The Past, Polish politics of memory, and stereotyping: an intercultural perspective

The main idea of the article is to consider the interdependence between Politics of Memory (as a type of narrating the Past) and Stereotyping. The author suggests that, in a time of information revolution, we are still constructing images of others on the basis of simplification, overestimation of association between features, and illusory correlations, instead of basing them on knowledge and personal contact. The Politics of Memory, national remembrance, and the historical consciousness play a significant role in these processes, because – as the author argues – they transform historically based 'symbolic analogies' into 'illusory correlations' between national identity and the behavior of its members. To support his theoretical investigation, the author presents results of his draft experiment and two case studies: (a) a social construction of images of neighbors based on Polish narrations about the Past; and (b) various processes of stereotyping based on the Remembrance of the Holocaust. All these considerations lead him to state that the Politics of Memory should be recognized as an influential source of commonly shared stereotypes on other cultures and nations.

Effects of early life permethrin exposure on spatial working memory and on monoamine levels in different brain areas of pre-senescent rats

Pesticide exposure during brain development could represent an important risk factor for the onset of neurodegenerative diseases. Previous studies investigated the effect of permethrin (PERM) administered at 34 mg/kg, a dose close to the no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) from post natal day (PND) 6 to PND 21 in rats. Despite the PERM dose did not elicited overt signs of toxicity (i.e. normal body weight gain curve), it was able to induce striatal neurodegeneration (dopamine and Nurr1 reduction, and lipid peroxidation increase). The present study was designed to characterize the cognitive deficits in the current animal model. When during late adulthood PERM treated rats were tested for spatial working memory performances in a T-maze-rewarded alternation task they took longer to choose for the correct arm in comparison to age matched controls. No differences between groups were found in anxiety-like state, locomotor activity, feeding behavior and spatial orientation task. Our findings showing a selective effect of PERM treatment on the T-maze task point to an involvement of frontal cortico-striatal circuitry rather than to a role for the hippocampus. The predominant disturbances concern the dopamine (DA) depletion in the striatum and, the serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NE) unbalance together with a hypometabolic state in the medial prefrontal cortex area. In the hippocampus, an increase of NE and a decrease of DA were observed in PERM treated rats as compared to controls. The concentration of the most representative marker for pyrethroid exposure (3-phenoxybenzoic acid) measured in the urine of rodents 12 h after the last treatment was 41.50 µ/L and it was completely eliminated after 96 h.

Cooperative memory and database transactions

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para a obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Informática

Aging and Alzheimer's disease: Searching for novel molecular cues

Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências da Saúde

Bases neurobiológicas del efecto de grelina sobre ansiedad, memoria e ingesta. Neurobiological mechanisms of ghrelin effect on anxiety, memory and food intake.

El objetivo de este proyecto es investigar el sustrato neurobiológico que subyace a los efectos centrales de grelina (Gr) en estructuras extrahipotalámicas tales como núcleo dorsal del rafe (NDR), hipocampo(Hi) y amígdala(Am) donde hemos demostrado que el péptido incrementa la memoria e ingesta, Los mecanismos neurales, neurotrasmisores(nt), segundos mensajeros, etc., involucrados en estos procesos fisiológicos, inducidos por el péptido, necesitan aun ser esclarecidos. Hemos demostrado que grelina incrementa la retención de la memoria cuando es inyectado en Hi, NDR y Am. También incrementa la ingesta al ser administrado en Hi y NDR pero no así en Am. En Hi los efectos de Gr sobre la memoria se correlacionan con incremento en los niveles tisulares de óxido nítrico (NO) y con la disponibilidad del nt 5-HT. En lo que a electrofisiología se refiere hemos demostrado que Gr disminuye el umbral para generar potenciación a largo plazo (LTP). A fin de aportar nuevas evidencias que contribuyan a esclarecer los efectos del péptido sobre memoria e ingesta utilizaremos estudios conductuales, determinaciones bioquímicas y determinaciones electrofisiológicas. En lo que a ingesta se refiere intentaremos esclarecer el papel de los núcleos central y basolateral de la Am en aspectos hedónicos de la ingesta inducida por Gr En esta etapa, más específicamente nos proponemos:1) Determinar si los efectos de grelina sobre ingesta y memoria demostrados en hipocampo y NDR después de la su administración se correlacionan con modificaciones en la liberación de serotonina utilizando cortes de hipocampo precargados con 5HT tritiada en presencia y ausencia del péptido.2) Evaluar si el incremento de óxido nítrico inducido por grelina en hipocampo se correlaciona con cambios en la expresión de nNOS, utilizando Western-blot y la importancia de NOS/NO en la acción de grelina repitiendo los experimentos previo tratamiento de las ratas con inhibidores de NOS. 3)Estudiar la participación del nt glutamato en los efectos hipocampales de Gr sobre la memoria. Analizando a) si grelina modifica la liberación del nt a partir de sinaptosomas aislados de hipocampo de ratas pretratadas con Gr.b) la participación de los receptores NMDA y GABAa en los efectos de grelina previo bloqueo farmacológico del mencionado receptor y el test step down.c) la participación de los receptores NMDA y GABAa en los efectos de grelina utilizando electrofisiología y Western Blot. 4) Estudiar el efecto de la administración de Gr en Amigdala Central y Basolateral sobre aspectos hedónicos de la ingesta utilizando diferentes paradigmas conductuales en animales. Estudiaremos:a) si Gr modifica el consumo de alimento de diferente palatabilidad en animales y si afecta el componente motivacional de la conducta de ingesta paradigma de "runway".

Role of the neurotransmitters dopamine and acetylcholine during the interaction of working memory and attention

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Naturwiss., Diss., 2015

Ghosts in contemporary African diasporic literature : re-visioning history, memory and identity

Starting from the observation that ghosts are strikingly recurrent and prominent figures in late-twentieth African diasporic literature, this dissertation proposes to account for this presence by exploring its various functions. It argues that, beyond the poetic function the ghost performs as metaphor, it also does cultural, theoretical and political work that is significant to the African diaspora in its dealings with issues of history, memory and identity. Toni Morrison's Beloved (1987) serves as a guide for introducing the many forms, qualities and significations of the ghost, which are then explored and analyzed in four chapters that look at Fred D'Aguiar's Feeding the Ghosts (1998), Gloria Naylor's Mama Day (1988), Paule Marshall's Praisesong for the Widow (1983) and a selection of novels, short stories and poetry by Michelle Cliff. Moving thematically through these texts, the discussion shifts from history through memory to identity as it examines how the ghost trope allows the writers to revisit sites of trauma; revise historical narratives that are constituted and perpetuated by exclusions and invisibilities; creatively and critically repossess a past marked by violence, dislocation and alienation and reclaim the diasporic culture it contributed to shaping; destabilize and deconstruct the hegemonic, normative categories and boundaries that delimit race or sexuality and envision other, less limited and limiting definitions of identity. These diverse and interrelated concerns are identified and theorized as participating in a project of "re-vision," a critical project that constitutes an epistemological as much as a political gesture. The author-based structure allows for a detailed analysis of the texts and highlights the distinctive shapes the ghost takes and the particular concerns it serves to address in each writer's literary and political project. However, using the ghost as a guide into these texts, taken collectively, also throws into relief new connections between them and sheds light on the complex ways in which the interplay of history, memory and identity positions them as products of and contributions to an African diasporic (literary) culture. If it insists on the cultural specificity of African diasporic ghosts, tracing its origins to African cultures and spiritualities, the argument also follows gothic studies' common view that ghosts in literary and cultural productions-like other related figures of the living dead-respond to particular conditions and anxieties. Considering the historical and political context in which the texts under study were produced, the dissertation makes connections between the ghosts in them and African diasporic people's disillusionment with the broken promises of the civil rights movement in the United States and of postcolonial independence in the Caribbean. It reads the texts' theoretical concerns and narrative qualities alongside the contestation of traditional historiography by black and postcolonial studies as well as the broader challenge to conventional notions such as truth, reality, meaning, power or identity by poststructuralism, postcolonialism or queer theory. Drawing on these various theoretical approaches and critical tools to elucidate the ghost's deconstructive power for African diasporic writers' concerns, this work ultimately offers a contribution to "speciality studies," which is currently emerging as a new field of scholarship in cultural theory.

Memory and effector CD8 T-cell responses after nanoparticle vaccination of melanoma patients.

Induction of cytotoxic CD8 T-cell responses is enhanced by the exclusive presentation of antigen through dendritic cells, and by innate stimuli, such as toll-like receptor ligands. On the basis of these 2 principles, we designed a vaccine against melanoma. Specifically, we linked the melanoma-specific Melan-A/Mart-1 peptide to virus-like nanoparticles loaded with A-type CpG, a ligand for toll-like receptor 9. Melan-A/Mart-1 peptide was cross-presented, as shown in vitro with human dendritic cells and in HLA-A2 transgenic mice. A phase I/II study in stage II-IV melanoma patients showed that the vaccine was well tolerated, and that 14/22 patients generated ex vivo detectable T-cell responses, with in part multifunctional T cells capable to degranulate and produce IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2. No significant influence of the route of immunization (subcutaneous versus intradermal) nor dosing regimen (weekly versus daily clusters) could be observed. It is interesting to note that, relatively large fractions of responding specific T cells exhibited a central memory phenotype, more than what is achieved by other nonlive vaccines. We conclude that vaccination with CpG loaded virus-like nanoparticles is associated with a human CD8 T-cell response with properties of a potential long-term immune protection from the disease.

Manipulating sleep spindles - expanding views on sleep, memory, and disease.

Sleep spindles are distinctive electroencephalographic (EEG) oscillations emerging during non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (NREMS) that have been implicated in multiple brain functions, including sleep quality, sensory gating, learning, and memory. Despite considerable knowledge about the mechanisms underlying these neuronal rhythms, their function remains poorly understood and current views are largely based on correlational evidence. Here, we review recent studies in humans and rodents that have begun to broaden our understanding of the role of spindles in the normal and disordered brain. We show that newly identified molecular substrates of spindle oscillations, in combination with evolving technological progress, offer novel targets and tools to selectively manipulate spindles and dissect their role in sleep-dependent processes.