1000 resultados para existência matemática
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Pós-graduação em Educação Matemática - IGCE
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Pós-graduação em Matemática Universitária - IGCE
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In this article, we present results that express the occurrence of narratives researches in the form of theses and dissertations in postgraduate programs in Brazil, from 2000 to 2010 in the Teaching of Science and Mathematics area. We consulted the Student Registration, on the site of the Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel, through the keywords: narrative research, narrative inquiry and teacher training. Through reading the abstracts, we identified the area of knowledge, the IES and the supervisor. Of the 162 (one hundred, sixty two) academic productions identified, 31 (thirty-one) are in the area of Science and Mathematics teaching. The data obtained point to the existence of groups of studies and research training in the country engaged in narrative research in Mathematics and Science Teaching, in line with teacher training.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Desde as primeiras décadas do século XX, foi constatada nos currículos dos cursos de formação de professores a existência de uma disciplina cuja constituição, funcionamento e objetivos têm como pressuposto ensinar a ensinar a matemática. Historicamente, a disciplina Metodologia do Ensino de Matemática tem aparecido nos cursos de Licenciatura em Matemática com distintas denominações. Ao longo dessas mudanças, os pressupostos e as características dessa disciplina foram se modificando. Tomando como metodologia de pesquisa a análise documental e a história oral, e como referencial teórico os estudos de André Chervel (1990), este trabalho teve como objetivo compreender o processo histórico de disciplinarização da Metodologia do Ensino de Matemática em cursos de licenciatura em Matemática de instituições públicas de ensino superior do estado de São Paulo (USP, UNICAMP e UNESP-Rio Claro), buscando conhecer a gênese e o desenvolvimento histórico da disciplina, identificando conteúdos e métodos propostos bem como as mudanças pelas quais passou a disciplina.
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A presente investigação tem como objectivo o estudo das concepções dos alunos sobre a avaliação das aprendizagens na disciplina de Matemática em anos terminais dos 1º e 2° ciclos do Ensino Básico. Em particular, procurou-se estudar e comparar as concepções que alunos desses anos tinham sobre a avaliação e as práticas avaliativas dos seus professores, e compreender se existiam algumas relações de dependência entre essas concepções e a perspectiva face à Matemática e o desempenho escolar desses alunos. O enquadramento teórico está organizado em dois capítulos. O primeiro relacionado com a avaliação e o segundo referente às concepções. Este estudo segue uma metodologia de natureza interpretativa. A recolha de dados foi feita através da aplicação de um questionário a quatro turmas, uma do 4o e outra do 6° ano de escolaridade de dois agrupamentos distintos, um de Elvas e outro de Portalegre, e de entrevista semi-estruturada a dois alunos por turma. A análise de dados foi organizada em tomo de duas categorias: (i) perspectivas face à Matemática e (ii) perspectiva face à avaliação das aprendizagens. Os resultados do estudo indicam que as concepções sobre a avaliação das aprendizagens em Matemática dos alunos participantes incidem, preferencialmente, sobre sentimentos, consequências, funções e instrumentos de avaliação. Verifica-se uma tendência para a existência de relações de dependência entre a imagem negativa da Matemática escolar e a concepção de avaliação associada aos sentimentos. Alunos com classificações negativas a Matemática associa, igualmente, a avaliação a sentimentos. Já os alunos que têm uma imagem positiva da Matemática, assim com os que têm classificações mais elevadas, tendem a associar a avaliação às suas consequências. No que diz respeito às práticas avaliativas que lhes têm sido proporcionadas, os alunos do 1º e do 2°ciclos apresentam concepções quase semelhantes, reconhecendo as fichas de avaliação como os instrumentos com mais peso para o professor na atribuição de notas no final do período. Os alunos do 1º ciclo são os que mais revelam concordar que o professor está atento às suas dificuldades. Porém, quer os alunos do 1 o e do 2°ciclos não reconhecem poder combinar com o professor a forma como são avaliados. ABSTRACT; The main purpose of the present work is to study the students' beliefs on assessment learning related to the Mathematics subject in ending years of 1st and 2nd key stage of elementary school. ln particular, the research was aimed to study and compare the students’ beliefs that pupils of those particular years had on assessment and the assessment practices of their teachers and also if there were any kind of dependence relationships between those beliefs and the perspective towards Mathematics and those students' school performance. The theoretical framework is organized in two chapters. The first related with the assessment and the second regarding the beliefs. This study follows a methodology of interpretative nature. The data gathering was done through the application of a questionnaire to four classes, one of the 4th and another of the 6th year of two different school groups, one belonging to Elva’s and another one to Portalegre and also through a semi-structured interview done to two students per group. The data analysis was organized around two categories: (i) perspectives towards Mathematics and (ii) perspective towards assessment learning. The results of the study show that the beliefs of those students on assessment learning on Mathematics are preferably based on feelings, consequences, functions and assessment instruments. ln general terms, there seems to be dependence relationships between the Mathematics negative image and the assessment conception associated to feelings. Students with negative marks at Mathematics also associate assessment to feelings. Those who have a positive Mathematics image, as well as those with higher marks at the subject, seem to associate assessment to its consequences. Concerning the assessment practices that have been provided to students from 1 51 and 2nd key stage of elementary school, these same pupils show very similar beliefs, pointing the summative tests as having higher importance when the assessment term comes. The students of the 1st key stage of elementary school are those who most agree that the teacher is attentive to their difficulties. Even so, both groups of students say that they cannot negotiate with their teacher the way they are supposed to be assessed.
Existência de subgrupos livres em grupos finitamente apresentados com mais geradores do que relações
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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Exatas Departamento de Matemática, 2016.
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This work approaches the forced air cooling of strawberry by numerical simulation. The mathematical model that was used describes the process of heat transfer, based on the Fourier's law, in spherical coordinates and simplified to describe the one-dimensional process. For the resolution of the equation expressed for the mathematical model, an algorithm was developed based on the explicit scheme of the numerical method of the finite differences and implemented in the scientific computation program MATLAB 6.1. The validation of the mathematical model was made by the comparison between theoretical and experimental data, where strawberries had been cooled with forced air. The results showed to be possible the determination of the convective heat transfer coefficient by fitting the numerical and experimental data. The methodology of the numerical simulations was showed like a promising tool in the support of the decision to use or to develop equipment in the area of cooling process with forced air of spherical fruits.
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A base-cutter represented for a mechanism of four bars, was developed using the Autocad program. The normal force of reaction of the profile in the contact point was determined through the dynamic analysis. The equations of dynamic balance were based on the laws of Newton-Euler. The linkage was subject to an optimization technique that considered the peak value of soil reaction force as the objective function to be minimized while the link lengths and the spring constant varied through a specified range. The Algorithm of Sequential Quadratic Programming-SQP was implemented of the program computational Matlab. Results were very encouraging; the maximum value of the normal reaction force was reduced from 4,250.33 to 237.13 N, making the floating process much less disturbing to the soil and the sugarcane rate. Later, others variables had been incorporated the mechanism optimized and new otimization process was implemented .
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One of the effects of the globalized world is a strong tendency to eliminate differences, promoting a planetary culture. Education systems are particularly affected, undergoing strong pressure from international studies and evaluations, inevitably comparative, and sadly competitive. As a result, one observes the gradual elimination of cultural components in the definition of education systems. The constitution of new social imaginaries becomes clear; imaginaries empty of historical, geographical and temporal referents, characterized by a strong presence of the culture of the image. The criteria of classification establish an inappropriate reference that has as its consequence the definition of practices and even of education systems. On the other hand, resistance mechanisms, often unconscious, are activated seeking to safeguard and recover the identifying features of a culture, such as its traditions, cuisine, languages, artistic manifestations in general, and, in doing so, to contribute to cultural diversity, an essential factor to encourage creativity. In this article, the sociocultural basis of mathematics and of its teaching are examined, and also the consequences of globalization and its effects on multicultural education. The concept of culture is discussed, as well as issues related to culture dynamics, resulting in the proposition of a theory of transdisciplinar and transcultural knowledge. Upon such basis the Ethnomathematics Program is presented. A critique is also made of the curriculum presently used, which is in its conception and detailing, obsolete, uninteresting and of little use. A different concept of curriculum is proposed, based on the communicative (literacy), analytical (matheracy), and material (technoracy) instruments.
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We present and discuss in this article some features of a research program whose central object of investigation is the way in which the recent fields of history, philosophy, and sociology of mathematical education could take part in a critical and qualified manner in the initial and continuing training of teachers in this area. For that, we endorse the viewpoint that the courses for mathematics teacher education should be based on a conception of specificity through which a new pedagogical project could be established. In such project those new fields of investigation would participate, in an organic and clarifying way, in the constitution of multidimensional problematizations of school practices, in which mathematics would be involved, and that would be guided by academic investigations about the issues that currently challenge teachers in the critical work of incorporation, resignification, production, and transmission of mathematical culture in the context of the school institution.
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Este artigo traz uma reflexão acerca da avaliação em Matemática, destacando os modos pelos quais essa avaliação pode vir a ser compreendida e discutida em um curso de formação de professores da área. Explicita-se como, a partir das situações de sala de aula, o olhar para as possibilidades da avaliação pode contribuir para a formação desse professor no que diz respeito ao compreendido pelos alunos. São analisadas três situações-problema, propostas aos alunos do curso de graduação em Matemática, cujo foco é o modo de avaliar. O olhar avaliativo e o fazer Matemática são entendidos como uma forma de o aluno voltar-se para o conteúdo matemático, abrindo-se ao que, no seu lidar cotidiano, se mostra. Diz-se da importância de se considerarem os "dados relevantes" e o "a ser conhecido" nas situações de avaliação que permitem, ao professor, ler a aprendizagem do aluno em seu modo de se expressar.
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As fêmeas bovinas, por sua importância na transmissão e na manutenção da brucelose, constituíram o alvo dos inquéritos do Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação da Brucelose e da Tuberculose Animal. Com base em informações obtidas em unidades federativas onde foram realizados inquéritos sorológicos e observadas prevalências de animais acima de 2%, elaborou-se um modelo para simular a dinâmica da brucelose em rebanhos bovinos formados exclusivamente por fêmeas, analisando o efeito de estratégias de vacinação. Para baixa cobertura vacinal, da ordem de 30%, o tempo para reduzir a prevalência a 2%, valor adotado como referência, pode ser longo, aproximando-se do dobro do tempo necessário para uma cobertura mais alta, de 90%. De acordo com o modelo, o tempo para reduzir a prevalência a 1% ou 2%, que permitam passar à fase de erradicação, pode chegar a uma década. Recomenda-se a intensificação do esforço para a vacinação de fêmeas, procurando atingir alta cobertura vacinal.
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This article presents the results of a study that investigated the meaning of evaluation in mathematics from the historical cultural perspective, focusing on activity theory. In order to develop the investigation, a collaborative group was formed from the Oficina Pedagogica de Matematica de Ribeirao Preto - Sao Paulo (Math Pedagogic Workshop of Ribeirao Preto - OPM/RP), constituted of pre-school teachers and early elementary school teachers, who were participants in this research. The main role of the collaborative group was to offer guided development to the teachers about the teaching of mathematics from the historical-cultural perspective, aiming at collecting data on the process of appropriation of mathematical knowledge by the teachers. The syntheses about the teachers' learning process have contributed to systematize the guiding elements of evaluation in mathematics from the historical-cultural perspective.