Quantitative integration of high-resolution hydrogeophysical data through Monte-Carlo-type conditional simulations

Geophysical techniques can help to bridge the inherent gap with regard to spatial resolution and the range of coverage that plagues classical hydrological methods. This has lead to the emergence of the new and rapidly growing field of hydrogeophysics. Given the differing sensitivities of various geophysical techniques to hydrologically relevant parameters and their inherent trade-off between resolution and range the fundamental usefulness of multi-method hydrogeophysical surveys for reducing uncertainties in data analysis and interpretation is widely accepted. A major challenge arising from such endeavors is the quantitative integration of the resulting vast and diverse database in order to obtain a unified model of the probed subsurface region that is internally consistent with all available data. To address this problem, we have developed a strategy towards hydrogeophysical data integration based on Monte-Carlo-type conditional stochastic simulation that we consider to be particularly suitable for local-scale studies characterized by high-resolution and high-quality datasets. Monte-Carlo-based optimization techniques are flexible and versatile, allow for accounting for a wide variety of data and constraints of differing resolution and hardness and thus have the potential of providing, in a geostatistical sense, highly detailed and realistic models of the pertinent target parameter distributions. Compared to more conventional approaches of this kind, our approach provides significant advancements in the way that the larger-scale deterministic information resolved by the hydrogeophysical data can be accounted for, which represents an inherently problematic, and as of yet unresolved, aspect of Monte-Carlo-type conditional simulation techniques. We present the results of applying our algorithm to the integration of porosity log and tomographic crosshole georadar data to generate stochastic realizations of the local-scale porosity structure. Our procedure is first tested on pertinent synthetic data and then applied to corresponding field data collected at the Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site near Boise, Idaho, USA.

Comparison between a high-resolution single-stage Orbitrap and a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer for quantitative analyses of drugs.

The capabilities of a high-resolution (HR), accurate mass spectrometer (Exactive-MS) operating in full scan MS mode was investigated for the quantitative LC/MS analysis of drugs in patients' plasma samples. A mass resolution of 50,000 (FWHM) at m/z 200 and a mass extracted window of 5 ppm around the theoretical m/z of each analyte were used to construct chromatograms for quantitation. The quantitative performance of the Exactive-MS was compared with that of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (TQ-MS), TSQ Quantum Discovery or Quantum Ultra, operating in the conventional selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. The study consisted of 17 therapeutic drugs including 8 antifungal agents (anidulafungin, caspofungin, fluconazole, itraconazole, hydroxyitraconazole posaconazole, voriconazole and voriconazole-N-oxide), 4 immunosuppressants (ciclosporine, everolimus, sirolimus and tacrolimus) and 5 protein kinase inhibitors (dasatinib, imatinib, nilotinib, sorafenib and sunitinib). The quantitative results obtained with HR-MS acquisition show comparable detection specificity, assay precision, accuracy, linearity and sensitivity to SRM acquisition. Importantly, HR-MS offers several benefits over TQ-MS technology: absence of SRM optimization, time saving when changing the analysis from one MS to another, more complete information of what is in the samples and easier troubleshooting. Our work demonstrates that U/HPLC coupled to Exactive HR-MS delivers comparable results to TQ-MS in routine quantitative drug analyses. Considering the advantages of HR-MS, these results suggest that, in the near future, there should be a shift in how routine quantitative analyses of small molecules, particularly for therapeutic drugs, are performed.

MR-venography using high resolution True-FISP.

A new fast MR-venography approach using a high resolution True-FISP imaging sequence was investigated in 20 patients suffering from 23 deep vein thromboses. Diagnosis was proven by x-ray venography, CT or ultrasound examination. The presented technique allowed for clear thrombus visualization with a high contrast to the surrounding blood pool even in calf veins. Acquisition time was less than 10 minutes for imaging the pelvis and the legs. No contrast media was needed. The presented high resolution True-FISP MR-venography is a promising non-invasive, fast MR-venography approach for detection of deep venous thrombosis.

Patterns of neurovascular compression in patients with classic trigeminal neuralgia: A high-resolution MRI-based study.

PURPOSE: To describe the anatomical characteristics and patterns of neurovascular compression in patients suffering classic trigeminal neuralgia (CTN), using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The analysis of the anatomy of the trigeminal nerve, brain stem and the vascular structures related to this nerve was made in 100 consecutive patients treated with a Gamma Knife radiosurgery for CTN between December 1999 and September 2004. MRI studies (T1, T1 enhanced and T2-SPIR) with axial, coronal and sagital simultaneous visualization were dynamically assessed using the software GammaPlan?. Three-dimensional reconstructions were also developed in some representative cases. RESULTS: In 93 patients (93%), there were one or several vascular structures in contact, either, with the trigeminal nerve, or close to its origin in the pons. The superior cerebellar artery was involved in 71 cases (76%). Other vessels identified were the antero-inferior cerebellar artery, the basilar artery, the vertebral artery, and some venous structures. Vascular compression was found anywhere along the trigeminal nerve. The mean distance between the nerve compression and the origin of the nerve in the brainstem was 3.76±2.9mm (range 0-9.8mm). In 39 patients (42%), the vascular compression was located proximally and in 42 (45%) the compression was located distally. Nerve dislocation or distortion by the vessel was observed in 30 cases (32%). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study are similar to those reported in surgical and autopsy series. This non-invasive MRI-based approach could be useful for diagnostic and therapeutic decisions in CTN, and it could help to understand its pathogenesis.

Very high-resolution digital elevation models: are multi-scale-derived variables ecologically relevant?

1. Digital elevation models (DEMs) are often used in landscape ecology to retrieve elevation or first derivative terrain attributes such as slope or aspect in the context of species distribution modelling. However, DEM-derived variables are scale-dependent and, given the increasing availability of very high-resolution (VHR) DEMs, their ecological relevancemust be assessed for different spatial resolutions. 2. In a study area located in the Swiss Western Alps, we computed VHR DEMs-derived variables related to morphometry, hydrology and solar radiation. Based on an original spatial resolution of 0.5 m, we generated DEM-derived variables at 1, 2 and 4 mspatial resolutions, applying a Gaussian Pyramid. Their associations with local climatic factors, measured by sensors (direct and ambient air temperature, air humidity and soil moisture) as well as ecological indicators derived fromspecies composition, were assessed with multivariate generalized linearmodels (GLM) andmixed models (GLMM). 3. Specific VHR DEM-derived variables showed significant associations with climatic factors. In addition to slope, aspect and curvature, the underused wetness and ruggedness indices modelledmeasured ambient humidity and soilmoisture, respectively. Remarkably, spatial resolution of VHR DEM-derived variables had a significant influence on models' strength, with coefficients of determination decreasing with coarser resolutions or showing a local optimumwith a 2 mresolution, depending on the variable considered. 4. These results support the relevance of using multi-scale DEM variables to provide surrogates for important climatic variables such as humidity, moisture and temperature, offering suitable alternatives to direct measurements for evolutionary ecology studies at a local scale.

Predicting richness and composition in mountain insect communities at high resolution: a new test of the SESAM framework

Aim The aim of this study was to test different modelling approaches, including a new framework, for predicting the spatial distribution of richness and composition of two insect groups. Location The western Swiss Alps. Methods We compared two community modelling approaches: the classical method of stacking binary prediction obtained fromindividual species distribution models (binary stacked species distribution models, bS-SDMs), and various implementations of a recent framework (spatially explicit species assemblage modelling, SESAM) based on four steps that integrate the different drivers of the assembly process in a unique modelling procedure. We used: (1) five methods to create bS-SDM predictions; (2) two approaches for predicting species richness, by summing individual SDM probabilities or by modelling the number of species (i.e. richness) directly; and (3) five different biotic rules based either on ranking probabilities from SDMs or on community co-occurrence patterns. Combining these various options resulted in 47 implementations for each taxon. Results Species richness of the two taxonomic groups was predicted with good accuracy overall, and in most cases bS-SDM did not produce a biased prediction exceeding the actual number of species in each unit. In the prediction of community composition bS-SDM often also yielded the best evaluation score. In the case of poor performance of bS-SDM (i.e. when bS-SDM overestimated the prediction of richness) the SESAM framework improved predictions of species composition. Main conclusions Our results differed from previous findings using community-level models. First, we show that overprediction of richness by bS-SDM is not a general rule, thus highlighting the relevance of producing good individual SDMs to capture the ecological filters that are important for the assembly process. Second, we confirm the potential of SESAM when richness is overpredicted by bS-SDM; limiting the number of species for each unit and applying biotic rules (here using the ranking of SDM probabilities) can improve predictions of species composition

Can chest high-resolution computed tomography findings diagnose pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis?

AbstractObjective:The present study was aimed at retrospectively reviewing high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) findings in patients with pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis in order to evaluate the frequency of tomographic findings and their distribution in the lung parenchyma.Materials and Methods:Thirteen patients (9 females and 4 males; age, 9 to 59 years; mean age, 34.5 years) were included in the present study. The HRCT images were independently evaluated by two observers whose decisions were made by consensus. The inclusion criterion was the presence of abnormalities typical of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis at HRCT, which precludes lung biopsy. However, in 6 cases lung biopsy was performed.Results:Ground-glass opacities and small parenchymal nodules were the predominant tomographic findings, present in 100% of cases, followed by small subpleural nodules (92.3%), subpleural cysts (84.6%), subpleural linear calcifications (69.2%), crazy-paving pattern (69.2%), fissure nodularity (53.8%), calcification along interlobular septa (46.2%) and dense consolidation (46.2%).Conclusion:As regards distribution of the lesions, there was preferential involvement of the lower third of the lungs. No predominance of distribution in axial and anteroposterior directions was observed.

High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging Can Reliably Detect Orbital Tumor Recurrence after Enucleation in Children with Retinoblastoma.

PURPOSE: Orbital tumor recurrence is a rare but serious complication in children with retinoblastoma, leading to a high risk of metastasis and death. Therefore, we assume that these recurrences have to be detected and treated as early as possible. Preliminary studies used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate postsurgical findings in the orbit. In this study, we assessed the diagnostic accuracy of high-resolution MRI to detect orbital tumor recurrence in children with retinoblastoma in a large study cohort. DESIGN: Consecutive retrospective study (2007-2013) assessing MRI findings after enucleation. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 103 MRI examinations of 55 orbits (50 children, 27 male/23 female, mean age 16.3±12.4 months) with a median time of 8 months (range, 0-93) after enucleation for retinoblastoma. METHODS: High-resolution MRI using orbital surface coils was performed on 1.5 Tesla MRI systems to assess abnormal orbital findings. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Five European experts in retinoblastoma imaging evaluated the MRI examinations regarding the presence of abnormal orbital gadolinium enhancement and judged them as "definitive tumor," "suspicious of tumor," "postsurgical condition/scar formation," or "without pathologic findings." The findings were correlated to histopathology (if available), MRI, and clinical follow-up. RESULTS: Abnormal orbital enhancement was a common finding after enucleation (100% in the first 3 months after enucleation, 64.3% >3 years after enucleation). All histopathologically confirmed tumor recurrences (3 of 55 orbits, 5.5%) were correctly judged as "definitive tumor" in MRI. Two orbits from 2 children rated as "suspicious of tumor" received intravenous chemotherapy without histopathologic confirmation; further follow-up (67 and 47 months) revealed no sign of tumor recurrence. In 90.2%, no tumor was suspected on MRI, which was clinically confirmed during follow-up (median follow-up after enucleation, 45 months; range, 8-126). CONCLUSIONS: High-resolution MRI with orbital surface coils may reliably distinguish between common postsurgical contrast enhancement and orbital tumor recurrence, and therefore may be a useful tool to evaluate orbital tumor recurrence after enucleation in children with retinoblastoma. We recommend high-resolution MRI as a potential screening tool for the orbit in children with retinoblastoma to exclude tumor recurrence, especially in high-risk patients within the critical first 2 years after enucleation.

Analysis of the esophagogastric junction using the 3D high resolution manometry

Contexte & Objectifs : La manométrie perfusée conventionnelle et la manométrie haute résolution (HRM) ont permis le développement d’une variété de paramètres pour mieux comprendre la motilité de l'œsophage et quantifier les caractéristiques de la jonction œsophago-gastrique (JOG). Cependant, l'anatomie de la JOG est complexe et les enregistrements de manométrie détectent à la fois la pression des structures intrinsèques et des structures extrinsèques à l'œsophage. Ces différents composants ont des rôles distincts au niveau de la JOG. Les pressions dominantes ainsi détectées au niveau de la JOG sont attribuables au sphincter œsophagien inférieur (SOI) et aux piliers du diaphragme (CD), mais aucune des technologies manométriques actuelles n’est capable de distinguer ces différents composants de la JOG. Lorsqu’on analyse les caractéristiques de la JOG au repos, celle ci se comporte avant tout comme une barrière antireflux. Les paramètres manométriques les plus couramment utilisés dans ce but sont la longueur de la JOG et le point d’inversion respiratoire (RIP), défini comme le lieu où le pic de la courbe de pression inspiratoire change de positif (dans l’abdomen) à négatif (dans le thorax), lors de la classique manœuvre de « pull-through ». Cependant, l'importance de ces mesures reste marginale comme en témoigne une récente prise de position de l’American Gastroenterology Association Institute (AGAI) (1) qui concluait que « le rôle actuel de la manométrie dans le reflux gastro-œsophagien (RGO) est d'exclure les troubles moteurs comme cause des symptômes présentés par la patient ». Lors de la déglutition, la mesure objective de la relaxation de la JOG est la pression de relaxation intégrée (IRP), qui permet de faire la distinction entre une relaxation normale et une relaxation anormale de la JOG. Toutefois, puisque la HRM utilise des pressions moyennes à chaque niveau de capteurs, certaines études de manométrie laissent suggérer qu’il existe une zone de haute pression persistante au niveau de la JOG même si un transit est mis en évidence en vidéofluoroscopie. Récemment, la manométrie haute résolution « 3D » (3D-HRM) a été développée (Given Imaging, Duluth, GA) avec le potentiel de simplifier l'évaluation de la morphologie et de la physiologie de la JOG. Le segment « 3D » de ce cathéter de HRM permet l'enregistrement de la pression à la fois de façon axiale et radiale tout en maintenant une position fixe de la sonde, et évitant ainsi la manœuvre de « pull-through ». Par conséquent, la 3D-HRM devrait permettre la mesure de paramètres importants de la JOG tels que sa longueur et le RIP. Les données extraites de l'enregistrement fait par 3D-HRM permettraient également de différencier les signaux de pression attribuables au SOI des éléments qui l’entourent. De plus, l’enregistrement des pressions de façon radiaire permettrait d’enregistrer la pression minimale de chaque niveau de capteurs et devrait corriger cette zone de haute pression parfois persistante lors la déglutition. Ainsi, les objectifs de ce travail étaient: 1) de décrire la morphologie de la JOG au repos en tant que barrière antireflux, en comparant les mesures effectuées avec la 3D-HRM en temps réel, par rapport à celle simulées lors d’une manœuvre de « pull-through » et de déterminer quelles sont les signatures des pressions attribuables au SOI et au diaphragme; 2) d’évaluer la relaxation de la JOG pendant la déglutition en testant l'hypothèse selon laquelle la 3D-HRM permet le développement d’un nouveau paradigme (appelé « 3D eSleeve ») pour le calcul de l’IRP, fondé sur l’utilisation de la pression radiale minimale à chaque niveau de capteur de pression le long de la JOG. Ce nouveau paradigme sera comparé à une étude de transit en vidéofluoroscopie pour évaluer le gradient de pression à travers la JOG. Méthodes : Nous avons utilisé un cathéter 3D-HRM, qui incorpore un segment dit « 3D » de 9 cm au sein d’un cathéter HRM par ailleurs standard. Le segment 3D est composé de 12 niveaux (espacés de 7.5mm) de 8 capteurs de pression disposés radialement, soit un total de 96 capteurs. Neuf volontaires ont été étudiés au repos, où des enregistrements ont été effectués en temps réel et pendant une manœuvre de « pull-through » du segment 3D (mobilisation successive du cathéter de 5 mm, pour que le segment 3D se déplace le long de la JOG). Les mesures de la longueur du SOI et la détermination du RIP ont été réalisées. La longueur de la JOG a été mesurée lors du « pull-through » en utilisant 4 capteurs du segment 3D dispersés radialement et les marges de la JOG ont été définies par une augmentation de la pression de 2 mmHg par rapport à la pression gastrique ou de l’œsophage. Pour le calcul en temps réel, les limites distale et proximale de la JOG ont été définies par une augmentation de pression circonférentielle de 2 mmHg par rapport à la pression de l'estomac. Le RIP a été déterminée, A) dans le mode de tracé conventionnel avec la méthode du « pull-through » [le RIP est la valeur moyenne de 4 mesures] et B) en position fixe, dans le mode de représentation topographique de la pression de l’œsophage, en utilisant l’outil logiciel pour déterminer le point d'inversion de la pression (PIP). Pour l'étude de la relaxation de la JOG lors de la déglutition, 25 volontaires ont été étudiés et ont subi 3 études de manométrie (10 déglutitions de 5ml d’eau) en position couchée avec un cathéter HRM standard et un cathéter 3D-HRM. Avec la 3D-HRM, l’analyse a été effectuée une fois avec le segment 3D et une fois avec une partie non 3D du cathéter (capteurs standard de HRM). Ainsi, pour chaque individu, l'IRP a été calculée de quatre façons: 1) avec la méthode conventionnelle en utilisant le cathéter HRM standard, 2) avec la méthode conventionnelle en utilisant le segment standard du cathéter 3D-HRM, 3) avec la méthode conventionnelle en utilisant le segment « 3D » du cathéter 3D-HRM, et 4) avec le nouveau paradigme (3D eSleeve) qui recueille la pression minimale de chaque niveau de capteurs (segment 3D). Quatorze autres sujets ont subi une vidéofluoroscopie simultanée à l’étude de manométrie avec le cathéter 3D-HRM. Les données de pression ont été exportés vers MATLAB ™ et quatre pressions ont été mesurées simultanément : 1) la pression du corps de l’œsophage, 2cm au-dessus de la JOG, 2) la pression intragastrique, 3) la pression radiale moyenne de la JOG (pression du eSleeve) et 4) la pression de la JOG en utilisant la pression minimale de chaque niveau de capteurs (pression du 3D eSleeve). Ces données ont permis de déterminer le temps permissif d'écoulement du bolus (FPT), caractérisé par la période au cours de laquelle un gradient de pression existe à travers la JOG (pression œsophagienne > pression de relaxation de la JOG > pression gastrique). La présence ou l'absence du bolus en vidéofluoroscopie et le FPT ont été codés avec des valeurs dichotomiques pour chaque période de 0,1 s. Nous avons alors calculé la sensibilité et la spécificité correspondant à la valeur du FPT pour la pression du eSleeve et pour la pression du 3D eSleeve, avec la vidéofluoroscopie pour référence. Résultats : Les enregistrements avec la 3D-HRM laissent suggérer que la longueur du sphincter évaluée avec la méthode du « pull-through » était grandement exagéré en incorporant dans la mesure du SOI les signaux de pression extrinsèques à l’œsophage, asymétriques et attribuables aux piliers du diaphragme et aux structures vasculaires. L’enregistrement en temps réel a permis de constater que les principaux constituants de la pression de la JOG au repos étaient attribuables au diaphragme. L’IRP calculé avec le nouveau paradigme 3D eSleeve était significativement inférieur à tous les autres calculs d'IRP avec une limite supérieure de la normale de 12 mmHg contre 17 mmHg pour l’IRP calculé avec la HRM standard. La sensibilité (0,78) et la spécificité (0,88) du 3D eSleeve étaient meilleurs que le eSleeve standard (0,55 et 0,85 respectivement) pour prédire le FPT par rapport à la vidéofluoroscopie. Discussion et conclusion : Nos observations suggèrent que la 3D-HRM permet l'enregistrement en temps réel des attributs de la JOG, facilitant l'analyse des constituants responsables de sa fonction au repos en tant que barrière antireflux. La résolution spatiale axiale et radiale du segment « 3D » pourrait permettre de poursuivre cette étude pour quantifier les signaux de pression de la JOG attribuable au SOI et aux structures extrinsèques (diaphragme et artéfacts vasculaires). Ces attributs du cathéter 3D-HRM suggèrent qu'il s'agit d'un nouvel outil prometteur pour l'étude de la physiopathologie du RGO. Au cours de la déglutition, nous avons évalué la faisabilité d’améliorer la mesure de l’IRP en utilisant ce nouveau cathéter de manométrie 3D avec un nouveau paradigme (3D eSleeve) basé sur l’utilisation de la pression radiale minimale à chaque niveau de capteurs de pression. Nos résultats suggèrent que cette approche est plus précise que celle de la manométrie haute résolution standard. La 3D-HRM devrait certainement améliorer la précision des mesures de relaxation de la JOG et cela devrait avoir un impact sur la recherche pour modéliser la JOG au cours de la déglutition et dans le RGO.

Assessment of Tandem Mass Spectrometry and High Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Bupivacaine in Plasma

Triple quadrupole mass spectrometers coupled with high performance liquid chromatography are workhorses in quantitative bioanalyses. It provides substantial benefits including reproducibility, sensitivity and selectivity for trace analysis. Selected Reaction Monitoring allows targeted assay development but data sets generated contain very limited information. Data mining and analysis of non-targeted high-resolution mass spectrometry profiles of biological samples offer the opportunity to perform more exhaustive assessments, including quantitative and qualitative analysis. The objectives of this study was to test method precision and accuracy, statistically compare bupivacaine drug concentration in real study samples and verify if high resolution and accurate mass data collected in scan mode can actually permit retrospective data analysis, more specifically, extract metabolite related information. The precision and accuracy data presented using both instruments provided equivalent results. Overall, the accuracy was ranging from 106.2 to 113.2% and the precision observed was from 1.0 to 3.7%. Statistical comparisons using a linear regression between both methods reveal a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9996 and a slope of 1.02 demonstrating a very strong correlation between both methods. Individual sample comparison showed differences from -4.5% to 1.6% well within the accepted analytical error. Moreover, post acquisition extracted ion chromatograms at m/z 233.1648 ± 5 ppm (M-56) and m/z 305.2224 ± 5 ppm (M+16) revealed the presence of desbutyl-bupivacaine and three distinct hydroxylated bupivacaine metabolites. Post acquisition analysis allowed us to produce semiquantitative evaluations of the concentration-time profiles for bupicavaine metabolites.

A calibrated, non-invasive method for measuring the internal interface height field at high resolution in the rotating, two-layer annulus

We describe a remote sensing method for measuring the internal interface height field in a rotating, two-layer annulus laboratory experiment. The method is non-invasive, avoiding the possibility of an interaction between the flow and the measurement device. The height fields retrieved are accurate and highly resolved in both space and time. The technique is based on a flow visualization method developed by previous workers, and relies upon the optical rotation properties of the working liquids. The previous methods returned only qualitative interface maps, however. In the present study, a technique is developed for deriving quantitative maps by calibrating height against the colour fields registered by a camera which views the flow from above. We use a layer-wise torque balance analysis to determine the equilibrium interface height field analytically, in order to derive the calibration curves. With the current system, viewing an annulus of outer radius 125 mm and depth 250 mm from a distance of 2 m, the inferred height fields have horizontal, vertical and temporal resolutions of up to 0.2 mm, 1 mm and 0.04 s, respectively.

High throughput, high resolution selection of polymorphic microsatellite loci for multiplex analysis

Background Large-scale genetic profiling, mapping and genetic association studies require access to a series of well-characterised and polymorphic microsatellite markers with distinct and broad allele ranges. Selection of complementary microsatellite markers with non-overlapping allele ranges has historically proved to be a bottleneck in the development of multiplex microsatellite assays. The characterisation process for each microsatellite locus can be laborious and costly given the need for numerous, locus-specific fluorescent primers. Results Here, we describe a simple and inexpensive approach to select useful microsatellite markers. The system is based on the pooling of multiple unlabelled PCR amplicons and their subsequent ligation into a standard cloning vector. A second round of amplification utilising generic labelled primers targeting the vector and unlabelled locus-specific primers targeting the microsatellite flanking region yield allelic profiles that are representative of all individuals contained within the pool. Suitability of various DNA pool sizes was then tested for this purpose. DNA template pools containing between 8 and 96 individuals were assessed for the determination of allele ranges of individual microsatellite markers across a broad population. This helped resolve the balance between using pools that are large enough to allow the detection of many alleles against the risk of including too many individuals in a pool such that rare alleles are over-diluted and so do not appear in the pooled microsatellite profile. Pools of DNA from 12 individuals allowed the reliable detection of all alleles present in the pool. Conclusion The use of generic vector-specific fluorescent primers and unlabelled locus-specific primers provides a high resolution, rapid and inexpensive approach for the selection of highly polymorphic microsatellite loci that possess non-overlapping allele ranges for use in large-scale multiplex assays.

Infrared filters and coatings for the High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (6-18µm)

This paper describes the spectral design and manufacture of the narrow bandpass filters and 6-18µm broadband antireflection coatings for the 21-channel NASA EOS-AURA High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS). A method of combining the measured spectral characteristics of each filter and antireflection coating, together with the spectral response of the other optical elements in the instrument to obtain a predicted system throughput response is presented. The design methods used to define the filter and coating spectral requirements, choice of filter materials, multilayer designs and deposition techniques are discussed.