962 resultados para gama de hospedeiros


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A deficiência da semialdeído succínico desidrogenase, ou acidúria γ-hidroxibutírica, é um erro inato do metabolismo do ácido γ-aminobutírico. Bioquimicamente, é caracterizada pelo acúmulo de elevadas concentrações do ácido γ-hidroxibutírico nos tecidos, líquido cefalorraquidiano, sangue e urina dos pacientes. As manifestações clínicas descritas nesses pacientes são muito variadas e inespecíficas, mas observa-se que os principais sintomas e sinais clínicos são neurológicos. Entretanto, os mecanismos responsáveis pela disfunção neurológica desses pacientes são pouco conhecidos. Neste trabalho, o efeito in vitro do ácido γ-hidroxibutírico foi investigado sobre a quimiluminescência, as substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBA-RS), o potencial antioxidante total (TRAP), a reatividade antioxidante total (TAR) e as atividades das enzimas antioxidantes superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) e glutationa peroxidase (GPX) em homogeneizados de córtex cerebral de ratos jovens com o intuito de esclarecer, ao menos em parte, a etiopatogenia dos sintomas neurológicos característicos dessa doença. O ácido γ-hidroxibutírico aumentou significativamente a quimiluminescência e os níveis de TBA-RS, enquanto que o TRAP e o TAR foram marcadamente reduzidos. No entanto, as atividades das enzimas antioxidantes não foram alteradas pelo ácido γ-hidroxibutírico. Esses resultados indicam que o ácido γ-hidroxibutírico estimula a lipoperoxidação e reduz as defesas antioxidantes não-enzimáticas, sugerindo a participação do estresse oxidativo na neuropatologia da deficiência da semialdeído succínico desidrogenase. Porém, esses achados devem ser confirmados em pacientes afetados por essa doença.

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Apesar de seu uso amplo no mercado financeiro para modelagem dos preços de ações, o modelo de Black Scholes, assim como os demais modelos de difusão, possui por hipótese limitações que não permitem a ele capturar alguns comportamentos típicos desse mercado. Visto isso, diversos autores propuseram que os preços das ações seguem modelos de saltos puros sendo sua modelagem estruturada por um processo de Lévy. Nesse contexto, este trabalho visa apresentar um estudo sobre a precificação de opções do utilizando um modelo desenvolvido por Madan e Seneta (1990) que se baseia no processo de saltos puros conhecido como variância gama (VG). Utilizando como base dados as cotações históricas diárias de ações e opções do mercado brasileiro, além do comportamento da clássica curva ‘smile’ de volatilidade, o trabalho apresenta as curvas de tendência e taxa de variância presentes no modelo de variância gama. Juntos essas três curvas podem ser utilizadas como ferramentas para explicar melhor o comportamento dos preços dos ativos.

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Este trabalho tem como objetivo verificar se o mercado de opções da Petrobras PN (PETR4) é ineficiente na forma fraca, ou seja, se as informações públicas estão ou não refletidas nos preços dos ativos. Para isso, tenta-se obter lucro sistemático por meio da estratégia Delta-Gama-Neutra que utiliza a ação preferencial e as opções de compra da empresa. Essa ação foi escolhida, uma vez que as suas opções tinham alto grau de liquidez durante todo o período estudado (01/10/2012 a 31/03/2013). Para a realização do estudo, foram consideradas as ordens de compra e venda enviadas tanto para o ativo-objeto quanto para as opções de forma a chegar ao livro de ofertas (book) real de todos os instrumentos a cada cinco minutos. A estratégia foi utilizada quando distorções entre a Volatilidade Implícita, calculada pelo modelo Black & Scholes, e a volatilidade calculada por alisamento exponencial (EWMA – Exponentially Weighted Moving Average) foram observadas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o mercado de opções de Petrobras não é eficiente em sua forma fraca, já que em 371 operações realizadas durante esse período, 85% delas foram lucrativas, com resultado médio de 0,49% e o tempo médio de duração de cada operação sendo pouco menor que uma hora e treze minutos.

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This study aims to verify if the Petrobras options market is efficient in the semi-strong form, that is, if all public information is reflected in these derivative prices. For this purpose, this work tries to achieve profit systematically through the Delta-GammaNeutral strategy using the company's stock and options. In order to simulate the strategy exactly as it would be used in the real world, we built the order books every five minutes considering all buying and selling orders sent to the underlying asset and to the options. We apply the strategy when distortions between implied volatilities extracted from the options are detected. The results show that the Petrobras options market is not efficient, since in 371 day trade strategies, which have an average investment of R$81,000 and average duration of one hour and thirteen minutes, the average return was 0.49% - which corresponds to more than 1,600% of the 1-day risk free interest rate - and 85% of strategies were profitable.

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This study to aimed investigate the community of ectoparasites associated with birds in the Mata do Olho D água, in the municipality of Macaíba, Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brazil, its structure and the ambiental and hosts influential variables on it, and to verify microhabitats preferences by species of chewing lice and feather mites. We examined 172 individuals belonging to 38 species of Passeriformes and non-Passeriformes. 12 new geographic records are reported and 11 host-parasite associations not yet known for chewing lice and feather mites species. Significant relationship was found between the abundance of chewing lice and the variables total length (r = 0.29, p <0.05) and exposed culmen (r = 0.38, p <0.05) of the hosts. A principal component (PC1) accounted for 90.1% of the hosts morphological variation was significantly influential on the abundance of chewing lice (p <0.05), indicating that the morphological characteristics of the hosts may be positively influencing the abundance of these ectoparasites. Significantly higher frequency of individuals with high loads of chewing lice was detected during the dry period (x ² = 8.5, p <0.05), corroborating studies that propose that birds of arid environments suffer as much pressure as those of parasitic humid environments. Analyses of null models of co-occurrence and niche overlap showed a high degree of structure in the feather mites and chewing lice assemblies, when compared with other groups, and preferences in the use of microhabitats by taxa identified. These results corroborate ecological theories in host-parasite systems, contribute to the knowledge of ectoparasites associated with neotropical birds, and the need for experimental studies, as well as further deepening the biology of these arthropods

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É apresentada a distribuição de 10 espécies de cigarras associadas ao cafeeiro, Coffea arabica, nos Estados de Minas Gerais, São Paulo e Paraná, Brasil. A informação sobre a distribuição geográfica destas espécies no Continente Americano, afora o Brasil, foi baseada na literatura. Para o Brasil, as localidades de ocorrência de cigarras foram baseadas na literatura, nos levantamentos realizados e em exemplares de coleções nacionais. Outros sete hospedeiros, além do cafeeiro, foram também registrados: esponjeira (Acacia farnesiana), sibipiruna (Caesalpinia peltophoroides), Cassia spp., amoreira (Morus alba), abacateiro (Persea americana), angico (Piptadenia sp.) e cacaueiro (Theobroma cacao). São apresentadas chaves de identificação, baseadas nas características gerais e na genitália masculina.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the selectivity of pesticides to T. pretiosum and T. exiguum in different hosts. The tests were carried out using the LBCI (Laboratorio de Biologia e Criacao de Insetos) methodology based on the IOBC/WPRS methodology for selectivity studies. The hosts used were Anagasta kuehniella, Spodoptera frugiperda and Plutella xylostella eggs. The analysis of the selectivity was carried out for the products triflumuron (20 mL/100 L), etofenproxi (47 mL/100 L) and endosulfan (750 mL/100 L), with distilled water used as a control. Parasitized eggs, percentage of parasitism, percentage of emergence, longevity and sex ratio were evaluated in generations F1 and F2. Endosulfan was the most harmful, inhibiting the parasitism in all hosts. Etofenproxi showed low selectivity to parasitoids. Triflumuron was selective to parasitoid species when eggs of natural hosts were used.

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This work was carried out to study the development of populations of the genus Planococcus in different plant species, aiming at the verification of host specificity. The mealybugs Planococcus minor were obtained from cocoa plants (Theobroma cacao L.) and coffee crop (Coffea canephora L.), and Planococcus citri from citrus seedlings (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck). Single eggs were transferred to Petri dishes containing leaf discs of cocoa (T. cacao cultivar Catongo), coffee (Coffea arabica L. cultivar Mundo Novo) and citrus (C. sinensis cultivar Pera Rio). They were maintained on a water-agar slide at 1%, with the abaxial surface turned upwards. The dishes were sealed with a PVC plastic film and kept in climatized chambers regulated at 25 [plus or minus] 1[degrees] C, 70 [plus or minus] 10% RH and 12 hours of photophase. For the mealybugs coming from cocoa plants, the citrus substrate prolonged the nymphal development of the males (26.0 days). In the nymphal period of females and males coming from coffee plants, the coffee substrate allowed a shorter duration of that period (19.2 and 21.3 days, respectively) and, in addition to having providing a longer longevity to the females (59.1 days). The highest rates of mortality were obtained when they were reared on the cocoa substrate, regardless of the host plant from which they were originally collected, and when kept on citrus, for insects collected on coffee plants. P. citri and P. minor have higher preference for coffee substrate regardless of the original host, thus showing partial host specificity.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da irradiação gama associada à atmosfera modificada passiva na qualidade pós-colheita de goiabas 'Pedro Sato', verificando suas características físico-químicas. Foram utilizadas goiabas provenientes da região de Vista Alegre do Alto-SP,Brasil. Após a colheita, as goiabas foram imediatamente transportadas ao Laboratório de Frutas e Hortaliças, pertencente ao Departamento de Gestão e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - UNESP - Câmpus de Botucatu-SP, onde foram armazenadas a 10ºC e 90-95%UR, em câmara frigorífica, por 28 dias. Os tratamentos foram: controle 1 (sem embalagem e sem irradiação); controle 2 (embalagem de poliestireno (PS) + polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD) e sem irradiação); tratamento 1 (PS+PEBD e 0,2kGy); tratamento 2 (PS+PEBD e 0,6kGy), e tratamento 3 (PS+PEBD e 1,0kGy). As análises realizadas foram: firmeza, sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (AT) e índice de maturação. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com esquema fatorial 5 x 5 (tratamento x tempo). Concluiu-se que as altas doses de irradiação promoveram efeito negativo nas características físico-químicas da goiaba 'Pedro Sato', e que apenas a menor dose utilizada (0,2kGy) associada à atmosfera modificada conservou frutos com maior qualidade e aceitabilidade, indicado por maiores índice de maturação e teor de sólidos solúveis obtidos.

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Myofibroblasts are cells that exhibit a hybrid phenotype, sharing the morphological characteristics of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells, which is acquired during a process called differentiation. These cells then start to express -SMA, a marker that can be used for their identification. Studies suggest that myofibroblasts are related to the aggressiveness of different tumors and that TGF-1 and IFN- play a role in myofibroblast differentiation, stimulating or inhibiting this differentiation, respectively. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of myofibroblasts in epithelial odontogenic tumors, correlating the presence of these cells with the aggressiveness of the tumor. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the expression of TGF-1 and IFN- in myofibroblast differentiation, as well as the expression of MMP-13, which is activated by myofibroblasts, and of EMMPRIN (extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer) as a precursor of this MMP. The sample consisted of 20 solid ameloblastomas, 10 unicystic ameloblastomas, 20 odontogenic keratocysts, and 20 adenomatoid odontogenic tumors. For evaluation of myofibroblasts, anti- -SMA-immunoreactive cells were quantified in connective tissue close to the epithelium. Immunoexpression of TGF-1, IFN-, MMP-13 and EMMPRIN was evaluated in the epithelial and connective tissue components, attributing scores of 0 to 4. The results showed a higher concentration of myofibroblasts in solid ameloblastomas (mean of 30.55), followed by odontogenic keratocysts (22.50), unicystic ameloblastomas (20.80), and adenomatoid odontogenic tumors (19.15) (p=0.001). No significant correlation between TGF-1 and IFN- was observed during the process of myofibroblast differentiation. There was also no correlation between the quantity of myofibroblasts and MMP-13 expression. Significant correlations were found between MMP-13 and TGF-1 (r=0.087; p=0.011), between MMP- 13 and IFN- (r=0.348; p=0.003), as well as between EMMPRIN and MMP-13 (r=0.474; p<0.001) and between EMMPRIN and IFN- (r=0.393; p=0.001). The higher quantity of myofibroblasts observed in solid ameloblastomas, odontogenic keratocysts and unicystic ameloblastomas suggests that these cells are one of the factors responsible for the more aggressive biological behavior of these tumors, although the myofibroblast population was not correlated with TGF-1, IFN-, MMP-13 or EMMPRIN. The correlation between MMP- 13 and TGF-1 suggests that the latter induces the expression of this metalloproteinase. The present results also support the well-established role of EMMPRIN as an inducer of MMP-13. Furthermore, the relationship between EMMPRIN and IFN- and between MMP-13 and IFN- suggests synergism in the antifibrotic effect of these markers

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Fresh cut cassava is an alternative to prolong roots commercialization period, adding value to the raw material and assisting the consumer's needs that seeks for products of easy preparation. The aim of this work was to evaluate the quality of fresh cut cassava subjected to gamma radiation. For processing cassava roots (IAC - 567-70) were used, after preparation were packed in expanded polystyrene (EPS) trays, covered by low density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic film, being subjected to gamma radiation in the doses 0 (control), 0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0 KGy. Another treatment was also carried out in which roots were vacuum packed in nylon + polyethylene. Packed roots of all treatments were stored under refrigeration (5 +/- 1 degrees C) and evaluations were made after 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 days. Evaluated analyses were: titrable acidity, pH, firmness, coloration, polyphenoloxidase activity, cooking time and roots hydration percentage. Evaluations just proceeded until the nine storage day, because after this period the roots already presented visually detectable physiologic and microbiological alterations. For titrable acidity, the vacuum packed roots had the lowest values, followed by the control packed in trays. For the other treatments, values of acidity increased and influenced the pH values. For the other appraised parameters there was no significant difference among treatments, but alterations were observed with the storage. The firmness decreased with the storage. Brightness values and yellow color component decreased with the storage and the b * (green) color values increased. Polyphenoloxidase activity was maximum in the day of elaboration of the product and it decreased with the storage. Cooking time and roots hydration percentage decreased with the roots storage.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)