On the electrochemical response and interfacial properties of steel–Ca(OH)2 and the steel–concrete system measured using galvanostatic pulses

The interfacial properties of the steel–concrete system are examined via a new approach for evaluation of galvanostatic pulse data. This methodology allows for rapid determination of the corrosion activity of steel, and readily yields values for parameters related to corrosion such as the polarisation resistance and interfacial capacitance. The method of analysis is based on the iterative fitting of a non-exponential model based on a modified Kohlrausch–Williams–Watt (KWW) formalism. The transient behaviour of steel in concrete is non-exponential in its form and, when analysed this way, an exponent β can be determined characterising the exponential non-ideality of the transient. This non-ideality parameter is found to differ significantly for actively corroding and passive specimens, thereby serving as a useful index to the level of corrosion being experienced. Furthermore, the investigation of the interfacial characteristics of the system, previously unobtainable in a reproducible manner via other electrochemical methods, reveal information regarding the kinetic factors governing corrosion of steel in concrete.

Interfacial photoluminescence emission properties of core/shell Al2O3/ZrO2

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Fractal Behaviour and Irregularity of Wetting Fronts in Heterogeneous Porous Media

The wetting front is the zone where water invades and advances into an initially dry porous material and it plays a crucial role in solute transport through the unsaturated zone. Water is an essential part of the physiological process of all plants. Through water, necessary minerals are moved from the roots to the parts of the plants that require them. Water moves chemicals from one part of the plant to another. It is also required for photosynthesis, for metabolism and for transpiration. The leaching of chemicals by wetting fronts is influenced by two major factors, namely: the irregularity of the fronts and heterogeneity in the distribution of chemicals, both of which have been described by using fractal techniques. Soil structure can significantly modify infiltration rates and flow pathways in soils. Relations between features of soil structure and features of infiltration could be elucidated from the velocities and the structure of wetting fronts. When rainwater falls onto soil, it doesn?t just pool on surfaces. Water ?or another fluid- acts differently on porous surfaces. If the surface is permeable (porous) it seeps down through layers of soil, filling that layer to capacity. Once that layer is filled, it moves down into the next layer. In sandy soil, water moves quickly, while it moves much slower through clay soil. The movement of water through soil layers is called the the wetting front. Our research concerns the motion of a liquid into an initially dry porous medium. Our work presents a theoretical framework for studying the physical interplay between a stationary wetting front of fractal dimension D with different porous materials. The aim was to model the mass geometry interplay by using the fractal dimension D of a stationary wetting front. The plane corresponding to the image is divided in several squares (the minimum correspond to the pixel size) of size length ". We acknowledge the help of Prof. M. García Velarde and the facilities offered by the Pluri-Disciplinary Institute of the Complutense University of Madrid. We also acknowledge the help of European Community under project Multi-scale complex fluid flows and interfacial phenomena (PITN-GA-2008-214919). Thanks are also due to ERCOFTAC (PELNoT, SIG 14)

Enhancing the thermomechanical behaviour of poly(phenylene sulphide) based composites via incorporation of covalently grafted carbon nanotubes

The thermal and thermomechanical properties of poly(phenylene sulphide) (PPS) based nanocomposites incorporating a polymer derivative covalently anchored onto single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were investigated. The grafted fillers acted as nucleating agents, increasing the crystallization temperature and degree of crystallinity of the matrix. They also enhanced its thermal stability, flame retardancy, glass transition (Tg) and heat deflection temperatures while reduced the coefficient of thermal expansion at temperatures below Tg. A strong rise in the thermal conductivity, Young?s modulus and tensile strength was found with increasing filler loading both in the glassy and rubbery states. All these outstanding improvements are ascribed to strong matrix-filler interfacial interactions combined with a compatibilization effect that results in very homogeneous SWCNT dispersion. The results herein offer useful insights towards the development of engineering thermoplastic/CNT nanocomposites for high-temperature applications.

Efeito do cobre como adição interfacial no sistema tribológico pino X disco.

O presente trabalho de mestrado teve como meta realizar um estudo do comportamento do cobre particulado em ensaios tribológicos do tipo pino contra disco. O cobre é atualmente utilizado em até 15% em massa das pastilhas de freios automotivos e tal utilização é responsável pela emissão de até 70% do cobre particulado presente no ar. Devido ao caráter carcinogênico do cobre, se faz necessária sua substituição. Foram realizados ensaios tribológicos pino disco com adição de diferentes meios interfaciais. Foram utilizados pares tribológicos aço/aço, em ensaios a seco de pino contra disco com adição de meio interfacial nanoparticulado de óxido de ferro, grafite e de cobre metálico em diferentes granulometrias (400 m, 20 m e 50 nm). Após os ensaios, amostras das superfícies de pinos e discos para cada uma das adições de cobre, bem como para a condição sem adição de meio interfacial, foram caracterizadas utilizando técnicas de microscopia eletrônica de varredura, de forma a entender o comportamento das partículas de cobre e sua contribuição para o coeficiente de atrito. As adições de cobre obtiveram os maiores coeficientes de atrito, e entre elas os coeficientes de atrito foram mais altos durante todos os ensaios para a adição de 50 nm, seguido de 20 m e 400 m. A análise das superfícies tribológicas em MEV mostrou heterogeneidade das superfícies ensaiadas em relação à presença de debris oxidados e camadas compactas. Observou-se a presença de cobre apenas nas superfícies ensaiadas com adição dos cobres de 50 nm e 20 m. A presença de um filme óxido compacto e contínuo foi observada apenas nas superfícies tribológicas ensaiadas sem adição de meio interfacial e com adição de cobre a 400 m.

Polymer-lipid interactions:biomimetic self-assembly behaviour and surface properties of poly(styrene-alt-maleic acid) with diacylphosphatidylcholines

Abstract Various lubricating body fluids at tissue interfaces are composed mainly of combinations of phospholipids and amphipathic apoproteins. The challenge in producing synthetic replacements for them is not replacing the phospholipid, which is readily available in synthetic form, but replacing the apoprotein component, more specifically, its unique biophysical properties rather than its chemistry. The potential of amphiphilic reactive hypercoiling behaviour of poly(styrene-alt-maleic acid) (PSMA) was studied in combination with two diacylphosphatidylcholines (PC) of different chain lengths in aqueous solution. The surface properties of the mixtures were characterized by conventional Langmuir-Wilhelmy balance (surface pressure under compression) and the du Noüy tensiometer (surface tension of the non-compressed mixtures). Surface tension values and 31P NMR demonstrated that self-assembly of polymer-phospholipid mixtures were pH and concentration-dependent. Finally, the particle size and zeta potential measurements of this self-assembly showed that it can form negatively charged nanosized structures that might find use as drug or lipids release systems on interfaces such as the tear film or lung interfacial layers. The structural reorganization was sensitive to the alkyl chain length of the PC.

Wound healing studies and interfacial phenomena:use and relevance of the corneal model

The interaction of the wound dressing as a biomaterial with the wound bed is the central issue of this chapter. The interfacial phenomenon that encompasses the biological and biochemical consequences that arise when a biomaterial is introduced to a host biological environment is discussed. A great deal can be learned from observations arising from the behaviour of biomaterials at other body sites; one particularly relevant body site in the context of wound healing is the anterior eye. The cornea, tear film and posterior surface of the contact lens provide an informative model of the parallel interface that exists between the chronic wound bed, wound fluid and the dressing biomaterial. © 2011 Woodhead Publishing Limited All rights reserved.

Experimental Study of Interfacial Stress Distribution of Bonded-in BFRP Rod Glulam Joints Using Fibre Optic Sensors (FOS)

In this study, fibre optic sensors (FOS) were used to investigate the interfacial stress-strain behaviour of bonded-in basalt fibre reinforced polymer (BFRP) rods loaded into glulam members. Pull-out tests were conducted to examine the effect of bonded length and load-to-grain direction on the distribution of stress at the BFRP rod/adhesive zone. It was observed that the stress concentration at the loaded end of the BFRP rod of the samples was significantly the highest while the unloaded end showed the lowest. Increasing the bonded length at the same loading configuration resulted in a decrease in stress concentration at the loaded end. The stress concentration at the loaded end of the perpendicular to the grain samples was relatively higher than that of the corresponding parallel to the grain samples.