47 resultados para flaxseed


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Post-menopause is characterized as the period beginning one year after the permanent cessation of menstrual cycles, which is typically related to medical disorders that, in association with Metabolic Syndrome (MS), represent a set of cardiovascular risk factors. Objective: To assess dietary intake and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women, according to the level of physical activity. Methods: The sample consisted of 82 women, evaluated in the Northern Zone of the city of Natal / RN who were participants in the Natal Active Program. People completed a Food Frequency Consumption Questionnaire (FFCQ) and were interviewed about physical activity. Anthropometric measurements and biochemical tests were used to diagnose MS (Metabolic Syndrome). Result: The active women consumed more protective foods (flaxseed, nuts, whole wheat bread, brown rice and olive oil) than inactive women. Risky foods (sugar, crackers, white bread, white rice, margarine and beef) were consumed more by the group of inactive women. The prevalence of MS was higher in inactive women (53.30%) than in physically active women (46.70%). Conclusion: Active post-menopausal women had a higher daily intake of protective foods in relation to cardiovascular disease, while the inactive post-menopausal women had higher intake of risky foods for such diseases

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This work studies the fabrication of spaghetti through the process at high temperatures through the use of flour added to flour and flaxseed meal, with the aim of evaluating the final product quality and estimate the cost of production. The values of moisture, ash, protein, wet gluten, gluten index, falling number and grain of flour and mixtures to test to be the possible use in mass manufacturing and technological criteria for compliance with current legislation. Spaghetti noodles type were manufactured by adding 10% and 20% flour and 10% and 20% flaxseed meal with performance of physical-chemical, sensory and rheological properties of the products. Further analysis was performed on the product acceptance and estimation of production cost in order to create subsidies to enable the introduction of products with greater acceptance and economic viability in the market by the food industry. On the rheology of the product test was cooking the pasta, specifying the volume increase, cooking time and percentage of solid waste. In the sensory evaluation was carried out the triangular test of product differentiation with 50 trained judges and acceptance testing by a hedonic scale with evaluation of the aspects color, taste, smell and texture. In defining the sensory profile of the product was performed with ADQ 9 judges recruited and trained at the factory, using unstructured scale of 9 cm, assessing the attributes of flavor of wheat, flax flavor, consistency, texture of raw pasta, raw pasta color and color of cooked pasta. The greater acceptance of product quality was good and the pasta with 20% flour, 10% followed by the full product, 10% and 20% flaxseed characterized the average quality of the criterion of loss analysis of solids, together with mass full commercial testing. In assessing the estimated cost of production, the two products more technologically feasible and acceptable (20% whole and 10% flaxseed) were evaluated in high temperature processes. With total cost of R $ 4,872.5 / 1,000 kg and R $ 5,354.9 / 1,000 kg respectively, the difference was related to the addition of lower inputs and higher added value in the market, flour and flaxseed meal. The comparative analysis of cases was confirmed the reduction in production time (10h), more uniform product to the drying process at high temperature compared to conventional

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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De origem asiática, a semente de linhaça (Linum usitatissimum L.) pertence à família das Lináceas e é obtida a partir do linho. A semente da linhaça é ainda a maior fonte alimentar de lignanas, compostos fotoquímicos parecidos com o estrogênio, que podem desempenhar ação anticancerígena. Rica em fibras solúveis tem aproximadamente 40% do seu peso composto por óleos ricos em Ômega 3, entre os quais se destaca o α-linolênico. A secagem é a operação unitária segundo o qual ocorre eliminação da água por evaporação ou sublimação, presente em um material, mediante a aplicação de calor com condições controladas. Visando averiguar o comportamento das sementes de linhaça durante a operação de secagem, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal realizar o planejamento experimental e analisar estatísticamente os resultados empregados para quantificar a influência da temperatura do ar (T), tempo de secagem (t), velocidade do ar de fluidização (Uf) e carga de sólidos (Cs), sobre a razão de umidade (Xr), rendimento em óleo (Rend.) e os parâmetros oleoquimicos. A estimativa do ponto ótimo de operação foi determinada em função das variáveis de entrada aplicando o conceito de desejabilidade global. Dentre as condições estabelecidas neste trabalho, o valor ótimo da Função Desejabilidade é quando T é deslocada próximo ao nível alto (72 oC), t para o mínimo (3 h), Uf para o ponto próximo ao central (0,83 m/s) e a Cs para o nível alto (500g), obtendo-se assim: 0,126 para Xr; 36,92 % para Rend.; 4,51 mg KOH/g para IA; 22,52 meqO2/Kg IP e 0,31% para DC. Foram obtidas as isotermas de dessorção das sementes de linhaça nas temperaturas de 40, 60 e 80°C. Os dados experimentais foram avaliados usando seis modelos matemáticos. A entalpia e a entropia diferencial de dessorção foram estimadas por meio das relações de Clausius-Clapeyron e Gibbs-Helmholtz, respectivamente. Os modelos de GAB e Peleg ajustaram adequadamente os dados experimentais. A teoria da compensação entalpia-entropia foi aplicada com sucesso às isotermas de dessorção e indica que o mecanismo de dessorção de umidade das sementes de linhaça pode ser considerado como controlado pela entalpia. A secagem das sementes de linhaça previamente umidificadas foram avaliadas em um secador de leito fixo e fluidizado, as corridas experimentais foram realizadas nas temperaturas de 40, 60 e 80°C, dentre dos cinco modelos propostos, o modelo de Midilli et al, foi o melhor modelo que melhor ajustou aos dados experimentais. Foi observado que a difusividade efetiva para as sementes de linhaça aumentou com a elevação da temperatura do ar de secagem para a secagem em leito fixo e fluidizado. A dependência da difusividade em relação à temperatura foi descrita pela equação de Arrhenius, por meio da qual se estimou para ambos os processos de secagem.

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A linhaça é a semente da planta do linho (Linum usitatissimum L.), uma espécie polimorfa originária do linho, sendo considerada uma das 6 plantas atualmente reconhecidas pelo Instituto Nacional do Câncer dos Estados Unidos (US National Cancer Institute - NCI) por suas propriedades específicas no combate ao câncer. Parte desse reconhecimento deve-se a notável característica de ser a fonte mais rica de precursores de lignina (esteróide vegetal de ação análoga ao estrógeno de mamíferos) na dieta humana. A variedade utilizada neste trabalho foi a “Linseed” de cor marrom e o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a fluidodinâmica dessa partícula em leito de jorro, estabelecida pelas medidas de tomadas de queda de pressão no leito a partir das deflexões em relação às velocidades de ar crescente e decrescente, obtendo assim informações para a determinação de parâmetros correlacionados ao processo, como: velocidade de mínimo jorro, queda de pressão máxima, queda de pressão no jorro estável e queda de pressão no mínimo jorro. Estes valores foram comparados aos correspondentes valores obtidos por equações empíricas citadas na literatura. Foi também avaliado o comportamento da secagem da matéria prima, mediante um planejamento estatístico 22, tendo com as variáveis de entrada temperatura do gás (Tg) e o tempo de operação (t), para a quantificação das variáveis de resposta razão de umidade (Xr, adim.), germinação (G, %) e o índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG, t-1) e analisadas estatisticamente pelo planejamento fatorial completo com três repetições no ponto central. A cinética de secagem das sementes de linhaça, previamente umidificadas, foi realizada nas temperaturas de 45, 55 e 65 °C, e dentre os três modelos propostos, o modelo de Midilli et al., foi que melhor descreveu aos dados experimentais. Para os parâmetros fluidodinâmicos observou-se que a correlação de Gorshtein e Mukhlenov (1965) apresentou os menores desvios para queda e pressão de mínimo jorro e jorro estável, Abdelrazek (1969) apresentou o menor desvio para a velocidade no mínimo jorro e Pallai e Németh (1969) descreveu adequadamente a queda de pressão máxima. Foi observado que a carga de sementes e a temperatura exerceram influência significativa nos parâmetros fluidodinâmicos em leito de jorro. Com base na análise do planejamento estatístico proposto pode-se concluir que os parâmetros de entrada temperatura do gás e tempo de operação exerceram influência significativa sobre todas as variáveis de resposta, sendo observada influência quadrática das variáveis de entrada ao se observar a significância da curvatura sobre os parâmetros: Razão de umidade, Germinação e Índice de Velocidade de Germinação, propondo-se modelos representativos destes parâmetros com a presença da curvatura, apresentando um coeficiente de determinação (R2) superior a 99 %.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Hundred forty-four Shaver White laying hens were used over a 4 week experimental period to investigate the effect of 3% of soybean oil, corn oil (MIL), canola oil, flaxseed oil (LIN), salmon oil (SAL) or tuna and sardine oil (SR/AT) added to the diets, upon the fatty acid egg yolk composition, blood plasma levels and incorporation time of each fatty acid into the egg yolk. Hens were allocated into 72 cages and the experimental design was a 6 x 6 randomized factorial model. Hens fed 3% of different oils, responded with increased polyunsaturated fatty acids omega 3 (ω-3 PUFAs), except for corn oil. The addition of flaxseed, soybean or corn oil into the diet increased the PUFAs levels into the egg yolk and in the blood plasma. Adding tuna and sardine oil into the diet increased the concentration of yolk saturated fatty acids. The levels of ω-3 PUFAs were increased in the tuna and sardine oil treatment, while the flaxseed oil increased the plasma fatty acids. The deposition of 349.28 mg/yolk of a-linolenic fatty acids (ALA) was higher in the group fed LIN, while the higher equal to 157.13 mg DHA/yolk was observed in group SR/AT. In the plasma, deposition increased from 0.33% (MIL) for 6.29% ALA (LIN), while that of DHA increase of 0.47% (MIL) for 4.24% (SAL) and 4.48% (SR/AT) and of 0.98% (MIL) for 6.14% (SR/AT) and 8.44% (LIN) of ω-3 PUFAs. The percentage of EPA into the yolk and plasma was higher for the hens fed 3% tuna and sardine oil diet, as well as the levels of yolk DHA. The concentration of DHA into the plasma was higher for the salmon and tuna/sardine oil treatments. The PUFAs yolk decreased during the first eight days of experiment, while the ω-3 PUFAs increased during the same period. The concentration of ALA increased until ten days of experiment, while the percentage of EPA and DHA increased up to the eighth experimental day

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Objetivou-se nesse trabalho avaliar os efeitos de fontes de óleo vegetal na dieta de bovinos Nelore em fase de terminação sobre a aceitação sensorial, teores de colesterol e óxidos de colesterol, composição de ácidos graxos e estabilidade oxidativa de hambúrgueres bovinos, avaliados após serem congelados e acondicionados a -18°C por 90 dias, então avaliados crus e grelhados. Foram confinados 96 bovinos, machos, castrados, Nelore, com aproximadamente 380 kg de peso inicial e idade média de 24 meses, alimentados com óleos de soja, girassol, linhaça e tratamento controle sem adição de óleo por 82 dias. A partir do músculo Longissimus e da gordura subcutânea dos animais foram produzidos hambúrgueres Os hambúrgueres produzidos com carne de bovinos que receberam óleo de soja tiveram maior estabilidade lipídica, tanto para zero quanto para 90 dias de armazenamento quando comparado às outras dietas. O método cru de preparo também resultou em menores valores tanto para o tempo zero quanto para o tempo 90 dias de armazenamento, em relação ao método grelhado. Os hambúrgueres dos animais alimentados com o óleo linhaça resultaram em menores valores para o atributo sabor. O tempo zero dias de armazenamento dos hambúrgueres resultou em maiores notas dos consumidores para a textura e aceitabilidade global, em relação às amostras armazenadas por 90 dias. A porcentagem de ácidos graxos polinsaturados foi reduzida, independente dos tratamentos, após 90 dias de armazenamento. O CLA c9 t11 foi encontrado em maiores quantidades nas amostras dos animais alimentados com os óleos de linhaça e soja, para zero e 90 dias de armazenamento. O teor de colesterol aumentou após as amostras de hambúrgueres serem grelhadas, enquanto que não foi observado efeito para as fontes de óleos e os tempos de armazenamento. Foi observada a presença de óxidos de colesterol após as amostras serem armazenadas por 90 dias, independente das fontes de óleos utilizadas. O fornecimento de óleos insaturados para bovinos confinados aumenta a porcentagem de ácidos graxos polinsaturados em hambúrgueres produzidos com carne e gordura desses. A inclusão de óleos vegetais para bovinos aumenta a oxidação lipídica de hambúrgueres produzidos a partir de carne e gordura provenientes desses animais quando comparados a um tratamento sem inclusão de óleos vegetais. Hambúrgueres produzidos com carne e gordura de animais alimentados com óleos vegetais na dieta possuem maior oxidação lipídica após 90 dias de armazenamento quando comparados com os hambúrgueres do tempo zero e dos hambúrgueres do tratamento controle enquanto que o processamento térmico não foi responsável pela maior oxidação lipídica.

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The past decade has seen an influx of speciality plant seed oils arriving into the market place. The need to characterise these oils has become an important aspect of the oil industry. The characterisation of the oils allows for the physical and chemical properties of the oil to be determined. Speciality oils were characterised based on their lipid and fatty acid profiles and categorised as monounsaturated rich (oleic acid as the major acyl components e.g. Moringa and Marula oil), linoleic acid rich (Grape seed and Evening Primrose oil) or linolenic acid rich (Flaxseed and Kiwi oil). The quality of the oils was evaluated by determining the free fatty acid content, the peroxide value (that measures initial oxidation) and p-anisidine values (that determines secondary oxidation products containing the carbonyl function). A reference database was constructed for the oils in order to compare batches of oils for their overall quality including oxidative stability. For some of the speciality oils, the stereochemistry of the triacylglycerols was determined. Calophyllum, Coffee, Poppy and Sea Buckthorn oils stereochemistry was determined. The oils were enriched with saturated and/or a monounsaturated fatty acids at position sn-1 and sn-3. The sn-2 position of the four oils was esterified with a polyunsaturated and/or a monounsaturated fatty acid indicating that they follow a typical acylation pathway and no novel acylation activity was evident from these studies (e.g enrichment of saturates at the sn-2 position). The oxidative stability of the oils was evaluated at 18oC and 60oC and the effect of adding a-tocopherol at commercially used level i.e 750ppm was assessed. The addition of 750ppm of a-tocopherol at 18oC increased the oxidative stability of Brown flax, Moringa, Wheat germ and Yangu oils. At 60oC Brown Flax, Manketti and Pomegranate oil polymerised after 48 hours. The addition of 750ppm a-tocopherol delayed the onset of polymerisation by up to 48 hours in Brown Flax seed oil. Pomegranate oil showed a high resistance to oxidation, and was blended into other speciality oils at 1%. Pomegranate oil increased the oxidative stability of Yangu oil at 18oC. The addition of Pomegranate oil to Wheat germ oil at 60oC, decreased the peroxide content by 10%. In Manketti and Brown Flaxseed oil at elevated temperatures, Pomegranate oil delayed the onset of polymerisation. Preliminary studies of Pomegranate oil blending to Moringa and Borage oil showed it to be more effective than a-tocopherol for certain oils. The antioxidant effects observed following the addition of Pomegranate oil may be due to its conjugated linolenic acid fatty acid, punicic acid.

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Les graines de lin sont des oléagineux largement cultivés au Canada. Cependant, les résidus générés suite au processus d’extraction de l’huile contiennent une importante quantité de protéines et peuvent être valorisées dans l’alimentation humaine en raison, principalement, de certaines fractions peptidiques possédant des propriétés bioactives. Dans le cadre de ce travail, l’influence des hautes pressions hydrostatiques (HPH) sur un isolat de protéines de lin a été étudiée concernant les modifications de la structure protéique, l’hydrolyse enzymatique ainsi que l’activité antioxydante des hydrolysats. Ainsi, des solutions protéiques de lin (1% m/v) ont été soumises à un traitement de HPH à 600 MPa pendant 5 et 20 minutes, à 20°C et comparés à des échantillons non-pressurisés. Deux traitements subséquents d’hydrolyse ont été effectués suite au traitement ou non de pressurisation : une première hydrolyse trypsique suivie d’une deuxième par la pronase. Dans un premier temps, la caractérisation de l’isolat protéique de lin pressurisé et non pressurisé a été réalisée par spectrofluorimétrie et par une analyse de la taille des particules afin d’étudier l’effet de la pressurisation sur les HPH la matrice protéique végétale. Par la suite, les hydrolysats protéiques ont été caractérisés par HPLC-MS et leur capacité antioxydante a été déterminée par ORAC. Les résultats ont démontré que le niveau de pressurisation et la durée du traitement ont un impact sur la structure protéique en induisant la dissociation des protéines, et la formation d’agrégats. Ceux-ci seraient occasionnés par la décompression ou créés durant l’entreposage des isolats. Suite à l’hydrolyse enzymatique des solutions protéiques pressurisées ou non par la trypsine seule et par la trypsine-pronase, les analyses chromatographiques ont révélé que la concentration de certains peptides a été modifiée lorsque la trypsine seule était utilisée après un traitement à HPH. Enfin, les HPH ont amélioré la capacité antioxydante des hydrolysats obtenus lors de l’hydrolyse trypsine-pronase comparativement au contrôle non-pressurisé.

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Linseed is an important oilseed consumed raw as nutritional supplement, that although represents a rich source of nutrients, its nutritional value could be impaired due to the presence of antinutritional factors. In this study, protein fractions from raw linseed flour were extracted and isolated being obtained 12% of albumins, 82% of globulins, 5% of glutelins and 1% of prolamins. These proteins were visualized by SDS-PAGE and albumins showed low molecular mass protein bands around 21 kDa and minor bands, similar to that of trypsin inhibitor; Globulins presented protein bands with high molecular masses, which possibly are constituents of multimeric proteins, such as legumins. After determination of the centesimal composition of raw linseed, it was used as exclusive protein source for young rats to evaluate its effect on animal growth. The results showed negative effects on rat growth (weight gain 73% less than the control group) and reduction of intestinal villus (35%), that could be related with in vitro and in vivo globulin digestibility and proteinaceous antinutritional factors (mammalian digestive enzymes inhibitors and lectins) in albumin fraction. Native globulins showed, by SDS-PAGE, low susceptibility in vitro to trypsin and chymotrypsin, however presented high degradation by pancreatin. Thermal treatment of globulins for 5 and 15 minutes at 100ºC improved considerably its digestibility by trypsin and pancreatin. Globulins presented 93.2% in vivo digestibility, similar to the control protein. Albumin fraction had high trypsin inhibition activity (100%) and chymotrypsin inhibition of 28.3%; haemagglutinating activity was not detected. The results of this study indicate the negative action of trypsin inhibitors on animal growth, but can not be discarded its combined action with other antinutritional factors, which could compromise the raw linseed utilization as an alternative food

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Linseed is an important oilseed consumed raw as nutritional supplement, that although represents a rich source of nutrients, its nutritional value could be impaired due to the presence of antinutritional factors. In this study, protein fractions from raw linseed flour were extracted and isolated being obtained 12% of albumins, 82% of globulins, 5% of glutelins and 1% of prolamins. These proteins were visualized by SDS-PAGE and albumins showed low molecular mass protein bands around 21 kDa and minor bands, similar to that of trypsin inhibitor; Globulins presented protein bands with high molecular masses, which possibly are constituents of multimeric proteins, such as legumins. After determination of the centesimal composition of raw linseed, it was used as exclusive protein source for young rats to evaluate its effect on animal growth. The results showed negative effects on rat growth (weight gain 73% less than the control group) and reduction of intestinal villus (35%), that could be related with in vitro and in vivo globulin digestibility and proteinaceous antinutritional factors (mammalian digestive enzymes inhibitors and lectins) in albumin fraction. Native globulins showed, by SDS-PAGE, low susceptibility in vitro to trypsin and chymotrypsin, however presented high degradation by pancreatin. Thermal treatment of globulins for 5 and 15 minutes at 100ºC improved considerably its digestibility by trypsin and pancreatin. Globulins presented 93.2% in vivo digestibility, similar to the control protein. Albumin fraction had high trypsin inhibition activity (100%) and chymotrypsin inhibition of 28.3%; haemagglutinating activity was not detected. The results of this study indicate the negative action of trypsin inhibitors on animal growth, but can not be discarded its combined action with other antinutritional factors, which could compromise the raw linseed utilization as an alternative food