Lasten influenssakaudet 2011−2012 ja 2012−2013: Epidemiologia, taudinkuva ja hoito Tyksin lasten ja nuorten klinikassa

Lasten influenssaepidemiat ajoittuvat keskitalvelle, jolloin myös muut hengitysteiden virusinfektiot ovat yleisiä. Lisäksi lasten influenssan kliininen kuva vaihtelee voimakkaasti, mikä aiheuttaa ongelmia erotusdiagnostiikassa. Influenssan diagnostiikka perustuu esitietoihin, kliiniseen kuvaan, tietoon epidemiologisesta tilanteesta ja virologiseen diagnostiikkaan. Kliinisen diagnostiikan osuvuus on kuitenkin lapsilla heikko. Influenssa olisi hyvä erottaa muista virusinfektioista, koska aikainen viruslääkitys lyhentää taudin kestoa. Tutkimukseni tarkoituksena oli selvittää mariPOC-viruspikadiagnostiikalla todettujen lasten A- ja B-influenssavirustartuntojen epidemiologia Tyksin lasten ja nuorten poliklinikalla influenssakausina 2011−2012 ja 2012−2013. Lisäksi selvitettiin lasten influenssan tyypillinen oirekuva ja komplikaatioiden esiintyvyys. Hoitoon liittyen tilastoitiin jatkohoitopaikat ja käytetyt antimikrobilääkitykset. Saatuja tuloksia verrattiin aiempaan kirjallisuuteen. Tutkimusta varten käytössäni oli mariPOC-viruspikadiagnostiikkalaitteen näytetiedot marraskuun 2011 alusta joulukuun 2013 loppuun. Näytteet on voitu alun perin ottaa myös muiden virusten kuin influenssan diagnosoimiseksi. Epidemiologisessa analyysissä huomioitiin kaikki otetut influenssanäytteet. Tutkimusjoukkoon valikoitui yhteensä 113 influenssaan sairastunutta lasta. Tämän tutkimusjoukon influenssanäytteet voitiin yhdistää luotettavasti sairauskertomustietoihin, joita tarkasteltiin retrospektiivisesti. Viruspikadiagnostiikalla varmennettujen influenssakausien aikana noin 10 % kaikista näytteistä oli influenssapositiivisia. Suurin tautitaakka Tyksin lasten ja nuorten poliklinikalla kohdistuu alle 4-vuotisiin lapsiin, joiden osuus oli yli puolet kaikista influenssatapauksista (52 %). Suurin osa sairastuneista lapsista oli aiemmin terveitä (67 %). Yleisimmät krooniset sairaudet potilasjoukossa olivat astma (11 %) ja jokin neurologinen sairaus (9 %). Kolme yleisintä oiretta olivat korkea kuume (89 %), yskä (64 %) ja nuha (52 %). Myös muita influenssan tyyppioireita esiintyi usein. Komplikaatioista yleisimmät olivat otiitti (17 %), kuumekouristus (7 %), pneumonia (6 %) ja laryngiitti (4 %). Vakaviakin komplikaatioita todettiin osalla. Alle neljävuotiaat saivat komplikaatioita enemmän (p=0,02), lisäten pienten lasten tautitaakkaa. Influenssadiagnoosin varmentumisen jälkeen viruslääkitystä sai 61 %, ja vastaavasti antibioottia 30 % lapsista. Neljännes sairastuneista lapsista tarvitsi sairaalahoitoa. Influenssan lapsille aiheuttama tautitaakka on yhä varsin merkittävä. Viruspikadiagnostiikka voi toimia hyödyllisenä erotusdiagnostisena apuvälineenä epäiltäessä influenssaa lapsilla, mutta sen tueksi tarvitaan myös muita laboratoriotutkimuksia vakavien sairauksien tunnistamiseksi. Paremmalla rokotuskattavuudella influenssan lapsille aiheuttamaa tautitaakkaa olisi mahdollista keventää.

Nasopharyngeal colonization by pathogenic bacteria: effect of polymorphisms in innate immune genes of young children

Nasopharyngeal bacteria can asymptomatically colonize the nasopharynx of infants and young children but are also associated with the development of respiratory infections and diseases. Such nasopharyngeal bacteria include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus. The host defense against invading pathogens is largely relies germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRR), which are expressed on the cells of innate immunity, and different cytokines. These include toll-like receptors (TLR), mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and different cytokines such as IL-17A. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in these receptors and cytokines have been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate genetic polymorphisms in the genes for TLR2, 3 and 4, MBL as well as for IL-17A and their associations with nasopharyngeal pathogenic bacterial colonization during a two-year follow-up. The study revealed that polymorphisms in TLRs, MBL2 and IL17A are associated with the nasopharyngeal bacterial colonization in young children. Healthy young (2.6 months of age) children with variant types of MBL2, TLR2 R753Q or TLR4 D299G had an increased risk to be colonized by S. pneumonia, S. aureus or M. catarrhalis, respectively. Moreover, variant types of MBL2 in healthy children with might facilitate human rhinovirus (HRV)-induced S. pneumoniae colonization at 2.6 months of age. The polymorphism of TLR4 D299G was shown to be associated with M. catarrhalis colonization throughout the whole two-year follow-up (2.6, 13 and 24 months of age) and also with the bacterial load of this pathogen. Also, the polymorphism of IL17A G152A was shown to be associated with increased risk to be colonized by S. pneumoniae at 13 and 24 months of age. Furthermore, the results suggest that IL17A G152A has an effect on production of serum IL-17A already at young age. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that polymorphisms in the key PRRs and IL17A seem to play an important role to colonization of S. pneumoniae, M. catarrhalis, and S. aureus in healthy young Finnish children. The nasopharyngeal colonization by these pathogenic bacteria may further promote the development of respiratory infections and may be related to development of asthma and allergy in the later life of children. These findings offer a possible explanation why some children have more respiratory infections than other children and provide a rational basis for future studies in this field.

Miehen tupakoinnin vaikutus alkionlaatuun

On arvioitu, että noin puolet lapsettomuustapauksista liittyvät miehen heikentyneeseen hedelmällisyyteen. Koeputkihedelmöityksessä tuotetut alkiot voidaan siirtää kohtuun tai pakastaa myöhempää käyttöä varten. Tunnistamalla alkionlaatuun vaikuttavia tekijöitä on mahdollista valita kohtuun siirrettäväksi mahdollisimman laadukkaita alkioita, jotka tuottavat hyviä raskaustuloksia ja synnytyksiä. Kirjallisuuskatsauksen tarkoituksena on selvittää miehen tupakoinnin vaikutuksia alkionlaatuun. Kirjallisuuskatsauksen artikkelit valittiin PubMed-tietokannasta. Aineiston valintakriteerinä oli elintapojen vaikutukset hedelmällisyyteen, tupakoinnin vaikutukset siemennesteeseen, siittiöiden perimään, hedelmöityshoitojen tuloksiin ja alkionlaatuun. Tupakoinnin on havaittu heikentävän miehen hedelmällisyyttä eri mekanismein. Tupakointi heikentää siemenesteen laatua ja lisää erektiohäiriöitä. On myös viitteitä siitä, että tupakointi lisää siittiöiden DNA–vaurioita, mutta sen kliininen merkitys on vielä epäselvä. Miehen tupakoinnin hedelmällisyydelle haitallinen vaikutus saattaa lisääntyä iän myötä. Miehen tupakointi mahdollisesti heikentää lapsettomuushoitojen tuloksia, mutta tutkimuksia on vähän ja niiden laatu on puutteellista verrattuna tutkimuksiin naisen tupakoinnin vaikutuksesta. Miehen tupakoinnin vaikutukset hedelmöityshoitoihin välittyvät suoraan siittiövaikutusten kautta ja epäsuorasti naisen altistuessa passiivisesti tupakan haitallisille aineille puolison tupakoidessa. Miehen tupakoinnin ei ole luotettavasti havaittu vaikuttavan alkion laatuun. Aiheesta on tehty tällä hetkellä vain vähän tutkimuksia ja tutkimusasetelmissa on puutteita. Tällä hetkellä suurimmat puutteet tutkimuksissa miehen tupakoinnin vaikutuksista alkionlaatuun liittyvät keskeisen muuttujan, tupakoinnin vakioitiin tutkittavissa.

Genetic, prenatal and postnatal determinants of weight gain and obesity in young children – The STEPS Study

Genetic, Prenatal and Postnatal Determinants of Weight Gain and Obesity in Young Children – The STEPS Study University of Turku, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, University of Turku Doctoral Program of Clinical Investigation (CLIPD), Turku Institute for Child and Youth Research. Conditions of being overweight and obese in childhood are common health problems with longlasting effects into adulthood. Currently 22% of Finnish boys and 12% of Finnish girls are overweight and 4% of Finnish boys and 2% of Finnish girls are obese. The foundation for later health is formed early, even before birth, and the importance of prenatal growth on later health outcomes is widely acknowledged. When the mother is overweight, had high gestational weight gain and disturbances in glucose metabolism during pregnancy, an increased risk of obesity in children is present. On the other hand, breastfeeding and later introduction of complementary foods are associated with a decreased obesity risk. In addition to these, many genetic and environmental factors have an effect on obesity risk, but the clustering of these factors is not extensively studied. The main objective of this thesis was to provide comprehensive information on prenatal and early postnatal factors associated with weight gain and obesity in infancy up to two years of age. The study was part of the STEPS Study (Steps to Healthy Development), which is a follow-up study consisting of 1797 families. This thesis focused on children up to 24 months of age. Altogether 26% of boys and 17% of girls were overweight and 5% of boys and 4% of girls were obese at 24 months of age according to New Finnish Growth references for Children BMI-for-age criteria. Compared to children who remained normal weight, the children who became overweight or obese showed different growth trajectories already at 13 months of age. The mother being overweight had an impact on children’s birth weight and early growth from birth to 24 months of age. The mean duration of breastfeeding was almost 2 months shorter in overweight women in comparison to normal weight women. A longer duration of breastfeeding was protective against excessive weight gain, high BMI, high body weight and high weight-for-length SDS during the first 24 months of life. Breast milk fatty acid composition differed between overweight and normal weight mothers, and overweight women had more saturated fatty acids and less n-3 fatty acids in breast milk. Overweight women also introduced complementary foods to their infants earlier than normal weight mothers. Genetic risk score calculated from 83 obesogenic- and adiposity-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) showed that infants with a high genetic risk for being overweight and obese were heavier at 13 months and 24 months of age than infants with a low genetic risk, thus possibly predisposing to later obesity in obesogenic environment. Obesity Risk Score showed that children with highest number of risk factors had almost 6-fold risk of being overweight and obese at 24 months compared to children with lowest number of risk factors. The accuracy of the Obesity Risk Score in predicting overweight and obesity at 24 months was 82%. This study showed that many of the obesogenic risk factors tend to cluster within children and families and that children who later became overweight or obese show different growth trajectories already at a young age. These results highlight the importance of early detection of children with higher obesity risk as well as the importance of prevention measures focused on parents. Keywords: Breastfeeding, Child, Complementary Feeding, Genes, Glucose metabolism, Growth, Infant Nutrition Physiology, Nutrition, Obesity, Overweight, Programming

Fiber-reinforced composite fixed dental prostheses: Studies of the materials used as pontics

Fiber-reinforced composite fixed dental prostheses – Studies of the materials used as pontics University of Turku, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Department of Biomaterials Science, Finnish Doctoral Program in Oral Sciences – FINDOS, Annales Universitatis Turkuensis, Turku, Finland 2015 Fiber-reinforced composites (FRC), a non-metallic biomaterial, represent a suitable alternative in prosthetic dentistry when used as a component of fixed dental prostheses (FDPs). Some drawbacks have been identified in the clinical performance of FRC restorations, such as delamination of the veneering material and fracture of the pontic. Therefore, the current series of studies were performed to investigate the possibilities of enhancing the mechanical and physical properties of FRC FDPs by improving the materials used as pontics, to then heighten their longevity. Four experiments showed the importance of the pontic design and surface treatment in the performance of FRC FDPs. In the first, the load-bearing capacities of inlay-retained FRC FDPs with pontics of various materials and thicknesses were evaluated. Three different pontic materials were assessed with different FRC framework vertical positioning. Thicker pontics showed increased load-bearing capacities, especially ceramic pontics. A second study was completed investigating the influence of the chemical conditioning of the ridge-lap surface of acrylic resin denture teeth on their bonding to a composite resin. Increased shear bond strength demonstrated the positive influence of the pretreatment of the acrylic surfaces, indicating dissolution of the denture surfaces, and suggesting potential penetration of the monomer systems into the surface of denture teeth. A third study analyzed the penetration depth of different monomer systems on the acrylic resin denture teeth surfaces. The possibility of establishing a durable bond between acrylic pontics and FRC frameworks was demonstrated by the ability of monomers to penetrate the surface of acrylic resin denture teeth, measured by a confocal scanning type microscope. A fourth study was designed to evaluate the load-bearing capacities of FRC FDPs using the findings of the previous three studies. In this case, the performance of pre-shaped acrylic resin denture teeth used as pontics with different composite resins as filling materials was evaluated. The filling material influenced the load-bearing capacities, providing more durable FRC FDPs. It can be concluded that the mechanical and physical properties of FRC FDPs can be improved as has been shown in the development of this thesis. The improvements reported then might provide long lasting prosthetic solutions of this kind, positioning them as potentially permanent rehabilitation treatments. Key words: fiber-reinforced composite, fixed dental prostheses, inlay-retained bridges, adhesion, acrylic resin denture teeth, dental material.

Safety and outcome of coronary interventions with special reference to anticoagulation and stent type

University of Turku, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Doctoral Programme of Clinical Investigation, Heart Center, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Seinäjoki, Finland Heart Center, Satakunta Central Hospital, Pori, Finland Annales Universitatis Turkuensis Painosalama Oy, Turku, Finland 2015 Antithrombotic therapy during and after coronary procedures always entails the challenging establishment of a balance between bleeding and thrombotic complications. It has been generally recommended to patients on long-term warfarin therapy to discontinue warfarin a few days prior to elective coronary angiography or intervention to prevent bleeding complications. Bridging therapy with heparin is recommended for patients at an increased risk of thromboembolism who require the interruption of anticoagulation for elective surgery or an invasive procedure. In study I, consecutive patients on warfarin therapy referred for diagnostic coronary angiography were compared to control patients with a similar disease presentation without warfarin. The strategy of performing coronary angiography during uninterrupted therapeutic warfarin anticoagulation appeared to be a relatively safe alternative to bridging therapy, if the international normalized ratio level was not on a supratherapeutic level. In-stent restenosis remains an important reason for failure of long-term success after a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Drug-eluting stents (DES) reduce the problem of restenosis inherent to bare metal stents (BMS). However, a longer delay in arterial healing may extend the risk of stent thrombosis (ST) far beyond 30 days after the DES implantation. Early discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy has been the most important predisposing factor for ST. In study II, patients on long-term oral anticoagulant (OAC) underwent DES or BMS stenting with a median of 3.5 years’follow-up. The selective use of DESs with a short triple therapy seemed to be safe in OAC patients, since late STs were rare even without long clopidogrel treatment. Major bleeding and cardiac events were common in this patient group irrespective of stent type. In order to help to predict the bleeding risk in patients on OAC, several different bleeding risk scorings have been developed. Risk scoring systems have also been used also in the setting of patients undergoing a PCI. In study III, the predictive value of an outpatient bleeding risk index (OBRI) to identify patients at high risk of bleeding was analysed. The bleeding risk seemed not to modify periprocedural or long-term treatment choices in patients on OAC after a percutaneous coronary intervention. Patients with a high OBRI often had major bleeding episodes, and the OBRI may be suitable for risk evaluation in this patient group. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a novel technology for imaging intravascular coronary arteries. OCT is a light-based imaging modality that enables a 12–18 µm tissue axial resolution to visualize plaques in the vessel, possible dissections and thrombi as well as, stent strut appositions and coverage, and to measure the vessel lumen and lesions. In study IV, 30 days after titanium-nitride-oxide (TITANOX)-coated stent implantation, the binary stent strut coverage was satisfactory and the prevalence of malapposed struts was low as evaluated by OCT. Long-term clinical events in patients treated with (TITANOX)-coated bio-active stents (BAS) and paclitaxel-eluting stents (PES) in routine clinical practice were examined in study V. At the 3-year follow-up, BAS resulted in better long-term outcome when compared with PES with an infrequent need for target vessel revascularization. Keywords: anticoagulation, restenosis, thrombosis, bleeding, optical coherence tomography, titanium

Reconstruction of cranial bone defects with fiber-reinforced composite–bioactive glass implants

A cranial bone defect may result after an operative treatment of trauma, infection, vascular insult, or tumor. New biomaterials for cranial bone defect reconstructions are needed for example to mimic the biomechanical properties and structure of cranial bone. A novel glass fiber-reinforced composite implant with bioactive glass particulates (FRC–BG, fiber-reinforced composite–bioactive glass) has osteointegrative potential in a preclinical setting. The aim of the first and second study was to investigate the functionality of a FRC–BG implant in the reconstruction of cranial bone defects. During the years 2007–2014, a prospective clinical trial was conducted in two tertiary level academic institutions (Turku University Hospital and Oulu University Hospital) to evaluate the treatment outcome in 35 patients that underwent a FRC–BG cranioplasty. The treatment outcome was good both in adult and pediatric patients. A number of conventional complications related to cranioplasty were observed. In the third study, a retrospective outcome evaluation of 100 cranioplasty procedures performed in Turku University Hospital between years 2002–2012 was conducted. The experimental fourth study was conducted to test the load-bearing capacity and fracture behavior of FRC–BG implants under static loading. The interconnective bars in the implant structure markedly increased the load-bearing capacity of the implant. A loading test did not demonstrate any protrusions of glass fibers or fiber cut. The fracture type was buckling and delamination. In this study, a postoperative complication requiring a reoperation or removal of the cranioplasty material was observed in one out of five cranioplasty patients. The treatment outcomes of cranioplasty performed with different synthetic materials did not show significant difference when compared with autograft. The FRC–BG implant was demonstrated to be safe and biocompatible biomaterial for large cranial bone defect reconstructions in adult and pediatric patients.

Människans liv med sömnbesvär och hur människor med sömnbesvär upplever kognitiv beteendeterapi

Sleep disorders are a common health problem in western countries. Every third working age person suffers from sleep deprivation and that often leads to other health problems as well. One can end up in a vicious circle, which can further decrease mood and ability to function. The aim of this thesis is to illustrate how sleep deprivation affects the lives of working age population and to deepen our understanding of life with sleep deprivation. Study questions are: how does sleep deprivation affect a working age person’s life and what kind of experiences do people have about cognitive-behavioural therapy as a treatment to sleep disorders. Theoretical perspective is based on clinical nursing science theories and the humanist view of man, which sees human as an entity. The methodology used is phenomenological approach and data analysis is conducted by using Ricœur’s hermeneutic phenomenological interpretation method. The empirical part is divided into two different sections. The material of the study consists of interviews and surveys done by people who have experienced sleep deprivation or sleep disorders. Two interviewees talked about their lives with sleep disorders and there are 21 surveys conducted on people’s experiences on cognitive-behavioural therapy. The partakers in the two sections are different people. The results show that people with sleep disorders can end up in a vicious circle of sleep deprivation and in worst cases a sleep disorder can take charge of a person’s whole life. Sleep disorder can cause shame and fear of stigma. Nevertheless, someone suffering from a sleep disorder can find strength and solutions to control the difficult situation. This study proves that both nursing staff and other people have little information about difficulties in sleeping and awareness should be improved in clinical nursing. A health-care provider has an essential role in preventing someone ending up in a vicious circle of sleep deprivation and cognitive-behavioural therapy can contribute to good health. Reflection at the end of cognitive-behavioural sleep therapy course helps patients to continue their learning process. When someone is sleep deprived, it means that they have control over the situation, but when someone has a sleep disorder, that person does not have the strength to control the situation.

Uusi määritys munasarjasyövän diagnostiikkaan: CA125-lektiinimääritys

Munasarjasyöpä, naisten vaarallisin gynekologinen syöpä, aiheuttaa viidenneksi eniten syöpäkuolemia maailmassa. Munasarjasyöpä todetaan Suomessa noin 500 naisella vuosittain. CA125 on glykoproteiini ja yksi ainoista käytössä olevavista hyväksytyistä biomerkkiaineista munasarjasyövän havaitsemiseen. CA125:n pitoisuuden normaaliraaa pidetään 0-35 U/ml. Koholla olevaa arvoa ei voi suoraan yhdistää munasarjasyöpään, koska CA125-pitoisuus voi kohota myös maksasairauden, endometrioosin, munasarjakystan tai ovulaatiokierron takia. Diplomityön tavoitteena oli kehittää munasarjasyövän varhaiseen havaitsemiseen kohdennettu diagnostiikkatesti, joka perustui CA125-glykoproteiinin muuttuneeseen glykosylaatioon ja lektiinien hyödyntämiseen sitojamolekyyleinä. Työssä käytettiin analyyttinä neljästä eri lähteestä olevaa CA125:tä. Lähteinä olivat munasarjasyövän OVCAR3-solulinjassa tuotettu CA125, sekä homogeenisesta istukkanäytteestä maksakirroosi ja itusolukasvain potilailta eristetty CA125. Työssä verrattiin kymmentä eri kasvilektiiniä, jotka olivat päällystetty Eu3+-nanopartikkelilla. Suurin osa työssä käytetyistä kasvilektiineistä tunnistivat istukka-CA125:n. Japaninsinisade agglutiniini tunnisti munasarja CA125:n. Vehnäalkion agglutiniini tunnisti itusolukasvain- ja maksakirroosi –CA125:n. Ristireaktion lisäksi ongelmaksi muodostui korkea taustasignaali. CA125-lektiinimääritys vaatii vielä kehitystä, jotta ristireaktio ja taustasignaalitasoa saataisiin pienennettyä. Menetelmän kliininen hyödynnettävyys pitää vielä testataan suoraa potilaiden seeruminäytteistä. CA125-lektiinimääritystä voidaan mahdollisesti käyttää CA125-immunomäärityksen rinnalla tutkittaessa munasarjasyövän mahdollisuutta. Tuolloin menetelmän avulla voitaneen poissulkea myös muut pahanlaatuiset tapaukset kuten itusolukasvaimet ja maksakirroosi.