USEFULNESS OF kDNA PCR IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS REACTIVATION IN CO-INFECTED PATIENTS

SUMMARYIt is important to develop new methods for diagnosing relapses in the co-infection of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and HIV to enable earlier detection using less invasive methods. We report a case of a co-infected patient who had relapses after VL treatment, where the qualitative kDNA PCR showed a good performance. The kDNA PCR seems to be a useful tool for diagnosing VL and may be a good marker for predicting VL relapses after treatment of co-infected patients with clinical symptoms of the disease.

P53 and Rb tumor suppressor gene alterations in gastric cancer

Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes has been frequently observed in gastric carcinogenesis. Our purpose was to study the involvement of p53, APC, DCC, and Rb genes in gastric carcinoma. METHOD: Loss of heterozygosity of the p53, APC, DCC and Rb genes was studied in 22 gastric cancer tissues using polymerase chain reaction; single-strand conformation polymorphism of the p53 gene exons 5-6 and exons 7-8 was studied using 35S-dATP, and p53 expression was detected using a histological immunoperoxidase method with an anti-p53 clone. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: No loss of heterozygosity was observed in any of these tumor suppressor genes; homozygous deletion was detected in the Rb gene in 23% (3/13) of the cases of intestinal-type gastric carcinoma. Eighteen (81.8%) cases showed band mobility shifts in exons 5-6 and/or 7-8 of the p53 gene. The presence of the p53 protein was positive in gastric cancer cells in 14 cases (63.6%). Normal gastric mucosa showed negative staining for p53; thus, the immunoreactivity was likely to represent mutant forms. The correlation of band mobility shift and the immunoreactivity to anti-p53 was not significant (P = .90). There was no correlation of gene alterations with the disease severity. CONCLUSIONS: The inactivation of Rb and p53 genes is involved in gastric carcinogenesis in our environment. Loss of the Rb gene observed only in the intestinal-type gastric cancer should be further evaluated in association with Helicobacter pylori infection. The p53 gene was affected in both intestinal and diffuse histological types of gastric cancer.

Marcadores tumorales (p53 y Ki67) en la secuencia metaplasia, displasia, adenocarcinoma en el esófago de Barrett

La Enfermedad de Reflujo Gastroesofágico (ERGE) constituye en gastroenterología, junto con el síndrome de intestino irritable y la dispepsia, la patología de más alta prevalencia. El reflujo gastroesofágico (RGE) crónico y severo puede conducir a lesiones de la mucosa del esófago distal, objetivables endoscópicamente, como Erosiones, Estenosis, Ulceras y Metaplasia Columnar. La Metaplasia Columnar (reemplazo del epitelio esofágico por epitelio columnar) puede ser del tipo Cardial (transicional), Gástrico Fúndico o Intestinal. La Metaplasia Intestinal (MI) se denomina Esófago de Barrett, y es una condición precancerosa con alta prevalencia (del 5 al 20%). En nuestra casuística de los últimos años gira siempre alrededor del 20%. La historia natural de la Enfermedad por Reflujo Gastroesofágico es la siguiente: RGE – metaplasia cardial del epitelio esofágico – carditis por reflujo - metaplasia intestinal – displasia – adenocarcinoma. ¿Cómo se podría modificar esta historia natural?. A través de la prevención, la detección precoz y el desarrollo de terapéuticas efectivas. La lesión histológica que aparece precediendo, y/o acompañando al adenocarcinoma (ACa) , es la displasia (D), definida como una alteración citoarquitectural de los tejidos y de las células, muchas veces imprecisa y subjetiva, y que puede ser de bajo (DBG) y de alto grado (DAG). Como acercamiento al diagnóstico temprano del ACa, además de la búsqueda de displasia, es posible detectar alteraciones moleculares o genéticas en los tejidos, mediante técnicas inmunohistoquímicas, utilizando ciertos tipos de Marcadores Tumorales (MT). El objetivo principal de este trabajo es la detección precoz (diagnóstico temprano del cáncer) en el esófago de Barrett en nuestro medio, mediante la utilización de los mencionados MT.

Evaluación de STAT3, COX-2 Y P53 y su papel en la progresión de la inflamación crónica del epitelio bucal.

Durante el proceso oncogénico se desencadenan un sinfín de alteraciones moleculares producto de las características genéticas interindividuales y la exposición a carcinógenos ambientales. Aquellas células “transformadas” son capaces de establecer nuevos vínculos con el entorno, desarrollarse e invadir nuevos tejidos. El proceso inflamatorio es un factor indiscutible en el desarrollo y la progresión tumoral. En un ambiente de inflamación crónica, el daño tisular permanente y la liberación de especies reactivas de oxígeno y nitrógeno generan daños en el material genético y en enzimas de reparación, como ocurre con p53. Además, recientemente se pudo observar que NFkB induce la expresión de citoquinas proinflamatorias (IL-6, TNFa), chemoquinas (IL-8), moléculas de adhesión (MMP), COX2 (ciclooxigenasa-2) e iNOS (Óxido Nítrico Sintasa), generándose un mecanismo de retroalimentación positiva. De estas moléculas, la expresión de COX-2 podría ser una de las promotoras del desarrollo tumoral. STAT3 pertenece a una familia de factores de transcripción latente en el citoplasma y sería indispensable para la activación de numerosas proteínas oncogénicas y en el control de la respuesta del sistema inmune. Más aún, al regular negativamente a p53 sería la responsable de desencadenar el desarrollo tumoral en ausencia de mutaciones de p53. Se realizará un estudio de casos y controles, con un análisis interino a los 6 meses, con el objetivo de conocer qué ocurre con la expresión de COX-2 y STAT3 y evaluar la presencia de las mutaciones de p53 como moléculas clave en el inicio de la transformación tumoral. La población en estudio estará comprendida por tres grupos: pacientes con procesos inflamatorios persistentes en lesiones potencialmente malignas (casos de estudio); pacientes con procesos inflamatorios persistentes en lesiones no potencialmente malignas (control 1) y pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer bucal (control 2). Se purificarán los ácidos nucleicos de las muestras de biopsia bucal obtenidas de manera rutinaria para confirmar el diagnóstico estomatológico y se analizarán mutaciones de p53 mediante PCR y niveles de expresión de COX2 y STAT3 por PCR semicuantitativa.

Pérdida de heterocigocidad del locus P53 en esófago de Barrett.

Poder predecir qué grupo de pacientes tienen mayor potencialidad de alterar el p53, siendo este uno de los genes de supresión tumoral que previene que las células con ADN dañado entren en un ciclo celular de replicación aumentando la población de células con defectos genéticos, lo que podría llevar a una inestabilidad genética y culminar en la formación de un ACaE.

Evaluación de STAT3, COX-2 Y P53 y su papel en la progresión de la inflamación crónica del epitelio bucal.

Durante el proceso oncogénico se desencadenan un sinfín de alteraciones moleculares producto de las características genéticas interindividuales y la exposición a carcinógenos ambientales. Aquellas células “transformadas” son capaces de establecer nuevos vínculos con el entorno, desarrollarse e invadir nuevos tejidos. El proceso inflamatorio es un factor indiscutible en el desarrollo y la progresión tumoral. En un ambiente de inflamación crónica, el daño tisular permanente y la liberación de especies reactivas de oxígeno y nitrógeno generan daños en el material genético y en enzimas de reparación, como ocurre con p53. Además, recientemente se pudo observar que NFkB induce la expresión de citoquinas proinflamatorias (IL-6, TNFa), chemoquinas (IL-8), moléculas de adhesión (MMP), COX2 (ciclooxigenasa-2) e iNOS (Óxido Nítrico Sintasa), generándose un mecanismo de retroalimentación positiva. De estas moléculas, la expresión de COX-2 podría ser una de las promotoras del desarrollo tumoral. STAT3 pertenece a una familia de factores de transcripción latente en el citoplasma y sería indispensable para la activación de numerosas proteínas oncogénicas y en el control de la respuesta del sistema inmune. Más aún, al regular negativamente a p53 sería la responsable de desencadenar el desarrollo tumoral en ausencia de mutaciones de p53. Se realizará un estudio de casos y controles, con el objetivo de conocer qué ocurre con la expresión de COX-2 y STAT3 y evaluar la presencia de las mutaciones de p53 como moléculas clave en el inicio de la transformación tumoral. La población en estudio estará comprendida por tres grupos: pacientes con procesos inflamatorios persistentes en lesiones potencialmente malignas (casos de estudio); pacientes con procesos inflamatorios persistentes en lesiones no potencialmente malignas (control 1) y pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer bucal (control 2). Se purificarán los ácidos nucleicos de las muestras de biopsia bucal obtenidas de manera rutinaria para confirmar el diagnóstico estomatológico y se analizarán mutaciones de p53 mediante PCR y niveles de expresión de COX2 y STAT3 por PCR semicuantitativa.

Proapoptotische und antiproliferative Wirkung des Histondeacetylase-Inhibitors LBH589 in Abhängigkeit vom p53- und Chk1-Status

Magdeburg, Univ., Med. Fak., Diss., 2012

Apoptoseinduktion in mutierten p53 kolorektalen Tumorzellen nach Kombinationsbehandlung mit 5-Fluorouracil und Thymoquinon

Magdeburg, Univ., Med. Fak., Diss., 2013

Dynamics of HIV latency and reactivation in a primary CD4+ T cell model.

HIV latency is a major obstacle to curing infection. Current strategies to eradicate HIV aim at increasing transcription of the latent provirus. In the present study we observed that latently infected CD4+ T cells from HIV-infected individuals failed to produce viral particles upon ex vivo exposure to SAHA (vorinostat), despite effective inhibition of histone deacetylases. To identify steps that were not susceptible to the action of SAHA or other latency reverting agents, we used a primary CD4+ T cell model, joint host and viral RNA sequencing, and a viral-encoded reporter. This model served to investigate the characteristics of latently infected cells, the dynamics of HIV latency, and the process of reactivation induced by various stimuli. During latency, we observed persistence of viral transcripts but only limited viral translation. Similarly, the reactivating agents SAHA and disulfiram successfully increased viral transcription, but failed to effectively enhance viral translation, mirroring the ex vivo data. This study highlights the importance of post-transcriptional blocks as one mechanism leading to HIV latency that needs to be relieved in order to purge the viral reservoir.

Treatment-dependent loss of polyfunctional CD8+ T-cell responses in HIV-infected kidney transplant recipients is associated with herpesvirus reactivation.

Antiretroviral-therapy has dramatically changed the course of HIV infection and HIV-infected (HIV(+)) individuals are becoming more frequently eligible for solid-organ transplantation. However, only scarce data are available on how immunosuppressive (IS) strategies relate to transplantation outcome and immune function. We determined the impact of transplantation and immune-depleting treatment on CD4+ T-cell counts, HIV-, EBV-, and Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-viral loads and virus-specific T-cell immunity in a 1-year prospective cohort of 27 HIV(+) kidney transplant recipients. While the results show an increasing breadth and magnitude of the herpesvirus-specific cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response over-time, they also revealed a significant depletion of polyfunctional virus-specific CTL in individuals receiving thymoglobulin as a lymphocyte-depleting treatment. The disappearance of polyfunctional CTL was accompanied by virologic EBV-reactivation events, directly linking the absence of specific polyfunctional CTL to viral reactivation. The data provide first insights into the immune-reserve in HIV+ infected transplant recipients and highlight new immunological effects of thymoglobulin treatment. Long-term studies will be needed to assess the clinical risk associated with thymoglobulin treatment, in particular with regards to EBV-associated lymphoproliferative diseases.

Correlation of tumor-associated antigens MAGE, NY-ESO-1 and P53 expression with clinical and pathological relationships of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma

Despite advances in the diagnosisand treatment of head and neck cancer,survival rates have not improvedover recent years. New therapeuticstrategies, including immunotherapy,are the subject of extensive research.In several types of tumors, the presenceof tumor infiltrating lymphocytes(TILs), notably CD8+ T cellsand dendritic cells, has been correlatedwith improved prognosis. Moreover,some T cells among TILs havebeen shown to kill tumor cells in vitroupon recognition of tumor-associatedantigens. Tumor associated antigensare expressed in a significant proportionof squamous cell carcinoma ofthe head and neck and apparently mayplay a role in the regulation of cancercell growth notably by inhibition ofp53 protein function in some cancers.The MAGE family CT antigens couldtherefore potentially be used as definedtargets for immunotherapy andtheir study bring new insight in tumorgrowth regulation mechanisms. Between1995 - 2005 54 patients weretreated surgically in our institution forsquamous cell carcinoma of the oralcavity. Patient and clinical data wasobtained from patient files and collectedinto a computerized database.For each patient, paraffin embeddedtumor specimens were retrieved andexpression of MAGE CT antigens,p53, NY-OESO-1 were analyzed byimmunohistochemistry. Results werethen correlated with histopathologicalparameter such as tumor depth,front invasion according to Bryne andboth, local control and disease freesurvival. MAGE-A was expressed in52% of patients. NY-ESO-1 and p53expression was found in 7% and 52%cases respectively. A higher tumordepth was significantly correlatedwith expression of MAGE-Aproteins(p = 0.03). No significant correlationcould be made between the expressionof both p53 andNY-OESO-1 andhistopathological parameters. Expressionof tumor-associated antigendid not seem to impact significantlyon patient prognosis. As does thedemonstration of p53 function inhibitionby CT antigens of MAGE family,our results suggest, that tumor associatedantigens may be implicated in tumorprogression mechanisms. Thishypothesis need further investigationto clarify the relationship betweenhost immune response and local tumorbiology.

The p53 gene expression and its developmental regulation in schistosomes

We have studied the gene expression, especially of the oncoproteins, and its regulation in schistosomes. Schistosomes have a complex life cycle with defined dimorphic lifestyle. The parasite are so far unique in biology in expressing oncogene products in their adult stage. In order to characterize the expression and developmental regulation, a lambda gt 11 cDNA library and lambda EMBL4 genomic DNA library of each growth stage of Schistosoma mansoni and S. japonicum was constructed, and was screened with various monoclonal antibodies against ongogene products. One positive plaque reacted to anti-p53 antibody (Ab-2, Oncogene Science, Inc.) was further analyzed. This fusion protein was about 120 KDa in molecular weights, and expressed as 1.4 Kb RNA in the adult stage. P53 gene is well-known as the negative regulator of the cell cicle, and the mutations in the gene are turning out to be the most common genetic alterations in human cancers. The comparison of the gene structure among species and stages were being conducted. Chromosome structures, C-band formation, and the results of in situ hybridization using the phage probe would be discussed.

Mutant p53 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity and enhances metastasis in mammary carcinomas of WAP-T mice.

To study the postulated mutant p53 (mutp53) "gain of function" effects in mammary tumor development, progression and metastasis, we crossed SV40 transgenic WAP-T mice with mutant p53 transgenic WAP-mutp53 mice. Compared to tumors in monotransgenic WAP-T mice, tumors in bitransgenic WAP-T x WAP-mutp53 mice showed higher tumor grading, enhanced vascularization, and significantly increased metastasis. Bitransgenic tumors revealed a gene signature associated with the oncogenic epithelial-mesenchymal transition pathway (EMT gene signature). In cultures of WAP-T tumor-derived G-2 cancer cells, which are comprised of subpopulations displaying "mesenchymal" and "epithelial" phenotypes, this EMT gene signature was associated with the "mesenchymal" compartment. Furthermore, ectopic expression of mutp53 in G-2 cells sufficed to induce a strong EMT phenotype. In contrast to these in vitro effects, monotransgenic and bitransgenic tumors were phenotypically similar suggesting that in vivo the tumor cell phenotype might be under control of the tumor microenvironment. In support, orthotopic transplantation of G-2 cells as well as of G-2 cells expressing ectopic mutp53 into syngeneic mice resulted in tumors with a predominantly epithelial phenotype, closely similar to that of endogenous primary tumors. We conclude that induction of an EMT gene signature by mutp53 in bitransgenic tumors primarily promotes tumor cell plasticity, that is, the probability of tumor cells to undergo EMT processes under appropriate stimuli, thereby possibly increasing their potential to disseminate and metastasize.