Emission of airborne ultrafine particles during welding of steel plates

The present study is focused on the characterization of ultrafine particles emitted in welding of steel using mixtures of Ar+CO2, and intends to analyze which are the main process parameters which may have influence on the emission itself. It was found that the amount of emitted ultrafine particles (measured by particle number and alveolar deposited surface area) are clearly dependent from the distance to the welding front and also from the main welding parameters, namely the current intensity and heat input in the welding process. The emission of airborne ultrafine particles seem to increase with the current intensity as fume formation rate does. When comparing the tested gas mixtures, higher emissions are observed for more oxidant mixtures, that is, mixtures with higher CO2 content, which result in higher arc stability. The later mixtures originate higher concentrations of ultrafine particles (as measured by number of particles by cm3 of air) and higher values of alveolar deposited surface area of particles, thus resulting in a more hazardous condition regarding worker's exposure. © 2014 Sociedade Portuguesa de Materiais (SPM). Published by Elsevier España, S.L. All rights reserved.

Emissions of nanoparticles during friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminium alloys

Friction stir welding (FSW) is now well established as a welding process capable of joining some different types of metallic materials, as it was (1) found to be a reliable and economical way of producing high quality welds, and (2) considered a "clean" welding process that does not involve fusion of metal, as is the case with other traditional welding processes. The aim of this study was to determine whether the emission of particles during FSW in the nanorange of the most commonly used aluminum (Al) alloys, AA 5083 and AA 6082, originated from the Al alloy itself due to friction of the welding tool against the item that was being welded. Another goal was to measure Al alloys in the alveolar deposited surface area during FSW. Nanoparticles dimensions were predominantly in the 40- and 70-nm range. This study demonstrated that microparticles were also emitted during FSW but due to tool wear. However, the biological relevance and toxic manifestations of these microparticles remain to be determined.

The effect of metal transfer stability (spattering) on fume generation, morphology and composition in short-circuit MAG welding

The main objective of this work was to evaluate the hypothesis that the greater transfer stability leads also to less volume of fumes. Using an Ar + 25%CO2 blend as shielding gas and maintaining constant the average current, wire feed speed and welding speed, bead-on-plate welds were carried out with plain carbon steel solid wire. The welding voltage was scanned to progressively vary the transfer stability. Using two conditions of low stability and one with high stability, fume generation was evaluated by means of the AWS F1.2:2006 standard. The influence of these conditions on fume morphology and composition was also verified. A condition with greater transfer stability does not generate less fume quantity, despite the fact that this condition produces fewer spatters. Other factors such as short-circuit current, arcing time, droplet diameters and arc length are the likely governing factors, but in an interrelated way. Metal transfer stability does not influence either the composition or the size/morphology of fume particulates. (c) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Comparison of deposited surface area of airbone ultrafine particles generated from two welding processes

This article describes work performed on the assessment of the levels of airborne ultrafine particles emitted in two welding processes metal-active gas (MAG) of carbon steel and friction-stir welding (FSW) of aluminium in terms of deposited area in alveolar tract of the lung using a nanoparticle surface area monitor analyser. The obtained results showed the dependence from process parameters on emitted ultrafine particles and clearly demonstrated the presence of ultrafine particles, when compared with background levels. The obtained results showed that the process that results on the lower levels of alveolar-deposited surface area is FSW, unlike MAG. Nevertheless, all the tested processes resulted in important doses of ultrafine particles that are to be deposited in the human lung of exposed workers.

Determiation of airborne nanoparticles from welding operations

The aim of this study is to assess the levels of airborne ultrafine particles emitted in welding processes (tungsten inert gas [TIG], metal active gas [MAG] of carbon steel, and friction stir welding [FSW] of aluminum) in terms of deposited area in pulmonary alveolar tract using a nanoparticle surface area monitor (NSAM) analyzer. The obtained results showed the dependence of process parameters on emitted ultrafine particles and demonstrated the presence of ultrafine particles compared to background levels. Data indicated that the process that resulted in the lowest levels of alveolar deposited surface area (ADSA) was FSW, followed by TIG and MAG. However, all tested processes resulted in significant concentrations of ultrafine particles being deposited in humans lungs of exposed workers.

Application of a control banding tool for risk level assessment and control of nanoparticles exposure in welding operations

Scope of study: welding operations result in harmful emissions of nanoparticles; the aim of emissions monitorisation is to evaluate exposure levels and to derive protection measures in order to protect exposed workers; however, the traditional approach of comparing measured concentrations with exposure limits cannot be used; but risk levels can be quantified by using Control Banding Strategies.

Estudo de caso do programa Flash! Vidas : informação ou entretenimento?

O presente estudo de caso resulta de três meses de estágio no Grupo Cofina Media, onde foram desempenhadas funções jornalísticas na secção Vidas, do jornal Correio da Manhã (CM) e no programa televisivo Flash!Vidas, do canal Correio da Manhã TV (CMTV), desde o dia 2 de fevereiro até ao dia 2 de maio de 2015. Foi elaborado no âmbito do Mestrado em Jornalismo, no Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Escola Superior de Comunicação Social, e por objetivo a obtenção do grau de mestre no curso anteriormente referido. A análise tem como propósito perceber se as alegadas peças noticiosas transmitidas pelo programa televisivo Flash!Vidas, no canal Correio da Manhã TV, podem ser consideradas informação, entretenimento ou os dois géneros. É importante referir que o presente trabalho terá como base fundamental os valores-notícias estudados pelo teórico Nelson Traquina e o conceito de infotainment.

Assessment and control of nanoparticles exposure in welding operations by use of a control banding tool

This paper describes the use of a Control Banding Tool to assess and further control of exposure of nanoparticles emitted during welding operations. The tool was applied to Metal Active Gas (MAG) arc welding of mild and stainless steel, providing semi-quantitative data on the process, so that protection measures could be derived, e.g. exhaust gas ventilation by hoods, local ventilation devices and containment measures. This tool is quite useful to compare and evaluate the characteristics of arc welding procedures so that more eco-friendly processes could be preferred over the more potentially noxious ones.

Laser welding of shape memory alloys

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Magnetic pulse welding

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Estudo de um equipamento de processamento de soldaduras por Friction Stir Welding

Este é um projeto I&D interno do INEGI, com as unidades DPS e LOME, que tem em vista a utilização de componentes disponíveis no INEGI para o estudo de um equipamento capaz de efetuar soldaduras por Friction Stir Welding. O equipamento já conta com controlo numérico para um sistema de três eixos e os respetivos motores, ficando assim encarregue de tirar o máximo proveito possível destes componentes. Este equipamento terá como finalidade munir o INEGI com um equipamento capaz de dar resposta a eventuais projetos externos/internos bem como para fins de investigação para a melhoria da qualidade do processo de soldadura. A conceção deste equipamento tem a particularidade das condições envolventes do processo nomeadamente os esforços desenvolvidos durante o processo de soldadura, em particular a força vertical (eixo da ferramenta) que é necessária fazer de forma a evitar a ascensão de material da junta de soldadura. A soldadura por Friction Stir Welding, é um processo de soldadura relativamente actual, desenvolvido em 1991 por Wayne Thomas pelo The Welding Institute que se sobrepõe aos métodos de soldadura convencionais, uma vez que não necessita de levar o/os materiais acima da sua temperatura de fusão, sendo um processo de soldadura no estado solido, o material não chega a fundir. Este processo consiste na utilização de uma ferramenta em rotação que que se desloca ao longo da junta de soldadura, que uma vez a fricção gerada entre a ferramenta e o material base gera calor que promove o aquecimento e quase fusão do material base. A ligação do material dá-se aquando a passagem da ferramenta na junta, misturando os materiais. Com o recurso a este método de fabrico é possível efetuar soldaduras com grande qualidade em materiais considerados de difícil soldabilidade pelos métodos convencionais, como por exemplo o Alumínio. Neste projecto foram estudadas varias soluções, contactados vários fornecedores e com o seu feedback foi desenvolvido o equipamento. Este projecto consiste essencialmente na análise estrutural e selecção de equipamentos. O equipamento final resultou de uma série de iterações e ideias de forma a optimizar toda estrutura para a magnitude dos esforços envolvidos, obtendo no final um equipamento capaz de cumprir os requisitos. No final prevêse um equipamento com a capacidade de suportar esforços verticais de 50

Production of aluminium based composites reinforced with embedded NiTi by friction stir welding

Dissertação para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Statistical Characteristics of Flash Flood in Georgia

Results are presented from the analysis of observations data on flash flood in Georgia over a period of 45 years, from 1961 to 2005, provided of the of Hydro-meteorology Service of Georgia.

Electron Beam Welding In-Process Control and Monitoring

This work presents the results of an investigation of processes in the melting zone during Electron Beam Welding(EBW) through analysis of the secondary current in the plasma.The studies show that the spectrum of the secondary emission signal during steel welding has a pronounced periodic component at a frequency of around 15–25 kHz. The signal contains quasi-periodic sharp peaks (impulses). These impulses have stochastically varying amplitude and follow each other inseries, at random intervals between series. The impulses have a considerable current (up to 0.5 A). It was established that during electron-beam welding with the focal spot scanning these impulses follow each other almost periodically. It was shown that the probability of occurrence of these high-frequency perturbation increases with the concentration of energy in the interaction zone. The paper also presents hypotheses for the mechanism of the formation of the high-frequency oscillations in the secondary current signal in the plasma.

Multi-echo radial FLASH techniques for real-time MRI

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Naturwiss., Diss., 2015