Power to the people: working-class demand for household power in 1930s Britain

The 1930s witnessed an intense struggle between gas and electricity suppliers for the working class market, where the incumbent utility—gas—was also a reasonably efficient (and cheaper) General Purpose Technology for most domestic uses. Local monopolies for each supplier boosted substitution effects between fuel types—as alternative fuels constituted the only local competition. Using newly-rediscovered returns from a major national household expenditure survey, we employ geographically-determined instrumental variables, more commonly used in the industrial organization literature, to show that gas provided a significant competitor, tempering electricity prices, while electricity demand was also responsive to marketing initiatives.

Law and the power of feminism: how marriage lost its power to oppress women

In Feminism and the Power of Law Carol Smart argued that feminists should use non-legal strategies rather than looking to law to bring about women’s liberation. This article seeks to demonstrate that, as far as marriage is concerned, she was right. Statistics and contemporary commentary show how marriage, once the ultimate and only acceptable status for women, has declined in social significance to such an extent that today it is a mere lifestyle choice. This is due to many factors, including the ‘sexual revolution’ of the 1960s, improved education and job opportunities for women, and divorce law reform, but the catalyst for change was the feminist critique that called for the abandonment (rather than the reform) of the institution and made the unmarried state possible for women. I conclude that this loss of significance has been more beneficial to British women in terms of the possibility of ‘liberation’ than appeals for legal change and recognition, and that we should continue to be wary of looking to law to solve women’s problems.

The long-term safety and efficacy of bilateral transplantation of human fetal striatal tissue in patients with mild to moderate Huntington's disease.

Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease involving progressive motor, cognitive and behavioural decline, leading to death approximately 20 years after motor onset. The disease is characterised pathologically by an early and progressive striatal neuronal cell loss and atrophy, which has provided the rationale for first clinical trials of neural repair using fetal striatal cell transplantation. Between 2000 and 2003, the 'NEST-UK' consortium carried out bilateral striatal transplants of human fetal striatal tissue in five HD patients. This paper describes the long-term follow up over a 3-10-year postoperative period of the patients, grafted and non-grafted, recruited to this cohort using the 'Core assessment program for intracerebral transplantations-HD' assessment protocol. No significant differences were found over time between the patients, grafted and non-grafted, on any subscore of the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale, nor on the Mini Mental State Examination. There was a trend towards a slowing of progression on some timed motor tasks in four of the five patients with transplants, but overall, the trial showed no significant benefit of striatal allografts in comparison with a reference cohort of patients without grafts. Importantly, no significant adverse or placebo effects were seen. Notably, the raclopride positron emission tomography (PET) signal in individuals with transplants, indicated that there was no obvious surviving striatal graft tissue. This study concludes that fetal striatal allografting in HD is safe. While no sustained functional benefit was seen, we conclude that this may relate to the small amount of tissue that was grafted in this safety study compared with other reports of more successful transplants in patients with HD.

A systematic review of anti-inflammatories for mild to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome

The purpose of this study was to evaluate anti-inflammatory drugs in the medium- and long-term management of mild to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). The authors conducted a systematic review of the literature on the effectiveness of steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for mild and moderate cases of CTS. There were included only randomized, double-blind clinical trials. Six publications referring to five trials were included in the review. No study on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs met our inclusion criteria. Although neurophysiological studies have not shown great differences resulting from the application of corticosteroids, the symptomatic benefit provided by such drugs is clear. In the short term, local infiltration provides better results than systemic administration of corticosteroids. Over a 1-year period, however, this difference does not persist. Further double-blind randomized trials evaluating therapeutic efficacy for a longer follow-up period are required to provide stronger evidence for both steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories. © 2009 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Ecuador: the country's progress from chronic to moderate inflation

Includes bibliography

Effects of Water-Based and Callisthenic Exercise on Freezing of Gait, Postural Control, and Functional Independence in Patients With Mild to Moderate Parkinson Disease

Objective: This study aimed to analyze and compare the role of a water-based exercise program versus a combination of water and callisthenic exercises on postural control, functional independence, and freezing of gait (FOG) in patients with mild to moderate Parkinson disease.Methods: Twenty-five community-dwelling participants with idiopathic Parkinson disease were recruited. Of these, 9 participants took part in a water-based program of physical exercises and the other 16 participants took part in a combined program that consisted of callisthenic exercises plus an aquatic exercise session. Both programs were 16 weeks in duration. The clinical evaluation assessed the festination by means of the FOG score test; postural control was verified by means of the balance test of the short physical performance battery, and the Spanish validated version of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part 2 was used to assess functional independence. Participants were evaluated before and after 16 weeks of both proposed programs.Results: The results showed improvement in FOG for both groups, although a significant main effect was observed only in the patients who performed the callisthenic exercise plus an aquatic exercise program. Postural control did not show significant improvements after both proposed physical exercise programs as soon as functional autonomy. Our preliminary results suggest that training sessions with the combination of water plus callisthenic exercises may be a useful physical rehabilitation strategy for individuals with mild to moderate Parkinson disease who have FOG.

Efficacy and safety of the Betamethasone valerate 0.1% plaster in mild-to-moderate chronic plaque psoriasis: a randomized, parallel-group, active-controlled, phase III study

Corticosteroids are a versatile option for the treatment of mild-to-moderate psoriasis due to their availability in a wide range of potencies and formulations. Occlusion of the corticosteroid is a widely accepted procedure to enhance the penetration of the medication, thereby improving its effectiveness. Betamethasone valerate (BMV) is a moderately potent corticosteroid that is available as a cream, ointment, and lotion. A ready-to-use occlusive dressing, which provides a continuous sustained release of BMV, has been developed for the treatment of psoriasis.

Exposure to moderate air pollution during late pregnancy and cord blood cytokine secretion in healthy neonates

Background/Objectives Ambient air pollution can alter cytokine concentrations as shown in vitro and following short-term exposure to high air pollution levels in vivo. Exposure to pollution during late pregnancy has been shown to affect fetal lymphocytic immunophenotypes. However, effects of prenatal exposure to moderate levels of air pollutants on cytokine regulation in cord blood of healthy infants are unknown. Methods In a birth cohort of 265 healthy term-born neonates, we assessed maternal exposure to particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 µm or less (PM10), as well as to indoor air pollution during the last trimester, specifically the last 21, 14, 7, 3 and 1 days of pregnancy. As a proxy for traffic-related air pollution, we determined the distance of mothers' homes to major roads. We measured cytokine and chemokine levels (MCP-1, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1ß, TNF-α and GM-CSF) in cord blood serum using LUMINEX technology. Their association with pollution levels was assessed using regression analysis, adjusted for possible confounders. Results Mean (95%-CI) PM10 exposure for the last 7 days of pregnancy was 18.3 (10.3–38.4 µg/m3). PM10 exposure during the last 3 days of pregnancy was significantly associated with reduced IL-10 and during the last 3 months of pregnancy with increased IL-1ß levels in cord blood after adjustment for relevant confounders. Maternal smoking was associated with reduced IL-6 levels. For the other cytokines no association was found. Conclusions Our results suggest that even naturally occurring prenatal exposure to moderate amounts of indoor and outdoor air pollution may lead to changes in cord blood cytokine levels in a population based cohort.

Loss of alpha10beta1 integrin expression leads to moderate dysfunction of growth plate chondrocytes

Integrin alpha10beta1 is a collagen-binding integrin expressed on chondrocytes. In order to unravel the role of the alpha10 integrin during development, we generated mice carrying a constitutive deletion of the alpha10 integrin gene. The mutant mice had a normal lifespan and were fertile but developed a growth retardation of the long bones. Analysis of the skeleton revealed defects in the growth plate after birth characterized by a disturbed columnar arrangement of chondrocytes, abnormal chondrocyte shape and reduced chondrocyte proliferation. Electron microscopy of growth plates from newborn mice revealed an increased number of apoptotic chondrocytes and reduced density of the collagen fibrillar network compared to these structures in control mice. These results demonstrate that integrin alpha10beta1 plays a specific role in growth plate morphogenesis and function.

Sleepiness and performance is disproportionate in patients with non-organic hypersomnia in comparison to patients with narcolepsy and mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnoea.

BACKGROUND/AIMS Clinical differentiation between organic hypersomnia and non-organic hypersomnia (NOH) is challenging. We aimed to determine the diagnostic value of sleepiness and performance tests in patients with excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) of organic and non-organic origin. METHODS We conducted a retrospective comparison of the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT), pupillography, and the Steer Clear performance test in three patient groups complaining of EDS: 19 patients with NOH, 23 patients with narcolepsy (NAR), and 46 patients with mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS). RESULTS As required by the inclusion criteria, all patients had Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) scores >10. The mean sleep latency in the MSLT indicated mild objective sleepiness in NOH (8.1 ± 4.0 min) and OSAS (7.2 ± 4.1 min), but more severe sleepiness in NAR (2.5 ± 2.0 min). The difference between NAR and the other two groups was significant; the difference between NOH and OSAS was not. In the Steer Clear performance test, NOH patients performed worst (error rate = 10.4%) followed by NAR (8.0%) and OSAS patients (5.9%; p = 0.008). The difference between OSAS and the other two groups was significant, but not between NOH and NAR. The pupillary unrest index was found to be highest in NAR (11.5) followed by NOH (9.2) and OSAS (7.4; n.s.). CONCLUSION A high error rate in the Steer Clear performance test along with mild sleepiness in an objective sleepiness test (MSLT) in a patient with subjective sleepiness (ESS) is suggestive of NOH. This disproportionately high error rate in NOH may be caused by factors unrelated to sleep pressure, such as anergia, reduced attention and motivation affecting performance, but not conventional sleepiness measurements.

"Power to the people" : De la Hegemonía al Policentrismo: Una mirada desde las Antípodas sobre el devenir del inglés en el contexto postcolonial de Asia del Sur

Esta tesis buscará diferencias y similitudes sobre el fenómeno "Imperialismo Lingüístico" en contextos poscoloniales desde la mirada de lingüistas angloparlantes, por un lado occidentales, para quienes el inglés es su lengua materna, como así también orientales, para quienes es una segunda lengua. Creemos que los fuertes procesos de apropiación, naturalización, indigenización y re-significación de la lengua inglesa por parte de la población de Asia del Sur han hecho del inglés una lengua de carácter policéntrico, lengua de cultura (Guitarte, 1991) más que una lengua de carácter hegemónico, lengua de culto (Guitarte, 1991). Esta lengua poli/pluricéntrica, lejos de ser una lengua que perpetúe la inequidad social, como proponen los teóricos occidentales, es una lengua que empodera a sus hablantes, inclusive a aquellos más excluidos del sistema social como los dalits. Los textos para el análisis corresponden a las variedades postcoloniales del inglés indio (Indian English) y sri lankeano (Sri Lankean English) que se ubican dentro de los denominados inglés[es] Sud asiático[s] (South Asian English[es]). La evaluación en India y Sri Lanka (colonizados) respecto de la imposición de la Lengua Inglesa es altamente positiva, no sólo en los estratos sociales elevados sino también en los estratos sociales de menores recursos (los dalits). Esto se opone a la evaluación del mismo fenómeno visto desde occidente (colonizadores), quienes consideran haber cometido, a través de la imposición, una especie de genocidio lingüístico de las lenguas locales. Si bien, ambas posturas coinciden en ver al inglés como a un medio capaz de crear un nuevo estrato social: ?la casta de los hablantes bilingües del inglés?, creemos que la diferencia principal radica en que esta capacidad es vista como exclusiva por parte de los occidentales, y es vista como inclusiva por los orientales. Mientras que los primeros se preguntan quiénes quedan afuera del uso predominante del inglés para la comunicación y el acceso a la tecnología, la ciencia, la educación y la cultura; los orientales se preguntan quiénes quedan adentro del uso del inglés para las distintas funciones intra e internacionales. Los autores del este dan un paso más allá de la mera descripción del estado de cosas y proponen políticas lingüísticas que contemplan sus variedades estandarizadas. Queremos también mostrar que la capacidad de transformar algo negativo en positivo; algo que ha sido impuesto, en algo propio es característica de la cultura india. Esto se refleja también en otros ámbitos, como el audiovisual, el gastronómico o el religioso

"Power to the people" : De la Hegemonía al Policentrismo: Una mirada desde las Antípodas sobre el devenir del inglés en el contexto postcolonial de Asia del Sur

Esta tesis buscará diferencias y similitudes sobre el fenómeno "Imperialismo Lingüístico" en contextos poscoloniales desde la mirada de lingüistas angloparlantes, por un lado occidentales, para quienes el inglés es su lengua materna, como así también orientales, para quienes es una segunda lengua. Creemos que los fuertes procesos de apropiación, naturalización, indigenización y re-significación de la lengua inglesa por parte de la población de Asia del Sur han hecho del inglés una lengua de carácter policéntrico, lengua de cultura (Guitarte, 1991) más que una lengua de carácter hegemónico, lengua de culto (Guitarte, 1991). Esta lengua poli/pluricéntrica, lejos de ser una lengua que perpetúe la inequidad social, como proponen los teóricos occidentales, es una lengua que empodera a sus hablantes, inclusive a aquellos más excluidos del sistema social como los dalits. Los textos para el análisis corresponden a las variedades postcoloniales del inglés indio (Indian English) y sri lankeano (Sri Lankean English) que se ubican dentro de los denominados inglés[es] Sud asiático[s] (South Asian English[es]). La evaluación en India y Sri Lanka (colonizados) respecto de la imposición de la Lengua Inglesa es altamente positiva, no sólo en los estratos sociales elevados sino también en los estratos sociales de menores recursos (los dalits). Esto se opone a la evaluación del mismo fenómeno visto desde occidente (colonizadores), quienes consideran haber cometido, a través de la imposición, una especie de genocidio lingüístico de las lenguas locales. Si bien, ambas posturas coinciden en ver al inglés como a un medio capaz de crear un nuevo estrato social: ?la casta de los hablantes bilingües del inglés?, creemos que la diferencia principal radica en que esta capacidad es vista como exclusiva por parte de los occidentales, y es vista como inclusiva por los orientales. Mientras que los primeros se preguntan quiénes quedan afuera del uso predominante del inglés para la comunicación y el acceso a la tecnología, la ciencia, la educación y la cultura; los orientales se preguntan quiénes quedan adentro del uso del inglés para las distintas funciones intra e internacionales. Los autores del este dan un paso más allá de la mera descripción del estado de cosas y proponen políticas lingüísticas que contemplan sus variedades estandarizadas. Queremos también mostrar que la capacidad de transformar algo negativo en positivo; algo que ha sido impuesto, en algo propio es característica de la cultura india. Esto se refleja también en otros ámbitos, como el audiovisual, el gastronómico o el religioso