Prostate cancer cell-specific VEGF siRNA delivery system using cell targeting peptide conjugated polyplexes

A polymeric gene carrier was developed to deliver vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) small interfering RNA (siRNA) for prostate cancer cells in a target-specific manner. Prostate cancer-binding peptide (PCP) was conjugated with polyethylenimine (PEI) via a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) linker (PEI-PEG-PCP). The PEI-PEG-PCP conjugate could effectively condense siRNA to form stable polyelectrolyte complexes (polyplexes) with an average diameter of approximately 150 nm in an aqueous solution. VEGF siRNA/PEI-PEG-PCP polyplexes exhibited significantly higher VEGF inhibition efficiency than PCP-unmodified polycationic carriers (PEI-PEG or PEI) in human prostate carcinoma cells (PC-3 cells). The enhanced gene silencing activity of VEGF siRNA/PEI-PEG-PCP was maintained even under serum conditions, owing to the steric stabilization of the polyplexes with hydrophilic PEG grafts. Confocal microscopic studies revealed that the siRNA/PEI-PEG-PCP polyplexes were delivered into PC-3 cells in a PCP ligand-specific manner.

Multi-armed poly(L-glutamic acid)-graft-oligoethylenimine copolymers as efficient nonviral gene delivery vectors

Background The application of polyethylenimine (PEI) in gene delivery has been severely limited by significant cytotoxicity that results from a nondegradable methylene backbone and high cationic charge density. It is therefore necessary to develop novel biodegradable PEI derivates for low-toxic, highly efficient gene delivery.Methods A series of novel cationic copolymers with various charge density were designed and synthesized by grafting different kinds of oligoethylenimine (OEI) onto a determinate multi-armed poly(L-glutamic acid) backbone. The molecular structures of multi-armed poly(L-glutamic acid)-graft-OEI (MP-g-OEI) copolymers were characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance, viscosimetry and gel permeation chromatography. Moreover, the MP-g-OEI/DNA complexes were measured by a gel retardation assay, dynamic light scattering and atomic force microscopy to determine DNA binding ability, particle size, zeta potential, complex formation and shape, respectively. MP-g-OEI copolymers were also evaluated in Chinese hamster ovary and human embryonic kidney-293 cells for their cytotoxicity and transfection efficiency.

Gene transfection of hyperbranched PEI grafted by hydrophobic amino acid segment PBLG

The complex copolymer of hyperbranched polyethylenimine (PEI) with hydrophobic poly(gamma-benzyl L-glutamate) segment (PBLG) at their chain ends was synthesized. This water-soluble copolymer PEI-PBLG (PP) was characterized for DNA complexation (gel retardation assay, particle size, DNA release and DNase I protection), cell viability and in vitro transfection efficiency. The experiments showed that PP can effectively condense pDNA into particles. Size measurement of the complexes particles indicated that PP/DNA tended to form smaller nanoparticles than those of PEI/DNA, which was caused by the hydrophobic PBLG segments compressing the PP/DNA complex particles in aqueous solution. The representative average size of PP/DNA complex prepared using plasmid DNA (pEGFP-N1, pDNA) was about 96 nm. The condensed pDNA in the PP/pDNA complexes was significantly protected from enzymatic degradation by DNase1. Cytotoxicity studies by MTT colorimetric assays suggested that the PP had much lower toxicity than PEI. The in vitro transfection efficiency of PP/pDNA complexes improved a lot in HeLa cells, Vero cells and 293T cells as compared to that of PEI25K by the expression of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) as determined by flow cytometry. Thus, the water-soluble PP copolymer showed considerable potential as carriers for gene delivery.

Poly(L-lysine)-graft-chitosan copolymers: Synthesis, characterization, and gene transfection effect

Polypeptide/polysaccharide graft copolymers poly(L-lysine)-graft-chitosan (PLL-g-Chi) were prepared by ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of epsilon-benzoxycarbonyl L-lysine N-carboxyanhydrides (Z-L-lysine NCA) in the presence of 6-O-triphenylmethyl chitosan. The PLL-g-Chi copolymers were thoroughly characterized by H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The number-average degree of polymerization of PLL grafted onto the chitosan backbone could be adjusted by controlling the feed ratio of NCA to 6-O-triphenylmethyl chitosan. The particle size of the complexes formed from the copolymer and calf thymus DNA was measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS). It was found in the range of 120 similar to 340 nm. The gel retardation electrophoresis showed that the PLL-g-Chi copolymers possessed better plasmid DNA-binding ability than chitosan. The gene transfection effect in HEK 293T cells of the copolymers was evaluated, and the results showed that the gene transfection ability of the copolymer was better than that of chitosan and was dependent on the PLL grafting ratio. The PLL-g-Chi copolymers could be used as effective gene delivery vectors.

Micellization and reversible pH-sensitive phase transfer of the hyperbranched multiarm PEI-PBLG copolymer

A novel, hyperbranched, amphiphilic multiarm biodegradable polyethylenimine-poly(gamma-benZyl-L-gluta- mate) (PEI-PBLG) copolymer was prepared by the ring-opening polymerization of gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate-N-car-boxyanhydride (BLG-NCA) with hyperbranched PEI as a macroinitiator. The copolymer could self-assemble into core-shell micelles in aqueous solution with highly hydrophobic micelle cores. As the PBLG content was increased, the size of the micelles increased and the critical micelle concentration (CMC) decreased. The surface of the micelles had a positive potential. The cationic micelles were capable of complexing with plasmid DNA (pDNA), which could be released subsequently by treatment with polyanions. The PEI-PBLG copolymer formed unimolecular micelles in chloroform solution. ne pH-sensitive phase-transfer behavior exhibited two critical pH points for triggering the encapsulation and release of guest molecules. Both the encapsulation and release processes were rapid and reversible. Under strong acidic or alkaline conditions, the release process became partially or completely irreversible.

Conception et évaluation d’un nouveau système de transfection ciblée, basé sur l’utilisation du système E/Kcoil

Actuellement le polyéthylènimine (PEI) est l’agent de transfection transitoire le plus utilisé par l’industrie pharmaceutique pour la production de protéines recombinantes à grande échelle par les cellules de mammifères. Il permet la condensation de l’ADN plasmidique (ADNp) en formant spontanément des nanoparticules positives appelées polyplexes, lui procurant la possibilité de s’attacher sur la membrane cellulaire afin d’être internalisé, ainsi qu’une protection face aux nucléases intracellulaires. Cependant, alors que les polyplexes s’attachent sur la quasi-totalité des cellules seulement 5 à 10 % de l’ADNp internalisé atteint leur noyau, ce qui indique que la majorité des polyplexes ne participent pas à l’expression du transgène. Ceci contraste avec l’efficacité des vecteurs viraux où une seule particule virale par cellule peut être suffisante. Les virus ont évolués afin d’exploiter les voies d’internalisation et de routage cellulaire pour exprimer efficacement leur matériel génétique. Nous avons donc supposé que l’exploitation des voies d’internalisation et de routage cellulaire d’un récepteur pourrait, de façon similaire à plusieurs virus, permettre d’optimiser le processus de transfection en réduisant les quantités d’ADNp et d’agent de transfection nécessaires. Une alternative au PEI pour transfecter les cellules de mammifèreest l’utilisation de protéines possédant un domaine de liaison à l’ADNp. Toutefois, leur utilisation reste marginale à cause de la grande quantité requise pour atteindre l’expression du transgène. Dans cette étude, nous avons utilisé le système E/Kcoil afin de cibler un récepteur membranaire dans le but de délivrer l’ADNp dans des cellules de mammifères. Le Ecoil et le Kcoil sont des heptapeptides répétés qui peuvent interagir ensemble avec une grande affinité et spécificité afin de former des structures coiled-coil. Nous avons fusionné le Ecoil avec des protéines capables d’interagir avec l’ADNp et le Kcoil avec un récepteur membranaire que nous avons surexprimé dans les cellules HEK293 de manière stable. Nous avons découvert que la réduction de la sulfatation de la surface cellulaire permettait l’attachement ciblé sur les cellules par l’intermédiaire du système E/Kcoil. Nous démontrons dans cette étude comment utiliser le système E/Kcoil et une protéine interagissant avec l’ADNp pour délivrer un transgène de manière ciblée. Cette nouvelle méthode de transfection permet de réduire les quantités de protéines nécessaires pour l’expression du transgène.

Deposition and wetting characteristics of polyelectrolyte multilayers on plasma-modified porous polyethylene

Hydrophilic and chemically reactive porous media were prepared by adsorbing functional polymers at the surface of sintered polyethylene membranes. Modification of the membrane was accomplished by first exposing the membrane to an oxygen glow discharge gas plasma to introduce an electrostatic charge at the membrane surfaces. Cationic polyelectrolyte polyethylenimine (PEI) was adsorbed from solution to the anionic-charged surface to form an adsorbed monolayer. The adsorption of a second anionic polyelectrolyte onto the PEI layer allows further modification of the membrane surface to form a polyelectrolyte-bilayer complex. The conformation and stability of the adsorbed monolayers and bilayers comprising the modified surface are probed as a function of the polymer structure, charge density, and solubility. Using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, we demonstrate that the presence of the polyelectrolyte multilayers drastically increases the density and specificity of the functional groups at the surface, more than what can be achieved through the plasma modification alone. Also, using the wicking rate of deionized, distilled water through the porous membrane to gauge the interfacial energy of the modified surface, we show that the membrane wicking rate can be controlled by varying the chemistry of the adsorbing polyelectrolytes and, to a lesser extent, by adjusting the polarity or ionic strength of the polyelectrolyte solution.

EpCAM aptamer mediated cancer cell specific delivery of EpCAM siRNA using polymeric nanocomplex

BACKGROUND: Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is overexpressed in solid tumors and regarded as a putative cancer stem cell marker. Here, we report that employing EpCAM aptamer (EpApt) and EpCAM siRNA (SiEp) dual approach, for the targeted delivery of siRNA to EpCAM positive cancer cells, efficiently inhibits cancer cell proliferation. RESULTS: Targeted delivery of siRNA using polyethyleneimine is one of the efficient methods for gene delivery, and thus, we developed a novel aptamer-PEI-siRNA nanocomplex for EpCAM targeting. PEI nanocomplex synthesized with EpCAM aptamer (EpApt) and EpCAM siRNA (SiEp) showed 198 nm diameter sized particles by dynamic light scattering, spherical shaped particles, of 151 ± 11 nm size by TEM. The surface charge of the nanoparticles was -30.0 mV using zeta potential measurements. Gel retardation assay confirmed the PEI-EpApt-SiEp nanoparticles formation. The difference in size observed by DLS and TEM could be due to coating of aptamer and siRNA on PEI nanocore. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that PEI-EpApt-SiEp has superior binding to cancer cells compared to EpApt or scramble aptamer (ScrApt) or PEI-ScrApt-SiEp. PEI-EpApt-SiEp downregulated EpCAM and inhibited selectively the cell proliferation of MCF-7 and WERI-Rb1 cells. CONCLUSIONS: The PEI nanocomplex fabricated with EpApt and siEp was able to target EpCAM tumor cells, deliver the siRNA and silence the target gene. This nanocomplex exhibited decreased cell proliferation than the scrambled aptamer loaded nanocomplex in the EpCAM expressing cancer cells and may have potential for EpCAM targeting in vivo.

Técnicas de reciclo de protease visando a desfloculação celular de Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Desenvolvimento de cerâmicas multicamadas de carbeto de silício destinadas a aplicações térmicas

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Natural rubber latex LbL films: Characterization and growth of fibroblasts

The recent biomedical applications of natural rubber (NR) latex, mostly in dry membranes, have motivated research into novel, more noble uses of this low-cost biomaterial. In this article, we provide the first report on the fabrication of layer-by-layer (LbL) films of NR alternated with the polyelectrolytes polyethylenimine (PEI) and polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH). Stable (PAH/NR)n and (PEI/NR)n LbL films displayed similar physicochemical properties, but differed in terms of film morphology according to atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) data. Most significantly, (PEI/NR)5 LbL films were made of smaller and flattened particles, which were not efficient for the growth and proliferation of normal human fibroblasts (NHF). In contrast, efficient NHF proliferation could be obtained with (PAH/NR)n LbL films, with the fibroblasts exhibiting the expected elongated morphology. Furthermore, cell growth did not occur for cast films of NR, thus demonstrating the suitability of the LbL method for this biologically related application. The differences between the two polyelectrolytes illustrate the importance of the film architecture and morphology, which open the way for exploiting the molecular control inherent in the LbL technique for further applications of NR-containing films. (c) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012

Neurons derived from P19 embryonic carcinoma cells as a platform for biosensor applications - optimisation and characterisation

P19 is a mouse-derived embryonal carcinoma cell line capable of differentiation toward ectodermal, mesodermal and endodermal lineages and could thus be differentiated into neurons. Different culture conditions were tested to optimise and increase the efficiency of neuronal differentiation since the population of P19-derived neurons was reported to be heterogeneous with respect to the morphology and neurotransmitters they synthesise. P19-derived neurons were cultured on microelectrode arrays as cell aggregates and as dissociated cells. Improved neuronal maturation was shown by the presence of microtubule associated protein 2, neurofilament and synaptophysin formation when initiation of neuronal differentiation was prolonged. High initial cell density cultures and coating of surfaces with polyethylenimine-laminin further improved neuronal maturation of differentiated P19 cells. Increased spontaneous activities of the P19-derived neurons were correspondingly recorded. Two to three hours recordings were performed between 17 and 25 days when extracellular signals were stabilised. It was found that P19-derived neurons developed network properties as partially synchronised network activities. P19-derived neurons appeared to give inhomogenous response to the 2 major neurotransmitters, -aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate. The P19-derived neuronal networks obtained from optimised protocol in this thesis were predominantly GABAergic. The reproducible long term extracellular recordings performed showed that neurons derived from P19 embryonal carcinoma cells could be applied as a model for cell based biosensor in corporation with microelectrode arrays.

The Effects of Physical and Chemical Modulating Agents on the Induction of Vaccine-Induced Immune Responses

After the development of the viral-based prostate cancer vaccine, Ad5-PSA, much research has been orientated to help enhance the induced immune response by combining the vaccine with physical and chemical modulating agents, more specifically the polymers polyethylenimine (PEI), chitosan, and chitosan coated with CD3 complex antibodies; all previously shown to stimulate an immune response as isolated gene carriers. To compare the vaccine-induced immune responses between the naked vaccine and the polymer-vaccine combinations, a mouse model using the ovalbumin- specific Ad-OVA vaccine was tested using intracellular cytokine staining (ICS), tetramer staining, and cytotoxic T-cell lymphocyte assays to measure the activation of CD8+ T-cells, interferon gamma proteins (INFƒ×), and the induced cytotoxicity to ovalbumin. The Ad-OVA vaccine combined with both chitosan and chitosan with CD3 complex antibodies, both natural polymers, were found to induce similar immune responses to the naked vaccine while the vaccine combined with the synthetic polymer, PEI, diminished the immune response.