Der syntaktische Gebrauch des numerus im frühmittelenglischen.

Lebenslauf.

Tetras gravissimorum totius capitis affectuum Adjectus est in eorundem morborum curatione, praeter vulgarem medendi methodum, ingens selectissimorum medicamentorum spagyricorum numerus

With this is bound the author's Ad veritatem hermeticae medicinae ... adversus cujusdam anonymi phantasmata responsio. Francofurti, 1605.

Numeralklassifikatoren im Thai

Wie viele andere Sprachen Ost- und Südostasiens ist das Thai eine numerusneutrale Sprache, in der ein Nomen lediglich das Konzept benennt und keinen Hinweis auf die Anzahl der Objekte liefert. Um Nomina im Thai zählen zu können, ist der Klassifikator (Klf) nötig, der die Objekte anhand ihrer semantischen Schlüsseleigenschaft herausgreift und individualisiert. Neben der Klassifikation stellt die Individualisierung die Hauptfunktion des Klf dar. Weitere Kernfunktionen des Klf außerhalb des Zählkontextes sind die Markierung der Definitheit, des Numerus sowie des Kontrasts. Die wichtigsten neuen Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit, die sowohl die Ebenen der Grammatik und Semantik als auch die der Logik und Pragmatik integriert, sind folgende: Im Thai kann der Klf sowohl auf der Element- als auch auf der Mengenebene agieren. In der Verbindung mit einem Demonstrativ kann der Klf auch eine pluralische Interpretation hervorrufen, wenn er auf eine als pluralisch präsupponierte Gesamtmenge referiert oder die Gesamtmenge in einer Teil-Ganzes-Relation individualisiert. In einem Ausdruck, der bereits eine explizite Zahlangabe enthält, bewirkt die Klf-Demonstrativ-Konstruktion eine Kontrastierung von Mengen mit gleichen Eigenschaften. Wie auch der Individualbegriff besitzt der Klf Intension und Extension. Intension und Extension von Thai-Klf verhalten sich umgekehrt proportional, d.h. je spezifischer der Inhalt eines Klf ist, desto kleiner ist sein Umfang. Der Klf signalisiert das Schlüsselmerkmal, das mit der Intension des Nomens der Identifizierung des Objekts dient. Der Klf individualisiert das Nomen, indem er Teilmengen quantifiziert. Er kann sich auf ein Objekt, eine bestimmte Anzahl von Objekten oder auf alle Objekte beziehen. Formal logisch lassen sich diese Funktionen mithilfe des Existenz- und des Allquantors darstellen. Auch die Nullstelle (NST) läßt sich formal logisch darstellen. Auf ihren jeweiligen Informationsgehalt reduziert, ergeben sich für Klf und NST abhängig von ihrer Positionierung verschiedene Informationswerte: Die Opposition von Klf und NST bewirkt in den Fragebögen ausschließlich skalare Q-Implikaturen, die sich durch die Informationsformeln in Form einer Horn-Skala darstellen lassen. In einem sich aufbauenden Kontext transportieren sowohl Klf als auch NST in der Kontextmitte bekannte Informationen, wodurch Implikaturen des M- bzw. I-Prinzips ausgelöst werden. Durch die Verbindung der Informationswerte mit den Implikaturen des Q-, M- und I-Prinzips lässt sich anhand der Positionierung direkt erkennen, wann der Klf die Funktion der Numerus-, der Definitheits- oder der Kontrast-Markierung erfüllt.

Wie viele soll'ns sein? Gruppierung von Instrumentalwerken im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert

Die Anzahl der Werke, aus der gedruckte Sammlungen von Instrumentalwerken im 17.-18. Jh. zusammengestellt wurden sagt viel über die Wahrnehmung des einzelnen Werkes als einzigartig aus. Die Tendenz einer Verringerung und Normalisierung der Anzahl von Werken in einer Sammlung spricht zum einen für eine verstärkte Individuellisierung der Werke, zum anderen aber für eine Standardisierung der Verlagsstrategien.

Quaternary radiolarian counts from Site 181-1123

In the present work Quaternary radiolarian assemblages from the Southwest Pacific were investigated due to their importance for correlation and identification of climatic changes. The studied Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1123 (Leg 181) is situated on the northern flanks of the Chatham Rise, 1100 kilometres offshore eastern New Zealand and in a water depth o f 3290 metres. It is situated just north of the Subtropical Convergence (STC) in temperate climatic conditions, influenced by the cold deep Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) and by the subtropical East Cape Current (ECC) in shallow water depths. A continuous record of 79 sediment samples from this site with a temporal resolution of ~15,000 years provided a medium-resolution record of radiolarian assemblages through the Quaternary. This allowed investigations on how radiolarian assemblages are influenced by climatic variations at obliquity and eccentricity bandwidth, with periodic variations of 40,000, 100,000 and 400,000 years, respectively. Emphasis was given to changes in radiolarian assemblages through the Mid-Pleistocene climate transition (MPT) that marks a fundamental reorganisation in Earth's climate system by change from 40,000 to 100,000 year cycles. Glacial and interglacial variations in oceanography were investigated. Especially the influence of the DWBC was examined due to its input of deep and cold waters to the Pacific Ocean, which plays an important role in Earth's climate system. 167 radiolarian counting groups were examined concerning variations in radiolarian abundance, preservation, diversity, the relative abundance of orders, families, and selected species in order to detect influences of past climatic variations in the Southwest Pacific. No significant changes in radiolarian assemblages were found in coincidence with the onset of the MPT. Investigations led to the recognition of four characteristic phases within the last 1.2 million years. Within one of these phases (Phase Ill), about 160,000 years after the onset of the MPT, fundamental changes in radiolarian assemblages occurred. Investigations yielded highest diversity and highest numbers of nassellarians in abundant samples, whereas sparse samples were mostly poorly preserved and were dominated by spumellarians. Abundance of certain radiolarian families in interglacials or glacials indicated their usefulness as indicators for climatic conditions at Site 1123. Trends o f selected taxa within these families supported the significance of warm- or cool-water preference of these families. Use of 67 radiolarian species as climate indicators showed abundance of warm-water assemblages within interglacials, whereas abundance of cool-water species was increased within glacials. Depth distributional patterns of 52 radiolarian species indicated a strong influence of shallow waters, possibly the EEC, within interglacials and increased influence of deep and intermediate waters, possibly of southern-sourced character and the DWBC in glacial stages.

Radiolarians from ODP Leg 116 holes

Cores recovered from three sites of Leg 116 were studied for radiolarians. Generally, radiolarians were absent from most samples prepared for examination. Moderate to well-preserved radiolarian assemblages are found only in the uppermost one or two cores that were the focus of this study. All of the radiolarian assemblages in the upper cores belong to the Buccinosphaera invaginata Zone of latest Quaternary age. However, there is one stratum where a few Miocene radiolarians are reworked into the modern assemblages. Local seamounts are suggested sources for the reworked radiolarians.

Radiolarian fauna of sediment core MD96-2089 off Lüderitz, Namibia

The study of radiolarian assemblages from Core MD 962086 provides new information on the variability in the upwelling intensity and origin of upwelled water masses over the past 350 ky in one of the major filamentous regions of the Benguela Upwelling System (BUS), located off Lüderitz, Namibia. The use of key radiolarian species to trace the source of upwelled waters, and the use of a radiolarian-based upwelling index (URI) to reconstruct the upwelling intensity represent the first use of radiolarians for paleoceanographic reconstructions in the BUS. These radiolarian-based proxies indicate strongest upwelling during Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 3, 5, and 8, which compares well with other studies. While during MIS 3 and 8, the radiolarian-based proxies indicate the influx of waters of Southern Ocean origin, they also point to the increased influence of tropical waters during the lower portion of MIS 5. During MIS 2, 4 and 6 the radiolarian assemblages indicate generally lower upwelling intensities, although this signal is complicated by the increased occurrence of organic carbon in the sediments during these intervals. During MIS 2 there appears to be less of an input of Southern Ocean waters to the BUS, although during the also glacial MIS 4 and 6, there is evidence for an increased influence of cold Antarctic waters. The comparison of the results from Core MD 962086 with other studies in the BUS area indicates a non-uniform pattern of upwelling intensity and advection of cold, southern waters into this system during MIS 2. Weaker upwelling signaled by the radiolarian-based proxy in MIS 4 is in contrast to other studies that indicate higher productivity during this time period. In general, the data show that there is a strong spatiotemporal complexity in upwelling intensity in the BUS and that the advection of water into it is not strongly tied to glacial-interglacial variations in climate.

Radiolarian assemblages of the late Neogene North Pacific

Radiolarian census and abundance data were collected from three deep-sea cores drilled by the Ocean Drilling Program Sites 884, 887 and 1151 to investigate patterns of ecologic changes in space and time during the last 16 million years for the mid-latitude to subarctic North Pacific. High concentrations of radiolarians occurred between 9.0 and 2.7 Ma. Radiolarian species richness was highest in the early middle Miocene at each site and gradually decreased up to about 7 Ma, coinciding with a well-established global cooling trend. A degree of overlap index calculated for radiolarian assemblages revealed 11 faunal change events, of which 8 corresponded to global cooling events and expansions of polar ice sheets. Three of the faunal change events were observed within the peak of radiolarian accumulation rate and were ascribed to changes in primary productivity in the North Pacific rather than global climatic changes. Our assemblage analyses revealed that north-south differentiation in radiolarian assemblages in the northwestern Pacific has existed since 16 Ma and became more distinct via major steps at 6.8 Ma and 2.7 Ma, coinciding with major glaciation events, and that east-west faunal contrasts in the subarctic region became obvious beginning at 11.7 Ma and changed to a different mode around 6.8 Ma. The observed east-west faunal differences possibly reflect east to west climate differences that were characterized by cooler temperatures in the east than the west during the late Miocene (11.7-6.8 Ma) and then by the opposite temperature trend (6.8 Ma-Recent). A severe glaciation at 2.7 Ma played a large role, particularly in temporal changes in radiolarian accumulation rate and assemblage composition.