivou-se estudar o fluxo e a absorção de aminoácidos em bovinos alimentados com dietas isoprotéicas formuladas com diferentes fontes nitrogenadas. As dietas foram fornecidas a bezerros holandeses canulados no abomaso, com 8 meses de idade e peso médio de 187 kg, em um total de 21 animais escolhidos aleatoriamente para formar o grupo que constituiu as repetições experimentais (sete por tratamento). As dietas experimentais foram constituídas de 40% de volumoso e 60% de concentrado. Como volumoso, utilizou-se feno de capim-de-rhodes e, no concentrado, utilizaram-se milho, farelo de algodão, levedura, uréia, melaço e minerais. As dietas diferiram apenas quanto à fonte nitrogenada (farelo de algodão, levedura ou uréia). As quantidades (g/dia) de aminoácidos no abomaso e a composição em aminoácidos da proteína presente no abomaso e nas fezes foram influenciadas pela fonte protéica da dieta. As fontes nitrogenadas não afetaram significativamente a digestão de aminoácidos no intestino. A disponibilidade de aminoácidos no abomaso e a absorção no intestino apresentaram valores inferiores aos descritos na literatura, provavelmente porque, neste trabalho, os animais foram submetidos à restrição de ingestão. As fontes nitrogenadas testadas influenciaram a composição e a disponibilidade de aminoácidos em bovinos.

Effects of methadone on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in dogs

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Gluconeogenesis and P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase in liver and kidney of long-term fasted quails

The activity of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) in kidney and liver, and in vivo gluconeogenic activity, were determined during different phases of prolonged fasting in quails. The fasting-induced changes in the activity of kidney cytoplasmic PEPCK were positively correlated with the changes in gluconeogenesis. Both activities increased at the initial phase (I) of fasting to levels 65% to 100% higher than fed values, and decreased during the protein-sparing period (phase II), although remaining higher than in fed birds. At the catabolic final phase (III) both kidney cytoplasmic PEPCK activity and gluconeogenesis increased markedly, attaining levels 115% to 150% higher than fed values. The activity of liver cytoplasmic PEPCK, present in appreciable amounts in quails, did not change during phases I and II of fasting, but increased to levels 60% higher than fed values at the final phase (III). Plasma glucose levels at phase III did not differ significantly from those at phases I and II. In both kidney and liver the activity of the mitochondrial PEPCK was not significantly affected by fasting. The data suggest that the kidney cytoplasmic PEPCK is the main enzyme responsible for gluconeogenesis adjustments during food deprivation in quails, and that this function is complemented at the final phase by enzyme present in liver cytosol.

Effects of remifentanil on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in dogs

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Comparison of the effects of epidural or intravenous methadone on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in dogs

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

α-Lipoic acid-enrichment partially reverses tissue ascorbic acid depletion in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) fed vitamin C-devoid diets

Effects of dietary α-lipoic acid (LA) and ascorbic acid (AA) on the growth, tissue vitamin C and tocopherol (vitamin E) levels, and malondialdehyde levels were examined in the tropical fish pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus. Pacu juveniles were fed one of four casein-gelatin-based diets for 8 weeks: with 0.05% AA and 0.1% LA (+AA+LA), with AA and without LA (+AA-LA), without AA and with LA (-AA+LA), and without AA and LA (-AA-LA). When the fish received quantities of feed equal to 1.9-2.5% of its body weight, growth was not influenced, regardless of the presence of AA or LA throughout most of the experimental period. Growth was, however, slightly but significantly lower at week 8 in the AA-deficient/LA-supplemented group. An AA-deficient diet caused a highly significant reduction in both total AA and dehydroascorbic acid content in the liver and gill tissues. This reduction of tissue AA concentrations was reversed in a significant manner by LA (antioxidant-sparing effect). The 8-week-long vitamin C deprivation was sufficient to initiate the reduction in tissue ascorbic acid; however, total ascorbate in the liver of fish in the (-)AA/(+)LA group was 127.7±54.3 nmol g-1 tissue, whereas it was 28.6±26.3 nmol g-1 in the (-)AA/(-)LA group, a 4.4-fold difference. This mitigating effect of the addition of the endogenous antioxidant LA to the diet indicates that LA exerts a vitamin C-sparing effect in teleost fish that by far exceeds the phenomena demonstrated in non-scurvy-prone mammals. There was no difference among the different diet groups for vitamin E and malondialdehyde levels in the liver. These results suggest that LA is a potent substance for the prevention of AA deficiency in cultured fishes. The optimal dietary level of LA needs to be determined in the light of the slight reduction in body weight gain after 8 weeks of feeding in the absence of AA. © Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. 2006.

Perioperative evaluation of tumescent anaesthesia technique in bitches submitted to unilateral mastectomy

Background: Tumescent anaesthesia (TA) is a widely used technique in oncologic surgeries necessitating large resection margins. This technique produces transoperative and postoperative analgesia, reduces surgical bleeding, and facilitates tissue divulsion. This prospective, randomised, blind study evaluated the use of TA in bitches submitted to mastectomy and compared the effect of TA with an intravenous fentanyl bolus. A 2.5-mcg/kg intravenous fentanyl bolus (n = 10) was compared with TA using 0.275% lidocaine (n = 10) in bitches submitted to unilateral mastectomy. Sedation was performed by intramuscular (IM) injection of 0.05 mg/kg of acepromazine combined with 2 mg/kg of meperidine. Anaesthesia was induced with 5 mg/kg of intravenous propofol and maintained with isoflurane/O2. Heart and respiratory rates; systolic, mean, and diastolic arterial blood pressures; central venous pressure; SpO2; ETCO2; inspired and expired isoflurane concentrations; and temperature were measured transoperatively. Visual analogue scales for sedation and pain and the Glasgow composite and Melbourne pain scales were used for postoperative assessment. The surgeon investigated the quality of the surgical approach, considering bleeding and resection ability, and the incidence of postoperative wound complications.Results: The heart rate was lower and the end-tidal isoflurane concentration was higher in dogs treated with fentanyl than in dogs treated with TA. A fentanyl bolus was administered to 8 of 10 dogs treated with fentanyl and to none treated with TA. Intraoperative bleeding and the mammary gland excision time were lower in dogs treated with TA. The maximal mean and individual plasma lidocaine concentrations were 1426 ± 502 ng/ml and 2443 ng/ml at 90 minutes after infiltration, respectively. The Glasgow Composite Pain Scale scores were higher in dogs treated with fentanyl than in dogs treated with TA until 2 hours after extubation.Conclusions: Compared with intravenous fentanyl, TA in bitches: may be easily performed in non-inflamed, ulcerated, adhered mammary tumours; has an isoflurane-sparing effect; improves transoperative and immediate postoperative analgesia; is apparently safe for use in clinical conditions as evidenced by the fact that it did not produce any adverse signs or lidocaine plasma concentrations compatible with toxicity; does not modify the recovery time; and facilitates the surgical procedure without interfering with wound healing. © 2013 Credie et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

Gasometria da veia umbilical em fetos centralizados

Pós-graduação em Ginecologia, Obstetrícia e Mastologia - FMB