MPEG Traffic Performance via TCP over ATM

A large volume of TCP/IP traffic is currently, and in the future will be, carried over ATM networks. A major part of the traffic, which is produced by multimedia sources, is encoded using the MPEG standard. For the performance analysis of transferring MPEG video sequence via TCP/IP over A TM networks, there is a need for appropriate simulation models. This paper describes one such simulation model that we have constructed. A sct of preliminary simulation experiments have been conducted with the mode to assess the impact of different network configurations on the MPEG traffic transmission performance. Our simulation model is able to simulate many of the potential performance issues regarding video traffic via TCPIIP and A TM and can be used to evaluate any potential solutions.

Proposta de integração das redes de comunicação da COSERN como uma solução de contigêncvia em caso de falhas nos enlaces do backbone de automação

T'his dissertation proposes alternative models to allow the interconnectioin of the data communication networks of COSERN Companhia Energética do Rio Grande do Norte. These networks comprise the oorporative data network, based on TCP/IP architecture, and the automation system linking remote electric energy distribution substations to the main Operatin Centre, based on digital radio links and using the IEC 60870-5-101 protoco1s. The envisaged interconnection aims to provide automation data originated from substations with a contingent route to the Operation Center, in moments of failure or maintenance of the digital radio links. Among the presented models, the one chosen for development consists of a computational prototype based on a standard personal computer, working under LINUX operational system and running na application, developesd in C language, wich functions as a Gateway between the protocols of the TCP/IP stack and the IEC 60870-5-101 suite. So, it is described this model analysis, implementation and tests of functionality and performance. During the test phase it was basically verified the delay introduced by the TCP/IP network when transporting automation data, in order to guarantee that it was cionsistent with the time periods present on the automation network. Besides , additional modules are suggested to the prototype, in order to handle other issues such as security and prioriz\ation of the automation system data, whenever they are travesing the TCP/IP network. Finally, a study hás been done aiming to integrate, in more complete way, the two considered networks. It uses IP platform as a solution of convergence to the communication subsystem of na unified network, as the most recente market tendencies for supervisory and other automation systems indicate

TCP Performance Optimizations for Wireless Sensor Networks

Since the appearance of downsized and simplified TCP/IP stacks, single nodes from Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have become directly accessible from the Internet with commonly used networking tools and applications (e.g., Telnet or SMTP). However, TCP has been shown to perform poorly in wireless networks, especially across multiple wireless hops. This paper examines TCP performance optimizations based on distributed caching and local retransmission strategies of intermediate nodes in a TCP connection, and proposes extended techniques to these strategies. The paper studies the impact of different radio duty-cycling MAC protocols on the end-to-end TCP performance when using the proposed TCP optimization strategies in an extensive experimental evaluation on a real-world sensor network testbed.

Hop-to-Hop Reliability in IP-Based Wireless Sensor Networks - A Cross-Layer Approach

To interconnect a wireless sensor network (WSN) to the Internet, we propose to use TCP/IP as the standard protocol for all network entities. We present a cross layer designed communication architecture, which contains a MAC protocol, IP, a new protocol called Hop-to-Hop Reliability (H2HR) protocol, and the TCP Support for Sensor Nodes (TSS) protocol. The MAC protocol implements the MAC layer of beacon-less personal area networks (PANs) as defined in IEEE 802.15.4. H2HR implements hop-to-hop reliability mechanisms. Two acknowledgment mechanisms, explicit and implicit ACK are supported. TSS optimizes using TCP in WSNs by implementing local retransmission of TCP data packets, local TCP ACK regeneration, aggressive TCP ACK recovery, congestion and flow control algorithms. We show that H2HR increases the performance of UDP, TCP, and RMST in WSNs significantly. The throughput is increased and the packet loss ratio is decreased. As a result, WSNs can be operated and managed using TCP/IP.

Synchronizing sound from different devices over a TCP network

Nowadays, we can send audio on the Internet for multiples uses like telephony, broadcast audio or teleconferencing. The issue comes when you need to synchronize the sound from different sources because the network where we are going to work could lose packets and introduce delay in the delivery. This can also come because the sound cards could be work in different speeds. In this project, we will work with two computers emitting sound (one will simulate the left channel (mono) of a stereo signal, and the other the right channel) and connected with a third computer by a TCP network. The last computer must get the sound from both computers and reproduce it in a speaker properly (without delay). So, basically, the main goal of the project is to synchronize multi-track sound over a network. TCP networks introduce latency into data transfers. Streaming audio suffers from two problems: a delay and an offset between the channels. This project explores the causes of latency, investigates the affect of the inter-channel offset and proposes a solution to synchronize the received channels. In conclusion, a good synchronization of the sound is required in a time when several audio applications are being developed. When two devices are ready to send audio over a network, this multi-track sound will arrive at the third computer with an offset giving a negative effect to the listener. This project has dealt with this offset achieving a good synchronization of the multitrack sound getting a good effect on the listener. This was achieved thanks to the division of the project into several steps having constantly a good vision of the problem, a good scalability and having controlled the latency at all times. As we can see in the chapter 4 of the project, a lack of synchronization over c. 100μs is audible to the listener. RESUMEN. A día de hoy, podemos transmitir audio a través de Internet por varios motivos como pueden ser: una llamada telefónica, una emisión de audio o una teleconferencia. El problema viene cuando necesitas sincronizar ese sonido producido por los diferentes orígenes ya que la red a la que nos vamos a conectar puede perder los paquetes y/o introducir un retardo en las entregas de los mismos. Así mismo, estos retardos también pueden venir producidos por las diferentes velocidades a las que trabajan las tarjetas de sonido de cada dispositivo. En este proyecto, se ha trabajado con dos ordenadores emitiendo sonido de manera intermitente (uno se encargará de simular el canal izquierdo (mono) de la señal estéreo emitida, y el otro del canal derecho), estando conectados a través de una red TCP a un tercer ordenador, el cual debe recibir el sonido y reproducirlo en unos altavoces adecuadamente y sin retardo (deberá juntar los dos canales y reproducirlo como si de estéreo de tratara). Así, el objetivo principal de este proyecto es el de encontrar la manera de sincronizar el sonido producido por los dos ordenadores y escuchar el conjunto en unos altavoces finales. Las redes TCP introducen latencia en la transferencia de datos. El streaming de audio emitido a través de una red de este tipo puede sufrir dos grandes contratiempos: retardo y offset, los dos existentes en las comunicaciones entre ambos canales. Este proyecto se centra en las causas de ese retardo, investiga el efecto que provoca el offset entre ambos canales y propone una solución para sincronizar los canales en el dispositivo receptor. Para terminar, una buena sincronización del sonido es requerida en una época donde las aplicaciones de audio se están desarrollando continuamente. Cuando los dos dispositivos estén preparados para enviar audio a través de la red, la señal de sonido multi-canal llegará al tercer ordenador con un offset añadido, por lo que resultará en una mala experiencia en la escucha final. En este proyecto se ha tenido que lidiar con ese offset mencionado anteriormente y se ha conseguido una buena sincronización del sonido multi-canal obteniendo un buen efecto en la escucha final. Esto ha sido posible gracias a una división del proyecto en diversas etapas que proporcionaban la facilidad de poder solucionar los errores en cada paso dando una importante visión del problema y teniendo controlada la latencia en todo momento. Como se puede ver en el capítulo 4 del proyecto, la falta de sincronización sobre una diferencia de 100μs entre dos canales (offset) empieza a ser audible en la escucha final.

Sviluppo di un'applicazione di sincronizzazione file per reti challenged

Questa tesi si pone l'obiettivo di implementare in ambiente Linux un'applicazione di sincronizzazione, chiamata DTNbox, che permetta lo scambio di file tra due nodi di una rete classificabile come Delay-/Disruption-Tolerant Network (DTN), ossia una rete in cui a causa di ritardi, interruzioni, partizionamento, non sia possibile utilizzare l'usuale architettura di rete TCP/IP. E' evidente che i problemi menzionati rendono estremamente più complessa la sincronizzazione fra cartelle rispetto ad Internet, da cui le peculiarità di DTNbox rispetto ad altre applicazioni in rete visto che, ad esempio, non è possibile la sincronizzazione tramite un nodo centrale, come in Dropbox e similari, ma occorre basarsi su comunicazioni peer-to-peer. L'oggetto della mia tesi si è quindi sviluppato principalmente su tre direzioni: • Implementare, utilizzando il linguaggio di programmazione C, le funzionalità previste dal nuovo progetto per Linux • Integrarne e modificarne le parti ritenute carenti, man mano che i test parziali ne hanno mostrato la necessità • Testarne il suo corretto funzionamento Si è deciso pertanto di dare precedenza alla scrittura delle parti fondamentali del programma quali i moduli di controllo, la struttura e gestione del database e lo scambio di messaggi tra due nodi appartenenti ad una rete DTN per poter arrivare ad una prima versione funzionante del programma stesso, in modo che eventuali future tesi possano concentrarsi sullo sviluppo di una interfaccia grafica e sull'aggiunta di nuovi comandi e funzionalità accessorie. Il programma realizzato è stato poi testato su macchine virtuali grazie all'uso dello strumento Virtualbricks.

Increased availability and scalability for clustered services via the wait time calculation, trust based filtering and redirection of TCP connection requests

The paper describes two new transport layer (TCP) options and an expanded transport layer queuing strategy that facilitate three functions that are fundamental to the dispatching-based clustered service. A transport layer option has been developed to facilitate. the use of client wait time data within the service request processing of the cluster. A second transport layer option has been developed to facilitate the redirection of service requests by the cluster dispatcher to the cluster processing member. An expanded transport layer service request queuing strategy facilitates the trust based filtering of incoming service requests so that a graceful degradation of service delivery may be achieved during periods of overload - most dramatically evidenced by distributed denial of service attacks against the clustered service. We describe how these new options and queues have been implemented and successfully tested within the transport layer of the Linux kernel.

Communication Architecture Design for Real-Time Networked Control Systems

Networked control over data networks has received increasing attention in recent years. Among many problems in networked control systems (NCSs) is the need to reduce control latency and jitter and to deal with packet dropouts. This paper introduces our recent progress on a queuing communication architecture for real-time NCS applications, and simple strategies for dealing with packet dropouts. Case studies for a middle-scale process or multiple small-scale processes are presented for TCP/IP based real-time NCSs. Variations of network architecture design are modelled, simulated, and analysed for evaluation of control latency and jitter performance. It is shown that a simple bandwidth upgrade or adding hierarchy does not necessarily bring benefits for performance improvement of control latency and jitter. A co-design of network and control is necessary to maximise the real-time control performance of NCSs

Smart Grid Test Bed Design and Implementation

Given there is currently a migration trend from traditional electrical supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems towards a smart grid based approach to critical infrastructure management. This project provides an evaluation of existing and proposed implementations for both traditional electrical SCADA and smart grid based architectures, and proposals a set of reference requirements which test bed implementations should implement. A high-level design for smart grid test beds is proposed and initial implementation performed, based on the proposed design, using open source and freely available software tools. The project examines the move towards smart grid based critical infrastructure management and illustrates the increased security requirements. The implemented test bed provides a basic framework for testing network requirements in a smart grid environment, as well as a platform for further research and development. Particularly to develop, implement and test network security related disturbances such as intrusion detection and network forensics. The project undertaken proposes and develops an architecture of the emulation of some smart grid functionality. The Common Open Research Emulator (CORE) platform was used to emulate the communication network of the smart grid. Specifically CORE was used to virtualise and emulate the TCP/IP networking stack. This is intended to be used for further evaluation and analysis, for example the analysis of application protocol messages, etc. As a proof of concept, software libraries were designed, developed and documented to enable and support the design and development of further smart grid emulated components, such as reclosers, switches, smart meters, etc. As part of the testing and evaluation a Modbus based smart meter emulator was developed to provide basic functionality of a smart meter. Further code was developed to send Modbus request messages to the emulated smart meter and receive Modbus responses from it. Although the functionality of the emulated components were limited, it does provide a starting point for further research and development. The design is extensible to enable the design and implementation of additional SCADA protocols. The project also defines an evaluation criteria for the evaluation of the implemented test bed, and experiments are designed to evaluate the test bed according to the defined criteria. The results of the experiments are collated and presented, and conclusions drawn from the results to facilitate discussion on the test bed implementation. The discussion undertaken also present possible future work.

Developing and benchmarking native Linux applications on Android

Smartphones get increasingly popular where more and more smartphone platforms emerge. Special attention was gained by the open source platform Android which was presented by the Open Handset Alliance (OHA) hosting members like Google, Motorola, and HTC. Android uses a Linux kernel and a stripped-down userland with a custom Java VM set on top. The resulting system joins the advantages of both environments, while third-parties are intended to develop only Java applications at the moment. In this work, we present the benefit of using native applications in Android. Android includes a fully functional Linux, and using it for heavy computational tasks when developing applications can bring in substantional performance increase. We present how to develop native applications and software components, as well as how to let Linux applications and components communicate with Java programs. Additionally, we present performance measurements of native and Java applications executing identical tasks. The results show that native C applications can be up to 30 times as fast as an identical algorithm running in Dalvik VM. Java applications can become a speed-up of up to 10 times if utilizing JNI.

A basis for instrusion detection in distributed systems using kernel-level data tainting

This project was a step forward in developing intrusion detection systems in distributed environments such as web services. It investigates a new approach of detection based on so-called "taint-marking" techniques and introduces a theoretical framework along with its implementation in the Linux kernel.

Intrusion detection in distributed systems, an approach based on taint marking

This paper presents a new framework for distributed intrusion detection based on taint marking. Our system tracks information flows between applications of multiple hosts gathered in groups (i.e., sets of hosts sharing the same distributed information flow policy) by attaching taint labels to system objects such as files, sockets, Inter Process Communication (IPC) abstractions, and memory mappings. Labels are carried over the network by tainting network packets. A distributed information flow policy is defined for each group at the host level by labeling information and defining how users and applications can legally access, alter or transfer information towards other trusted or untrusted hosts. As opposed to existing approaches, where information is most often represented by two security levels (low/high, public/private, etc.), our model identifies each piece of information within a distributed system, and defines their legal interaction in a fine-grained manner. Hosts store and exchange security labels in a peer to peer fashion, and there is no central monitor. Our IDS is implemented in the Linux kernel as a Linux Security Module (LSM) and runs standard software on commodity hardware with no required modification. The only trusted code is our modified operating system kernel. We finally present a scenario of intrusion in a web service running on multiple hosts, and show how our distributed IDS is able to report security violations at each host level.

An optimal weighted-average congestion based pricing scheme for enhanced QoS

Pricing is an effective tool to control congestion and achieve quality of service (QoS) provisioning for multiple differentiated levels of service. In this paper, we consider the problem of pricing for congestion control in the case of a network of nodes under a single service class and multiple queues, and present a multi-layered pricing scheme. We propose an algorithm for finding the optimal state dependent price levels for individual queues, at each node. The pricing policy used depends on a weighted average queue length at each node. This helps in reducing frequent price variations and is in the spirit of the random early detection (RED) mechanism used in TCP/IP networks. We observe in our numerical results a considerable improvement in performance using our scheme over that of a recently proposed related scheme in terms of both throughput and delay performance. In particular, our approach exhibits a throughput improvement in the range of 34 to 69 percent in all cases studied (over all routes) over the above scheme.

An optimal weighted-average congestion based pricing scheme for enhanced QoS, , LNCS 4882, 2007

Pricing is an effective tool to control congestion and achieve quality of service (QoS) provisioning for multiple differentiated levels of service. In this paper, we consider the problem of pricing for congestion control in the case of a network of nodes under a single service class and multiple queues, and present a multi-layered pricing scheme. We propose an algorithm for finding the optimal state dependent price levels for individual queues, at each node. The pricing policy used depends on a weighted average queue length at each node. This helps in reducing frequent price variations and is in the spirit of the random early detection (RED) mechanism used in TCP/IP networks. We observe in our numerical results a considerable improvement in performance using our scheme over that of a recently proposed related scheme in terms of both throughput and delay performance. In particular, our approach exhibits a throughput improvement in the range of 34 to 69 percent in all cases studied (over all routes) over the above scheme.