Investigation of class 1 integrons in Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical and microbiota isolates belonging to different phylogenetic groups in Recife, State of Pernambuco

Introduction The high prevalence of Klebsiella pneumoniae infections is related to the ability of K. pneumoniae to acquire and disseminate exogenous genes associated with mobile elements, such as R plasmids, transposons and integrons. This study investigated the presence of class 1 integrons in clinical and microbiota isolates of K. pneumoniae belonging to different phylogenetic groups and correlated these results with the antimicrobial resistance profiles of the studied isolates. Methods Of the 51 isolates of K. pneumoniae selected for this study, 29 were from multidrug-resistant clinical isolates, and 22 were from children's microbiota. The susceptibility profile was determined using the disk diffusion method, and class 1 integrons were detected through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results The results showed that none of the 22 microbiota isolates carried class 1 integrons. Among the 29 clinical isolates, 19 (65.5%) contained class 1 integrons, and resistance to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim was identified in 18 of these isolates (94.7%). Among the K. pneumoniae isolates with class 1 integrons, 47% belonged to the KpI phylogenetic group, and one isolate (14.3%) carrying these genetic elements belonged to the KpIII group. Conclusions The wide variety of detected class 1 integrons supports the presence of high rates of antimicrobial resistance, genetic variability, and rapid dissemination of beta-lactamase genes among K. pneumoniae clinical isolates in recent years in hospitals in Recife-PE, Brazil. The findings of this study indicate that the surveillance of K. pneumoniae integrons in clinical isolates could be useful for monitoring the spread of antibiotic resistance genes in the hospital environment.

Effect of short chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS) on immunological status and gut microbiota of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) reared at two temperatures

The effects of dietary short chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS) incorporation on hematology, fish immune status, gut microbiota composition, digestive enzymes activities, and gut morphology, was evaluated in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) juveniles reared at 18 °C and 25 °C. For that purpose, fish with 32 g were fed diets including 0, 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5% scFOS during 8 weeks. Overall, scFOS had only minor effects on gilthead sea bream immune status. Lymphocytes decreased in fish fed the 0.1% scFOS diet. Fish fed the 0.5% scFOS diet presented increased nitric oxide (NO) production, while total immunoglobulins (Ig) dropped in those fish, but only in the ones reared at 25 °C. Red blood cells, hemoglobin, bactericidal activity and NO were higher at 25 °C, whereas total white blood cells, circulating thrombocytes, monocytes and neutrophils were higher at 18 °C. In fish fed scFOS, lymphocytes were higher at 18 °C. Total Ig were also higher at 18 °C but only in fish fed 0.1% and 0.5% scFOS diets. No differences in gut bacterial profiles were detected by PCR-DGGE (polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) between dietary treatments. However, group's similarity was higher at 25 °C. Digestive enzymes activities were higher at 25 °C but were unaffected by prebiotics incorporation. Gut morphology was also unaffected by dietary prebiotic incorporation. Overall, gut microbiota composition, digestive enzymes activities and immunity parameters were affected by rearing temperature whereas dietary scFOS incorporation had only minor effects on these parameters. In conclusion, at the tested levels scFOS does not seem worthy of including it in gilthead sea bream juveniles diets.

Estudio de las sustancias antimicrobianas producidas por los microorganismos integrantes de la microbiota de terneros jóvenes

El uso desmedido de antibióticos, en especial en los animales que son destinados al consumo humano, produjo la aparición de cepas bacterianas resistentes y favoreció la presencia de residuos de esas sustancias en los alimentos. Esta situación ha sido relacionada con la aparición de alergias, trastornos gastrointestinales y otros problemas que han puesto en riesgo la salud de la población y han promovido una presión creciente de los consumidores y de los entes reguladores para que el sector de la producción de alimentos no utilice antimicrobianos y evite la presencia de sus residuos. El objetivo del trabajo es evaluar la capacidad de las sustancias con actividad antimicrobiana, producida por la microbiota natural, para inhibir el desarrollo de bacterias patógenas responsables de causar enfermedades en terneros jóvenes. Se utilizarán bacterias ácido lácticas autóctonas aisladas a partir de intestinos (duodeno, yeyuno, íleon, colon y ciego), cavidad bucal de terneros de crianza artificial y de vagina de vacas en la etapa pre-parto y que forman parte del cepario del Laboratorio de Análisis de Alimentos, DSPV. Los microorganismos que demuestren capacidad para producir sustancias antimicrobianas serán identificados utilizando técnicas moleculares (amplificación del 16S rRNA, secuenciación y comparación en bases de datos). Las sustancias producidas por los microorganismos serán purificadas antes de analizar su capacidad inhibitoria. Posteriormente, se evaluará el efecto de los agentes físicos (temperatura) y químicos (solventes orgánicos, ácidos, tripsina, proteinasa K y pepsina) sobre dicha capacidad.

Estudio de las sustancias antimicrobianas producidas por los microorganismos integrantes de la microbiota de terneros jóvenes.

El uso desmedido de antibióticos, en especial en los animales que son destinados al consumo humano, produjo la aparición de cepas bacterianas resistentes y favoreció la presencia de residuos de esas sustancias en los alimentos. Esta situación ha sido relacionada con la aparición de alergias, trastornos gastrointestinales y otros problemas que han puesto en riesgo la salud de la población y han promovido una presión creciente de los consumidores y de los entes reguladores para que el sector de la producción de alimentos no utilice antimicrobianos y evite la presencia de sus residuos. El objetivo del trabajo es evaluar la capacidad de las sustancias con actividad antimicrobiana, producida por la microbiota natural, para inhibir el desarrollo de bacterias patógenas responsables de causar enfermedades en terneros jóvenes. Se utilizarán bacterias ácido lácticas autóctonas aisladas a partir de intestinos (duodeno, yeyuno, íleon, colon y ciego), cavidad bucal de terneros de crianza artificial y de vagina de vacas en la etapa pre-parto y que forman parte del cepario del Laboratorio de Análisis de alimentos, DSPV. Los microorganismos que demuestren capacidad para producir sustancias antimicrobianas serán identificados utilizando técnicas moleculares (amplificación del 16S rRNA, secuenciación y comparación en bases de datos). Las sustancias producidas por los microorganismos serán purificadas antes de analizar su capacidad inhibitoria. Posteriormente, se evaluará el efecto de los agentes físicos (temperatura) y químicos (solventes orgánicos, ácidos, tripsina, proteinasa K y pepsina) sobre dicha capacidad.

Estudio de las sustancias antimicrobianas producidas por los microorganismos integrantes de la microbiota de terneros jóvenes.

El uso desmedido de antibióticos, en especial en los animales que son destinados al consumo humano, produjo la aparición de cepas bacterianas resistentes y favoreció la presencia de residuos de esas sustancias en los alimentos. Esta situación ha sido relacionada con la aparición de alergias, trastornos gastrointestinales y otros problemas que han puesto en riesgo la salud de la población y han promovido una presión creciente de los consumidores y de los entes reguladores para que el sector de la producción de alimentos no utilice antimicrobianos y evite la presencia de sus residuos. El objetivo del trabajo es evaluar la capacidad de las sustancias con actividad antimicrobiana, producida por la microbiota natural, para inhibir el desarrollo de bacterias patógenas responsables de causar enfermedades en terneros jóvenes. Se utilizarán bacterias ácido lácticas autóctonas aisladas a partir de intestinos (duodeno, yeyuno, íleon, colon y ciego), cavidad bucal de terneros de crianza artificial y de vagina de vacas en la etapa pre-parto y que forman parte del cepario del Laboratorio de Análisis de alimentos, DSPV. Los microorganismos que demuestren capacidad para producir sustancias antimicrobianas serán identificados utilizando técnicas moleculares (amplificación del 16S rRNA, secuenciación y comparación en bases de datos). Las sustancias producidas por los microorganismos serán purificadas antes de analizar su capacidad inhibitoria. Posteriormente, se evaluará el efecto de los agentes físicos (temperatura) y químicos (solventes orgánicos, ácidos, tripsina, proteinasa K y pepsina) sobre dicha capacidad.

Perfil de la microbiota en equipamiento de empresas tradicionales de embutidos crudo-curados

Las autoras de este artículo han elaborado un trabajo para caracterizar la microbiota tecnológica, deteriorante y patógena en el equipamiento principal de las fábricas de embutidos tradicionales representativas del sector cárnico en Cataluña.

Microbiota abnormalities in inflammatory airway diseases - Potential for therapy.

Increasingly the development of novel therapeutic strategies is taking into consideration the contribution of the intestinal microbiota to health and disease. Dysbiosis of the microbial communities colonizing the human intestinal tract has been described for a variety of chronic diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, obesity and asthma. In particular, reduction of several so-called probiotic species including Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria that are generally considered to be beneficial, as well as an outgrowth of potentially pathogenic bacteria is often reported. Thus a tempting therapeutic approach is to shape the constituents of the microbiota in an attempt to restore the microbial balance towards the growth of 'health-promoting' bacterial species. A twist to this scenario is the recent discovery that the respiratory tract also harbors a microbiota under steady-state conditions. Investigators have shown that the microbial composition of the airway flora is different between healthy lungs and those with chronic lung diseases, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as well as cystic fibrosis. This is an emerging field, and thus far there is very limited data showing a direct contribution of the airway microbiota to the onset and progression of disease. However, should future studies provide such evidence, the airway microbiota might soon join the intestinal microbiota as a target for therapeutic intervention. In this review, we highlight the major advances that have been made describing the microbiota in chronic lung disease and discuss current and future approaches concerning manipulation of the microbiota for the treatment and prevention of disease.

Estudi de l’efecte del tractament amb Adalimumab sobre la microbiota associada a la mucosa intestinal en pacients amb malaltia de Crohn.

La malaltia de Crohn és una malaltia inflamatòria intestinal en la qual s´ha observat que la densitat i la diversitat bacteriana difereixen dels subjectes sans. En els últims anys s’estan emprant tractaments biològics com els anti-TNFα (Adalimumab) de manera alternativa a tractaments ja existents. Els resultats obtinguts després de l’anàlisi de la composició bacteriana de la mucosa intestinal de pacients amb Malaltia de Crohn tractats amb Adalimumab, són esperançadors ja que apunten a una recuperació del patró normal a través de la recuperació d’espècies pròpies de persones sanes i la desaparició d’aquelles més prevalents en malalts de Crohn.

Gut microbiota in children with type 1 diabetes differs from that in healthy children: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND A recent study using a rat model found significant differences at the time of diabetes onset in the bacterial communities responsible for type 1 diabetes modulation. We hypothesized that type 1 diabetes in humans could also be linked to a specific gut microbiota. Our aim was to quantify and evaluate the difference in the composition of gut microbiota between children with type 1 diabetes and healthy children and to determine the possible relationship of the gut microbiota of children with type 1 diabetes with the glycemic level. METHODS A case-control study was carried out with 16 children with type 1 diabetes and 16 healthy children. The fecal bacteria composition was investigated by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The mean similarity index was 47.39% for the healthy children and 37.56% for the children with diabetes, whereas the intergroup similarity index was 26.69%. In the children with diabetes, the bacterial number of Actinobacteria and Firmicutes, and the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio were all significantly decreased, with the quantity of Bacteroidetes significantly increased with respect to healthy children. At the genus level, we found a significant increase in the number of Clostridium, Bacteroides and Veillonella and a significant decrease in the number of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Blautia coccoides/Eubacterium rectale group and Prevotella in the children with diabetes. We also found that the number of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, and the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio correlated negatively and significantly with the plasma glucose level while the quantity of Clostridium correlated positively and significantly with the plasma glucose level in the diabetes group. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study showing that type 1 diabetes is associated with compositional changes in gut microbiota. The significant differences in the number of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Clostridium and in the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio observed between the two groups could be related to the glycemic level in the group with diabetes. Moreover, the quantity of bacteria essential to maintain gut integrity was significantly lower in the children with diabetes than the healthy children. These findings could be useful for developing strategies to control the development of type 1 diabetes by modifying the gut microbiota.

Gut Microbiota Composition in Male Rat Models under Different Nutritional Status and Physical Activity and Its Association with Serum Leptin and Ghrelin Levels.

BACKGROUND Several evidences indicate that gut microbiota is involved in the control of host energy metabolism. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the differences in the composition of gut microbiota in rat models under different nutritional status and physical activity and to identify their associations with serum leptin and ghrelin levels. METHODS IN A CASE CONTROL STUDY, FORTY MALE RATS WERE RANDOMLY ASSIGNED TO ONE OF THESE FOUR EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS: ABA group with food restriction and free access to exercise; control ABA group with food restriction and no access to exercise; exercise group with free access to exercise and feed ad libitum and ad libitum group without access to exercise and feed ad libitum. The fecal bacteria composition was investigated by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and real-time qPCR. RESULTS In restricted eaters, we have found a significant increase in the number of Proteobacteria, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Enterococcus, Prevotella and M. smithii and a significant decrease in the quantities of Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, B. coccoides-E. rectale group, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium with respect to unrestricted eaters. Moreover, a significant increase in the number of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and B. coccoides-E. rectale group was observed in exercise group with respect to the rest of groups. We also found a significant positive correlation between the quantity of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus and serum leptin levels, and a significant and negative correlation among the number of Clostridium, Bacteroides and Prevotella and serum leptin levels in all experimental groups. Furthermore, serum ghrelin levels were negatively correlated with the quantity of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and B. coccoides-Eubacterium rectale group and positively correlated with the number of Bacteroides and Prevotella. CONCLUSIONS Nutritional status and physical activity alter gut microbiota composition affecting the diversity and similarity. This study highlights the associations between gut microbiota and appetite-regulating hormones that may be important in terms of satiety and host metabolism.

Metagenomics, paratransgenesis and the Anopheles microbiome: a portrait of the geographical distribution of the anopheline microbiota based on a meta-analysis of reported taxa

Anophelines harbour a diverse microbial consortium that may represent an extended gene pool for the host. The proposed effects of the insect microbiota span physiological, metabolic and immune processes. Here we synthesise how current metagenomic tools combined with classical culture-dependent techniques provide new insights in the elucidation of the role of the Anopheles-associated microbiota. Many proposed malaria control strategies have been based upon the immunomodulating effects that the bacterial components of the microbiota appear to exert and their ability to express anti-Plasmodium peptides. The number of identified bacterial taxa has increased in the current “omics” era and the available data are mostly scattered or in “tables” that are difficult to exploit. Published microbiota reports for multiple anopheline species were compiled in an Excel® spreadsheet. We then filtered the microbiota data using a continent-oriented criterion and generated a visual correlation showing the exclusive and shared bacterial genera among four continents. The data suggested the existence of a core group of bacteria associated in a stable manner with their anopheline hosts. However, the lack of data from Neotropical vectors may reduce the possibility of defining the core microbiota and understanding the mosquito-bacteria interactive consortium.

Impact of the gut microbiota on the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Obesity and its associated disorders are a major public health concern. Although obesity has been mainly related with perturbations of the balance between food intake and energy expenditure, other factors must nevertheless be considered. Recent insight suggests that an altered composition and diversity of gut microbiota could play an important role in the development of metabolic disorders. This review discusses research aimed at understanding the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (TDM2). The establishment of gut microbiota is dependent on the type of birth. With effect from this point, gut microbiota remain quite stable, although changes take place between birth and adulthood due to external influences, such as diet, disease and environment. Understand these changes is important to predict diseases and develop therapies. A new theory suggests that gut microbiota contribute to the regulation of energy homeostasis, provoking the development of an impairment in energy homeostasis and causing metabolic diseases, such as insulin resistance or TDM2. The metabolic endotoxemia, modifications in the secretion of incretins and butyrate production might explain the influence of the microbiota in these diseases.

Recognition of gut microbiota by NOD2 is essential for the homeostasis of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes.

NOD2 functions as an intracellular sensor for microbial pathogen and plays an important role in epithelial defense. The loss-of-function mutation of NOD2 is strongly associated with human Crohn's disease (CD). However, the mechanisms of how NOD2 maintains the intestinal homeostasis and regulates the susceptibility of CD are still unclear. Here we found that the numbers of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) were reduced significantly in Nod2(-/-) mice and the residual IELs displayed reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis. Further study showed that NOD2 signaling maintained IELs via recognition of gut microbiota and IL-15 production. Notably, recovery of IELs by adoptive transfer could reduce the susceptibility of Nod2(-/-) mice to the 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis. Our results demonstrate that recognition of gut microbiota by NOD2 is important to maintain the homeostasis of IELs and provide a clue that may link NOD2 variation to the impaired innate immunity and higher susceptibility in CD.