COOPER-framework:a unified process for non-parametric projects

Practitioners assess performance of entities in increasingly large and complicated datasets. If non-parametric models, such as Data Envelopment Analysis, were ever considered as simple push-button technologies, this is impossible when many variables are available or when data have to be compiled from several sources. This paper introduces by the 'COOPER-framework' a comprehensive model for carrying out non-parametric projects. The framework consists of six interrelated phases: Concepts and objectives, On structuring data, Operational models, Performance comparison model, Evaluation, and Result and deployment. Each of the phases describes some necessary steps a researcher should examine for a well defined and repeatable analysis. The COOPER-framework provides for the novice analyst guidance, structure and advice for a sound non-parametric analysis. The more experienced analyst benefits from a check list such that important issues are not forgotten. In addition, by the use of a standardized framework non-parametric assessments will be more reliable, more repeatable, more manageable, faster and less costly. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

General and multiplicative non-parametric corporate performance models with interval ratio data

The increasing intensity of global competition has led organizations to utilize various types of performance measurement tools for improving the quality of their products and services. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a methodology for evaluating and measuring the relative efficiencies of a set of decision making units (DMUs) that use multiple inputs to produce multiple outputs. All the data in the conventional DEA with input and/or output ratios assumes the form of crisp numbers. However, the observed values of data in real-world problems are sometimes expressed as interval ratios. In this paper, we propose two new models: general and multiplicative non-parametric ratio models for DEA problems with interval data. The contributions of this paper are fourfold: (1) we consider input and output data expressed as interval ratios in DEA; (2) we address the gap in DEA literature for problems not suitable or difficult to model with crisp values; (3) we propose two new DEA models for evaluating the relative efficiencies of DMUs with interval ratios, and (4) we present a case study involving 20 banks with three interval ratios to demonstrate the applicability and efficacy of the proposed models where the traditional indicators are mostly financial ratios. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.

A non-parametric data envelopment analysis approach for improving energy efficiency of grape production

Grape is one of the world's largest fruit crops with approximately 67.5 million tonnes produced each year and energy is an important element in modern grape productions as it heavily depends on fossil and other energy resources. Efficient use of these energies is a necessary step toward reducing environmental hazards, preventing destruction of natural resources and ensuring agricultural sustainability. Hence, identifying excessive use of energy as well as reducing energy resources is the main focus of this paper to optimize energy consumption in grape production.In this study we use a two-stage methodology to find the association of energy efficiency and performance explained by farmers' specific characteristics. In the first stage a non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis is used to model efficiencies as an explicit function of human labor, machinery, chemicals, FYM (farmyard manure), diesel fuel, electricity and water for irrigation energies. In the second step, farm specific variables such as farmers' age, gender, level of education and agricultural experience are used in a Tobit regression framework to explain how these factors influence efficiency of grape farming.The result of the first stage shows substantial inefficiency between the grape producers in the studied area while the second stage shows that the main difference between efficient and inefficient farmers was in the use of chemicals, diesel fuel and water for irrigation. The use of chemicals such as insecticides, herbicides and fungicides were considerably less than inefficient ones. The results revealed that the more educated farmers are more energy efficient in comparison with their less educated counterparts. © 2013.

Non-Gaussian statistics of an optical soliton in the presence of amplified spontaneous emission

A study was performed on non-Gaussian statistics of an optical soliton in the presence of amplified spontaneous emission. An approach based on the Fokker-Planck equation was applied to study the optical soliton parameters in the presence of additive noise. The rigorous method not only allowed to reproduce and justify the classical Gordon-Haus formula but also led to new exact results.

Calculation of non-Gaussian statistics and bit error rate degradation due to pulse-to-pulse interaction

We develop a theoretical method to calculate jitter statistics of interacting solitons. Applying this approach, we have derived the non-Gaussian probability density function and calculated the bit-error rate as a function of noise level, initial separation and phase difference between solitons.

Clustering in non-parametric multivariate analyses.

Non-parametric multivariate analyses of complex ecological datasets are widely used. Following appropriate pre-treatment of the data inter-sample resemblances are calculated using appropriate measures. Ordination and clustering derived from these resemblances are used to visualise relationships among samples (or variables). Hierarchical agglomerative clustering with group-average (UPGMA) linkage is often the clustering method chosen. Using an example dataset of zooplankton densities from the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary, UK, a range of existing and new clustering methods are applied and the results compared. Although the examples focus on analysis of samples, the methods may also be applied to species analysis. Dendrograms derived by hierarchical clustering are compared using cophenetic correlations, which are also used to determine optimum  in flexible beta clustering. A plot of cophenetic correlation against original dissimilarities reveals that a tree may be a poor representation of the full multivariate information. UNCTREE is an unconstrained binary divisive clustering algorithm in which values of the ANOSIM R statistic are used to determine (binary) splits in the data, to form a dendrogram. A form of flat clustering, k-R clustering, uses a combination of ANOSIM R and Similarity Profiles (SIMPROF) analyses to determine the optimum value of k, the number of groups into which samples should be clustered, and the sample membership of the groups. Robust outcomes from the application of such a range of differing techniques to the same resemblance matrix, as here, result in greater confidence in the validity of a clustering approach.

Clustering in non-parametric multivariate analyses.

Non-parametric multivariate analyses of complex ecological datasets are widely used. Following appropriate pre-treatment of the data inter-sample resemblances are calculated using appropriate measures. Ordination and clustering derived from these resemblances are used to visualise relationships among samples (or variables). Hierarchical agglomerative clustering with group-average (UPGMA) linkage is often the clustering method chosen. Using an example dataset of zooplankton densities from the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary, UK, a range of existing and new clustering methods are applied and the results compared. Although the examples focus on analysis of samples, the methods may also be applied to species analysis. Dendrograms derived by hierarchical clustering are compared using cophenetic correlations, which are also used to determine optimum  in flexible beta clustering. A plot of cophenetic correlation against original dissimilarities reveals that a tree may be a poor representation of the full multivariate information. UNCTREE is an unconstrained binary divisive clustering algorithm in which values of the ANOSIM R statistic are used to determine (binary) splits in the data, to form a dendrogram. A form of flat clustering, k-R clustering, uses a combination of ANOSIM R and Similarity Profiles (SIMPROF) analyses to determine the optimum value of k, the number of groups into which samples should be clustered, and the sample membership of the groups. Robust outcomes from the application of such a range of differing techniques to the same resemblance matrix, as here, result in greater confidence in the validity of a clustering approach.

Estatística aplicada à química: dez dúvidas comuns

Ten common doubts of chemistry students and professionals about their statistical applications are discussed. The use of the N-1 denominator instead of N is described for the standard deviation. The statistical meaning of the denominators of the root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) and root mean square error of validation (RMSEV) are given for researchers using multivariate calibration methods. The reason why scientists and engineers use the average instead of the median is explained. Several problematic aspects about regression and correlation are treated. The popular use of triplicate experiments in teaching and research laboratories is seen to have its origin in statistical confidence intervals. Nonparametric statistics and bootstrapping methods round out the discussion.

Procesos adaptativos y dimensiones del comportamiento biosocial en cazadores recolectores del SW de la provincia de La Pampa.

Resumen del proyecto: Este resumen se incluirá en la base de datos de la Biblioteca Digital del Ministerio, por lo que se debe elaborar el mismo sobre la base de la siguiente estructura y completar todos los campos que se indican a continuación: identificación y caracterización del problema objeto del estudio, hipótesis, planteo de objetivos, materiales y métodos a utilizar, resultados esperados, importancia del proyecto (extensión del campo 4000 caracteres). Proyecto diseñado para aportar al conocimiento de los procesos adaptativos y la dinámica biosocial de las sociedades del pasado prehistórico argentino. Propone analizar y evaluar el potencial documental de los restos bioarqueológicos con fehaciente asociación contextual para posibilitar la realización de inferencias sobre procesos biosociales de naturaleza adaptativa o no adaptativa. Está centrado en el análisis osteológico y biocultural de materiales esqueletales (aproximadamente cien individuos) correspondientes a poblaciones aborígenes prehistóricas del actual territorio de la provincia de La Pampa (Médano Petroquímica, Departamento Puelén). Entre otros muchos aspectos, la importancia de estos materiales reside en que son asignables a sociedades con economía cazadora-recolectora y cuya cronología corresponde al Holoceno tardío final (Entierros datados en 393 ± 41 cal AP AMS.), una época particularmente interesante por la dinámica sucesión de eventos socioculturales y poblacionales que la caracterizan. La evidencia recuperada da cuenta de prácticas funerarias complejas que consisten en la realización de enterratorios colectivos, indirectos, secundarios, y presencia de eventos de violencia y/o tensión social. Los métodos y técnicas consisten en la descripción e identificación basados en observación y registro de marcadores esqueléticos conforme a prácticas estándares de nuestro laboratorio: Planillas de observación y registro durante excavaciones de la Archaeological Summer Field School (ASFS) de la Universidad de Chicago y planillas de los “Standards” de Buikstra y Ubelaker, modificadas y adaptadas por nuestro grupo de trabajo, entre otros). Los datos obtenidos serán empleados para graficación (estadística descriptiva) y también se realizará sobre ellos análisis multivariados y estadística no paramétrica (etapa inferencial). Se tendrán en cuenta aspectos descriptivos y analíticos vinculados con el reconocimiento de la edad y el sexo, hábitos dietarios (marcadores morfológicos y químicos de hueso y dientes), economía de subsistencia, patrones de diferenciación social, exploración de eventuales relaciones de parentesco, roles vinculados con el sexo, el uso del cuerpo, dieta, salud y enfermedad, en relación con la economía de subsistencia, etc. (Buikstra y Beck 2006, Larsen, 1997, White y Folkens 2000). Dado la naturaleza y complejidad de los hallazgos, caracterizados por la conformación de entierros colectivos secundarios e indirectos, un capítulo de interés lo constituye el análisis de las dimensiones sociales del comportamiento mortuorio y la discusión de los indicadores de violencia y/o tensión social asociados a los hallazgos (O´Shea 1984, Rakita et al. 2005, entre otros). Dado el hecho de que se cuenta con la disponibilidad de materiales adecuados para este tipo de estudios, la información relevante y los datos a analizar serán obtenidos mediante la aplicación de métodos y técnicas bioarqueológicas específicas antes mencionados, con la finalidad de observar y discutir tendencias y proponer modelos de interpretación sujetos a ulterior validación, particularmente toda vez que se cuente con una mayor representación numérica y casuística tanto a nivel de individuos como de sitios bioarqueológicos excavados. El proyecto se enmarca en la firma de un Convenio Específico de Trabajo entre la UNRC y el Gobierno de La Pampa. Palabras clave: Ingrese hasta 5 palabras clave, distintas de las utilizadas en el título del proyecto y que describan la naturaleza del objeto de estudio. bioarqueología economía cazadora-recolectora adaptación biosocial comportamiento mortuorio Violencia y tensión social. Abstract: Resumen del proyecto en inglés (extensión del campo 2000 caracteres). This project has been designed to improve the knoledge on adaptive processes and biosocial dynamics among aborigine past societies in Argentina. This research is focused on the analysis and evaluation of documentary potential of bioarchaeological skeletal remains with reliable contextual associations. It is specifically centered in the osteological as well as cultural analysis of more than one hundred skeletons from native prehistoric populations from a prehistoric collective burial site in La Pampa province. (Médano Petroquímica, Departamento Puelén). Among other aspects, the importance of the materials to be analyzed lies in the fact that they correspond to a subsistence economy based on hunting and gathering, and have been chronologically assigned to Late Holocene times (burials dated 393 ± 41 cal AP AMS), a period denoting particular interest due to the dynamic succession of sociocultural events that characterized it. Evidence so far recovered accounts for complex funerary practices consisting of indirect, secondary collective burials, as well as the presence of events of violence and/o social tension. Methods and techniques consist in the description and identification based on the observation, and recording of skeletal markers, according to laboratory as well as field work standards: The University of Chicago Archaeological Summer Field School (ASFS) forms, and the “Standards” forms from Buikstra y Ubelaker (1994), modified and adapted by our research team, among others. Data obtained shall be used for graphic (descriptive statistics) as well as multivariate analyses and non parametric statistics (inferential stage). Descriptive as well as analytical aspects such as those related to age and sex determination, feeding habits (morphological as well as chemical markers of bones and teeth), subsistence economy, patterns of social differentiation, kinship patterns, sex-linked roles, body use, diet, health and disease, all of them in close relationship with the hunter-gatherer subsistence economy (Buikstra y Beck 2006, Larsen, 1997, White y Folkens 2000). Given the nature and complexity of the burial disposals, characterized by complex collective burials, a core chapter of our interest is that of social dimensions of mortuary behavior as well as the discussion and interpretation of markers of violence and/or social tension. Given the amount of evidence gathered so far, relevant information as well as data to be analyzed will be obtained by specific bioarchaeological methods and techniques, trying to observe and discuss possible trends as well as to formulate interpretive models to be verified or rejected with the arrival of new, reliable data both at individual level as well as at the archaeological sites to be excavated. This project has been particularly considered in a bilateral agreement between UNRC and the Government of La Pampa Province.

Comparação de duas metodologias de amostragem atmosférica com ferramenta estatística não paramétrica

In atmospheric aerosol sampling, it is inevitable that the air that carries particles is in motion, as a result of both externally driven wind and the sucking action of the sampler itself. High or low air flow sampling speeds may lead to significant particle size bias. The objective of this work is the validation of measurements enabling the comparison of species concentration from both air flow sampling techniques. The presence of several outliers and increase of residuals with concentration becomes obvious, requiring non-parametric methods, recommended for the handling of data which may not be normally distributed. This way, conversion factors are obtained for each of the various species under study using Kendall regression.

Estatística aplicada à química: dez dúvidas comuns

Ten common doubts of chemistry students and professionals about their statistical applications are discussed. The use of the N-1 denominator instead of N is described for the standard deviation. The statistical meaning of the denominators of the root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) and root mean square error of validation (RMSEV) are given for researchers using multivariate calibration methods. The reason why scientists and engineers use the average instead of the median is explained. Several problematic aspects about regression and correlation are treated. The popular use of triplicate experiments in teaching and research laboratories is seen to have its origin in statistical confidence intervals. Nonparametric statistics and bootstrapping methods round out the discussion.

Infiltración grasa hepática difusa y su correlación con índice de masa corporal, triglicéridos y transaminasas

Introducción: la enfermedad hepática grasa no alcohólica (NAFLD) es una enfermedad muy frecuente y de curso insidioso. El diagnostico, seguimiento y tratamiento de esta condición permanecen aun sin consenso debido principalmente a la falta de conocimiento de su historia natural y la dificultad de un diagnostico preciso de forma no invasiva. Materiales y Métodos: estudio prospectivo, observacional de corte transversal y correlación usando un muestreo no aleatorio de los pacientes que asistieron al servicio de chequeo médico de la Fundación CardioInfantil – Instituto de Cardiología. Se evaluaron variables clínicas y para-clínicas como Índice de Masa Corporal, transaminasas, triglicéridos y apariencia ultrasonográfica del hígado. Se realizo análisis no paramétrico de varianza con la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis y análisis de correlación por medio del índice de correlación de Spearman. Resultados: se incluyeron 619 pacientes. Se encontró una variación estadísticamente significativa (p<0,001) entre todas las variables analizadas agrupadas de acuerdo a la apariencia ultrasonográfica del hígado. Finalmente, se encontraron coeficientes de correlación positivos y estadísticamente significativos (p<0,001) para las mismas variables. Discusión: la evaluación por ultrasonografía del hígado es una opción atractiva para el diagnostico y seguimiento de los pacientes con NAFLD debido a sus características no invasivas, bajo costo y amplia disponibilidad. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que dada la variación de los parámetros clínicos de acuerdo con la apariencia hepática, esta herramienta puede ser útil tanto en fase de diagnostico como en fase de seguimiento para los pacientes de esta población. Los coeficientes de correlación sugieren que la posibilidad de predecir variables sanguíneas usando este método que debería estudiarse más a fondo. Conclusiones: en conjunto, los resultados de este estudio soportan la utilidad de la evaluación ultrasonográfica del hígado como herramienta de evaluación y posible seguimiento en pacientes con sospecha de NAFLD en esta población.

A home environment test battery for status assessment in patients with motor fluctuations

Background and aims Evaluating status in patients with motor fluctuations is complex and occasional observations/measurements do not give an adequate picture as to the time spent in different states. We developed a test battery to assess advanced Parkinson patients' status consisting of diary assessments and motor tests. This battery was constructed and implemented on a handheld computer with built-in mobile communication. In fluctuating patients, it should typically be used several times daily in the home environment, over periods of about one week. The aim of this battery is to provide status information in order to evaluate treatment effects in clinical practice and research, follow up treatments and disease progression and predict outcome to optimize treatment strategy. Methods Selection of diary questions was based on a previous study with Duodopa® (DIREQT). Tapping tests (with and without visual cueing) and a spiral drawing test were added. Rapid prototyping was used in development of the user interface. An evaluation with two pilot patients was performed before and after receiving new treatments for advanced disease (one received Duodopa® and one received DBS). Speed and proportion missed taps were calculated for the tapping tests and entropy of the radial drawing velocity was calculated for the spiral tests. Test variables were evaluated using non-parametric statistics. Results Post-treatment improvement was detected in both patients in many of the test variables. Conclusions Although validation work remains, preliminary results are promising and the test battery is currently being evaluated in a long-term health economics study with Duodopa® (DAPHNE).

Contribuições para a análise de sinais neuronais e biomédicos

Following the new tendency of interdisciplinarity of modern science, a new field called neuroengineering has come to light in the last decades. After 2000, scientific journals and conferences all around the world have been created on this theme. The present work comprises three different subareas related to neuroengineering and electrical engineering: neural stimulation; theoretical and computational neuroscience; and neuronal signal processing; as well as biomedical engineering. The research can be divided in three parts: (i) A new method of neuronal photostimulation was developed based on the use of caged compounds. Using the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA caged by a ruthenium complex it was possible to block neuronal population activity using a laser pulse. The obtained results were evaluated by Wavelet analysis and tested by non-parametric statistics. (ii) A mathematical method was created to identify neuronal assemblies. Neuronal assemblies were proposed as the basis of learning by Donald Hebb remain the most accepted theory for neuronal representation of external stimuli. Using the Marcenko-Pastur law of eigenvalue distribution it was possible to detect neuronal assemblies and to compute their activity with high temporal resolution. The application of the method in real electrophysiological data revealed that neurons from the neocortex and hippocampus can be part of the same assembly, and that neurons can participate in multiple assemblies. (iii) A new method of automatic classification of heart beats was developed, which does not rely on a data base for training and is not specialized in specific pathologies. The method is based on Wavelet decomposition and normality measures of random variables. Throughout, the results presented in the three fields of knowledge represent qualification in neural and biomedical engineering