Low temperature synthesis and electrical properties of PbTiO3 thin films prepared by the polymeric precursor method

Ferroelectric PbTiO3 thin films were successfully prepared on a Pt(111)Ti/SiO2/Si(100) substrate for the first time by spin coating, using the polymeric precursor method. X-ray diffraction patterns of the films indicate that they are polycrystalline in nature. This method allows low temperature (500 degrees C) synthesis and high electrical properties. The multilayer PbTiO3 thin films were granular in structure with a grain size of approximately 110-120 nm. A 380-nm-thick film was obtained by carrying out four cycles of the spin-coating/heating process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses showed the surface of these thin films to be smooth, dense and crack-free with low surface roughness (=3.4 nm). At room temperature and at a frequency of 100 kHz, the dielectric constant and the dissipation factor were, respectively, 570 and 0.016. The C-V characteristics of perovskite thin film prepared at low temperature show normal ferrolectric behavior. The remanent polarization and coercive field for the films deposited were 13.62 mu C/cm(2) and 121.43 kV/cm, respectively. The high electrical property values are attributed to the excellent microstrutural quality and chemical homogeneity of thin films obtained by the polymeric precursor method. (C) 2000 Elsevier B.V. S.A. All rights reserved.

Estudo da viabilidade do emprego do pó de mármore para produção de concreto autoadensável e substituição parcial dos agregados por pérolas de poliestireno expandido (EPS)

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Civil - FEIS

A fragment-based approach for the in silico prediction of blood-brain barrier permeation

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeation is an essential property for drugs that act in the central nervous system (CNS) for the treatment of human diseases, such as epilepsy, depression, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson disease, schizophrenia, among others. In the present work, quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) studies were conducted for the development and validation of in silico models for the prediction of BBB permeation. The data set used has substantial chemical diversity and a relatively wide distribution of property values. The generated QSPR models showed good statistical parameters and were successfully employed for the prediction of a test set containing 48 compounds. The predictive models presented herein are useful in the identification, selection and design of new drug candidates having improved pharmacokinetic properties.

Late Neogene sediment composition and accumulation rates of ODP Hole 120-751A

Through scanning electron microscope analysis of sediment microfabric, we have evaluated variations in high-resolution shipboard physical properties (index properties and shear strength), sediment components (smear slide determinations), and shore-based calcium carbonate and biogenic silica data from Site 751 (Kerguelen Plateau). The stratigraphic section at this site records a change in biogenic ooze composition from predominantly calcareous (nannofossil) to siliceous (diatom) ooze from ~23 Ma to the present, reflecting expansion of Antarctic water masses during the late Neogene. The profound change in physical properties and sediment character at 40.1 mbsf (~5-6 Ma) evidently records the northward movement of the Polar Front and a change in absolute accumulation rates of sediment at this site. Trends in geotechnical properties with depth at Site 751 allowed us to subdivide the sedimentary column into a number of geotechnical units that reflect changes in depositional and postdepositional processes with time. Geotechnical properties are sensitive to changing sedimentary inputs of primarily siliceous and calcareous microfossils. This allows us to study the physical nature of biostratigraphically-identified hiatuses and variations in environmental conditions linked to the migration of the Polar Front across this region. The analysis of geotechnical properties permits a more detailed division of the sedimentary column than is possible from shipboard lithologic descriptions alone. Our study of the sedimentary microfabric indicates that randomly oriented, elongate pennate diatom valves compose the sediments with highest porosity and water content values, and the lowest density values (wet bulk, dry bulk, and grain density). Conversely, sediments composed of nannofossils and disassociated nannofossil crystallites and little or no siliceous remains have the lowest porosity and water content values, and the highest density values. Samples of mixed siliceous/calcareous composition have intermediate physical property values, but these vary according to the nature of the sedimentary matrix and the state of preservation of individual skeletal elements.

The SUGAR Toolbox

The SUGAR Toolbox contains scripts coded in MATLAB for calculating various thermodynamic, kinetic, and geologic properties of substances occurring in the marine environment, particularly gas hydrate and seep systems. Brief descriptions of the toolbox scripts and some notes on the underlying basic theory as well as tables of additional property values can be found in the accompanying documentation.

(Table 1) Physical properties of sediments at DSDP Holes 69-504 and 69-505

Values of physical properties measured in the upper sections of sediment cores recovered at Sites 504 and 505 exhibit a remarkable similarity. Below a depth of 145 m Site 504 sediments appear to have undergone changes which are reflected in physical property values. This alteration may have been due to high temperatures in the sediment. In most of Site 505, and in Site 504 above 145 m, seismic velocity averages 1.51 km/s, wet bulk density 1.32 g/cm**3, porosity 80%, and thermal conductivity 0.80% W/m °K. Below 145 m at Site 504 and 210 m at Site 505, mean density increases to 1.40 g/cm**3, porosity decreases to 67%, seismic velocity increases to 1.53 km/s, and thermal conductivity increases to values in excess of 1.0 W/m °K. A good correlation between independent measurements of water content and thermal resistivity supports the existence of small but regular variation in the measured parameters on the scale of 10 m and less.

Desarrollo de un modelo de formación del valor inmobiliario en áreas de crecimiento suburbano. Aplicación a la comarca de la Vega Baja del Segura en el litoral alicantino

Una de las principales líneas de investigación de la economía urbana es el comportamiento del mercado inmobiliario y sus relaciones con la estructura territorial. Dentro de este contexto, la reflexión sobre el significado del valor urbano, y abordar su variabilidad, constituye un tema de especial importancia, dada la relevancia que ha supuesto y supone la actividad inmobiliaria en España. El presente estudio ha planteado como principal objetivo la identificación de aquellos factores, ligados a la localización que explican la formación del valor inmobiliario y justifican su variabilidad. Definir este proceso precisa de una evaluación a escala territorial estableciendo aquellos factores de carácter socioeconómico, medioambiental y urbanístico que estructuran el desarrollo urbano, condicionan la demanda de inmuebles y, por tanto, los procesos de formación de su valor. El análisis se centra en valores inmobiliarios residenciales localizados en áreas litorales donde la presión del sector turístico ha impulsado un amplio. Para ello, el ámbito territorial seleccionado como objeto de estudio se sitúa en la costa mediterránea española, al sur de la provincia de Alicante, la comarca de la Vega Baja del Segura. La zona, con una amplia diversidad ecológica y paisajística, ha mantenido históricamente una clara distinción entre espacio urbano y espacio rural. Esta dicotomía ha cambiado drásticamente en las últimas décadas, experimentándose un fuerte crecimiento demográfico y económico ligado a los sectores turístico e inmobiliario, aspectos que han tenido un claro reflejo en los valores inmobiliarios. Este desarrollo de la comarca es un claro ejemplo de la política expansionista de los mercados de suelo que ha tenido lugar en la costa española en las dos últimas décadas y que derivado en la regeneración de un amplio tejido suburbano. El conocimiento del marco territorial ha posibilitado realizar un análisis de variabilidad espacial mediante un tratamiento masivo de datos, así como un análisis econométrico que determina los factores que se valoran positivamente y negativamente por el potencial comprador. Estas relaciones permiten establecer diferentes estructuras matemáticas basadas en los modelos de precios hedónicos, que permiten identificar rasgos diferenciales en los ámbitos económico, social y espacial y su incidencia en el valor inmobiliario. También se ha sistematizado un proceso de valoración territorial a través del análisis del concepto de vulnerabilidad estructural, entendido como una situación de fragilidad debida a circunstancias tanto sociales como económicas, tanto actual como de tendencia en el futuro. Actualmente, esta estructura de demanda de segunda residencia y servicios ha mostrado su fragilidad y ha bloqueado el desarrollo económico de la zona al caer drásticamente la inversión en el sector inmobiliario por la crisis global de la deuda. El proceso se ha agravado al existir un tejido industrial marginal al que no se ha derivado inversiones importantes y un abandono progresivo de las explotaciones agropecuarias. El modelo turístico no sería en sí mismo la causa del bloqueo del desarrollo económico comarcal, sino la forma en que se ha implantado en la Costa Blanca, con un consumo del territorio basado en el corto plazo, poco respetuoso con aspectos paisajísticos y medioambientales, y sin una organización territorial global. Se observa cómo la vinculación entre índices de vulnerabilidad y valor inmobiliario no es especialmente significativa, lo que denota que las tendencias futuras de fragilidad no han sido incorporadas a la hora de establecer los precios de venta del producto inmobiliario analizado. El valor muestra una clara dependencia del sistema de asentamiento y conservación de las áreas medioambientales y un claro reconocimiento de tipologías propias del medio rural aunque vinculadas al sector turístico. En la actualidad, el continuo descenso de la demanda turística ha provocado una clara modificación en la estructura poblacional y económica. Al incorporar estas modificaciones a los modelos especificados podemos comprobar un verdadero desmoronamiento de los valores. Es posible que el remanente de vivienda construida actualmente vaya dirigido a un potencial comprador que se encuentra en retroceso y que se vincula a unos rasgos territoriales ya no existentes. Encontrar soluciones adaptables a la oferta existente, implica la viabilidad de renovación del sistema poblacional o modificaciones a nivel económico. La búsqueda de respuestas a estas cuestiones señala la necesidad de recanalizar el desarrollo, sin obviar la potencialidad del ámbito. SUMMARY One of the main lines of research regarding the urban economy focuses on the behavior of the real estate market and its relationship to territorial structure. Within this context, one of the most important themes involves considering the significance of urban property value and dealing with its variability, particularly given the significant role of the real estate market in Spain, both in the past and present. The main objective of this study is to identify those factors linked to location, which explain the formation of property values and justify their variability. Defining this process requires carrying out an evaluation on a territorial scale, establishing the socioeconomic, environmental and urban planning factors that constitute urban development and influence the demand for housing, thereby defining the processes by which their value is established. The analysis targets residential real estate values in coastal areas where pressure from the tourism industry has prompted large-scale transformations. Therefore, the focal point of this study is an area known as Vega Baja del Segura, which is located on the Spanish Mediterranean coast in southern Alicante (province). Characterized by its scenic and ecological diversity, this area has historically maintained a clear distinction between urban and rural spaces. This dichotomy has drastically changed in past decades due to the large increase in population attributed to the tourism and real estate markets – factors which have had a direct effect on property values. The development of this area provides a clear example of the expansionary policies which have affected the housing market on the coast of Spain during the past two decades, resulting in a large increase in suburban development. Understanding the territorial framework has made it possible to carry out a spatial variability analysis through massive data processing, as well as an econometric analysis that determines the factors that are evaluated positively and negatively by potential buyers. These relationships enable us to establish different mathematical systems based on hedonic pricing models that facilitate the identification of differential features in the economic, social and spatial spheres, and their impact on property values. Additionally, a process for land valuation was established through an analysis of the concept of structural vulnerability, which is understood to be a fragile situation resulting from either social or economic circumstances. Currently, this demand structure for second homes and services has demonstrated its fragility and has inhibited the area’s economic development as a result of the drastic fall in investment in the real estate market, due to the global debt crisis. This process has been worsened by the existence of a marginal industrial base into which no important investments have been channeled, combined with the progressive abandonment of agricultural and fishing operations. In and of itself, the tourism model did not inhibit the area’s economic development, rather it is the result of the manner in which it was implemented on the Costa Brava, with a land consumption based on the short-term, lacking respect for landscape and environmental aspects and without a comprehensive organization of the territory. It is clear that the link between vulnerability indexes and property values is not particularly significant, thereby indicating that future fragility trends have not been incorporated into the problem in terms of establishing the sale prices of the analyzed real estate product in question. Urban property values are clearly dependent on the system of development and environmental conservation, as well as on a clear recognition of the typologies that characterize rural areas, even those linked to the tourism industry. Today, the continued drop in tourism demand has provoked an obvious modification in the populational and economic structures. By incorporating these changes into the specified models, we can confirm a real collapse in values. It’s possible that the surplus of already-built homes is currently being marketed to a potential buyer who is in recession and linked to certain territorial characteristics that no longer exist. Finding solutions that can be adapted to the existing offer implies the viability of renewing the population system or carrying out modifications on an economic level. The search for answers to these questions suggests the need to reform the development model, without leaving out an area’s potentiality.

Obtenção e caracterização de amido termoplástico e de suas misturas com polipropileno.

Este trabalho está dividido em: obtenção e caracterização de amido termoplástico (TPS); estudo do envelhecimento do TPS e blendas de PP/TPS. O estudo do TPS, foi realizado utilizando amido de milho, 30% em massa de glicerol e outros componentes que variam entre as amostras. Primeiramente foi realizado um planejamento estatístico para obter a composição ótima de TPS. Foram escolhidos cinco parâmetros de entrada: 2 de composição (umidade e teor de ácido cítrico) e 3 de processamento (temperatura, velocidade dos rotores e tempo), visando obter um TPS com propriedades térmicas e mecânicas superiores. De acordo com os resultados de infravermelho, termogravimetria, microscopia ótica (MO) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) foram escolhidas 2 composições. Estas foram calandradas e confeccionadas para obtenção dos corpos de prova de tração. Os resultados dos ensaios mecânicos mostraram que amostras com teor de ácido cítrico de aproximadamente 2% em massa apresentam os maiores valores de módulo de elasticidade e resistência à tração. Com estes resultados foram realizadas novas composições com outros ácidos carboxílicos: adípico, málico e tartárico e amostras sem ácidos. As curvas de torque indicaram que as amostras sem ácido carboxílico e com ácido adípico perdem água durante o processamento. Analisando os resultados verifica-se que o TPS com os ácidos málico e tartárico apresentam melhores propriedades mecânicas e térmicas. Também foi analisado o envelhecimento, e notou-se que com o tempo as amostras tendem a perder plastificante, modificando suas propriedades mecânicas e sua cristalinidade. Entretanto, durante o intervalo de um ano, as amostras de TPS com ácido málico e tartárico não sofreram perda significativa de plastificante. Por último, foram obtidas blendas de PP reciclado com TPS nas composições 50/50, 60/40 e 70/30 em massa, respectivamente, com e sem adição de ácidos: cítrico, málico e tartárico e anidrido maleico. As amostras foram caracterizadas por FTIR, DRX, reometria capilar, MEV e por teste de resistência à tração. Micrografias obtidas por MEV indicaram que todas as composições estudadas possuem morfologia predominantemente co-contínua. A presença dos ácidos, geralmente, reduz os valores das propriedades mecânicas da blenda de PP com TPS e a adição de PP-g-MA é mais efetiva nas blendas sem adição de ácido. Ao analisar o envelhecimento das blendas com adição de ácidos tartárico e málico, notou-se que as propriedades mecânicas não foram alteradas em função do tempo de estocagem.

Fracking/Takings

As the use of fracking has spread during the recent oil and gas boom, inevitable conflicts have arisen between industry and its neighbors, particularly as fracking has moved into densely populated urban and suburban areas. Concerned over the impacts of fracking – such as risks to health and safely, diminished property values, air and water pollution, as well as noise, traffic, and other annoyances – many people have demanded a government response. Government regulation of fracking has struggled to catch up, although in recent years many state and local governments have taken steps to reduce the impacts of fracking in their communities. This article focuses on government restrictions in New York and Colorado, two of the key battlegrounds in the fight over fracking. New York recently prohibited fracking across the entire state, after several towns had enacted their own bans. In Colorado, the people have used the ballot initiative process to enact restrictions on fracking directly. The industry has responded not only with public relations spending to improve the fracking’s damaged reputation, but also legal challenges to these efforts to rein in oil and gas development. In addition to suing local governments, often arguing they do not have authority to regulate fracking, industry threatens to bring costly takings claims for compensation due to alleged economic harms. This Article examines the numerous legal and factual issues that should make it difficult for industry to succeed on fracking/takings claims. First, regulation of fracking, even including outright bans, can almost always be defended as necessary to prevent a nuisance or other background principle of law that justifies government regulation. Even if a nuisance defense could be overcome, industry would have difficulty proving that regulation has destroyed all economic value in their property, unless courts take a narrow view of property that would highlight the arbitrary nature of the “denominator problem.” When fracking/takings claims are considered under the default balancing of the Penn Central case, takings are unlikely to be found except in rare outlier cases. Finally, because requiring governments to pay compensation in fracking/takings cases would likely create a windfall for industry, particularly if the oil and gas eventually is extracted in the future, courts should resist the temptation to rule against government restrictions to protect public health, safety, and the environment.

(Table 1) Physical properties of sediments at DSDP Holes 79-545 and 79-547A

Laboratory measurements of the acoustic and physical properties of deep-sea sediments and rocks are important for the interpretation of seismic reflection and refraction data and estimation of in situ physical property values. Furthermore, the results of such measurements can be used to design geoacoustic models of the upper oceanic crust that can relate the physical properties of deep-sea sediments to lithology, depth of burial, and diagenetic effects (Hamilton, 1980; Milholland et al., 1980). The purpose of this paper is to report the results of laboratory measurements of wet-bulk density, compressionalwave velocity, and velocity anisotropy on sediments cored during DSDP Leg 79. The sample suite consists of 11 calcareous claystones and clay-rich chalks recovered between 370 to 720 m sub-bottom at Holes 545 and 547A.

A comprehensive policy to ameliorate adverse effects of transportation facilities. Appendix.

Transportation Department, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Environment, Safety, and Consumer Affairs, Washington, D.C.

1982 census of governments.

"GC82(1)-(7)".

1977 census of governments.

v. 1. no. 1. Governmental organization. no. 2. Popularly elected officials -- v. 2. Taxable property values and assessment/sales price ratios -- v. 3. no. 1. Employment of major local governments. no. 2. Compendium of public employment. no. 3. Labor management relations in state and local governments -- v. 4. no. 1 Finances of school districts. no. 2 Finances of special districts. no. 3. Finances of county governments. no. 4. Finances of municipalities and township governments. no. 5. Compendium of government finances -- v. 5. Local government in metropolitan areas -- v. 6. no. 1. Employee retirement systems of state and local governments. no. 3. State payments to local governments. no. 4. Historical statistics on governmental finances and employment. no. 5. Graphic summary of the 1977 census of governments. no. 6. Regional organizations -- v. 7. Guide to 1977 census of governments.

Allocation of road and street costs.

pt. 1. An equitable solution to the problem. Sect. 1-5 by R. G. Hennes [et al.]--pt. 2. Classification, traffic volumes and annual costs of county roads and city streets in the state of Washington, by G. A. Riedesel.--pt. 3. Bases for weight-distance taxation in the state of Washington. v. 1. Automobiles & taxicabs. v. 2. Trucks & buses.--pt. 4. The benefits of rural roads to rural property, by Wm. L. Garrison.--pt. 5. The effect of freeway access uponsuburban real property values, by R. O. Wheeler.

Human Mobility, Exposure to the Built Environment, and Health

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-06