Multi-centre research in Australia:analysis of a recent National Health and Medical Research Council-funded project

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Human research ethics committees provide essential review of research projects to ensure the ethical conduct of human research. Several recent reports have highlighted a complex process for successful application for human research ethics committee approval, particularly for multi-centre studies. Limited resources are available for the execution of human clinical research in Australia and around the world.

METHODS: This report overviews the process of ethics approval for a National Health and Medical Research Council-funded multi-centre study in Australia, focussing on the time and resource implications of such applications in 2007 and 2008.

RESULTS: Applications were submitted to 16 hospital and two university human research ethics committees. The total time to gain final approval from each committee ranged between 13 and 77 days (median = 46 days); the entire process took 16 months to complete and the research officer's time was estimated to cost $A34 143.

CONCLUSIONS: Obstacles to timely human research ethics committee approval are reviewed, including recent, planned and potential initiatives that could improve the ethics approval of multi-centre research.

Governing through community? A comparative study of changing management practices in mixed tenure housing development

An important feature of UK housing policy has been the promotion of consortia between local authorities, private developers and housing associations in order to develop mixed tenure estates to meet a wide range of housing needs. Central to this approach has been a focus on the management of neighbourhoods, based on the assumption that high densities and the inter-mixing of tenure exacerbates the potential for incivility and anti-social behaviour and exerts a disproportionate impact on residents' quality of life. Landlord strategies are therefore based on a need to address such issues at an early stage in the development. In some cases community-based, third sector organisations are established in order to manage community assets and to provide a community development service to residents. In others, a common response is to appoint caretakers and wardens to tackle social and environmental problems before they escalate and undermine residents’ quality of life. A number of innovative developments have promoted such neighbourhood governance approaches to housing practice by applying community development methods to address potential management problems. In the process, there is an increasing trend towards strategies that shape behaviour, govern ethical conduct, promote aesthetic standards and determine resident and landlord expectations. These processes can be related to the wider concept of governmentality whereby residents are encouraged to become actively engaged in managing their own environments, based on the assumption that this produces more cohesive, integrated communities and projects positive images. Evidence is emerging from a number of countries that increasingly integrated and mutually supportive roles and relationships between public, private and third sector agencies are transforming neighbourhood governance in similar ways. This paper will review the evidence for this trend towards community governance in mixed housing developments by drawing on a series of UK case studies prepared for two national agencies in 2007. It will review in particular the contractual arrangements with different tenures, identify codes and guidelines promoting 'good neighbour' behaviour and discuss the role of community development trusts and other neighbourhood organisations in providing facilities and services, designed to generate a well integrated community. The second part of the paper will review evidence from the USA and Australia to see how far there is a convergence in this respect in advanced economies. The paper will conclude by discussing the extent to which housing management practice is changing, particularly in areas of mixed development, whether there is a convergence in practice between different countries and how far these trends are supported by theories of governmentality.

Ethics in government and business

Canadians appear to hold the activities of those in government and in big business in low esteem. Media reports of several high-profile political and corporate instances of unethical conduct have reinforced the public's concern for the status of ethical conduct and honesty in government and in big business. The response by public and private sector managers to unethical conduct by employees is largely in the form of 'ethical rules' which both sectors agree provide a measure of certainty as to the ethical conduct expected from employees. Since research on ethics in the public and private sectors is limited and since ethics is a topic of increasing concern to both sectors, this thesis provides data that could assist managers in dealing with the issue of ethical conduct within their respective organizations. The purpose of this thesis is to compare the state of ethical conduct within public and private sector organizations in Canada. This is accomplished through a description and analysis of the approaches taken by the public and private sectors as well as the four professions of law, engineering, accountancy and medicine. Ethical conduct within the public sector focuses on the ethical behaviour of public servants rather than elected officials. The underlying intent of this thesis is to discover if contemporary ethical problems are similar in the public and iv private sectors with respect to the four ethical areas of conflict of interest, political activity, problem public comment and confidentiality. The comparative data on both public and private sector ethics are assessed and similarities and differences are identified. One major finding emerges from this study. Codes of ethics in both the public and private sectors are perceived by management to play an important role in the prevention of unethical conduct. A procedure for developing a code of ethics is presented along with recommendations as to the administration of a code of ethics. Finally, recommendations are made as to the role of education in ethics.

Key stakeholders' expectations of educational outcomes from Australian critical care nursing courses: a Delphi study

Background
Educational preparation for critical care nursing in Australia varies considerably in terms of the level of qualification resulting in a lack of clarity for key stakeholders about student outcomes.

Objectives
The study aim was to identify and reach consensus regarding the desired learning outcomes from Australian post-registration critical care education programs as demonstrated through the graduate's knowledge, skills and attitudes.

Design
A Delphi technique was used to establish consensus between educators, managers, clinicians and students regarding learning outcomes expected of graduates with a Graduate Certificate, Graduate Diploma and Master level qualification in critical care nursing.

Participants
A total of 164 critical care nurses (66 clinicians, 48 educators, 32 managers and 18 students) participated and 99 questionnaires were returned in the first round (response rate 60%). Fifty-seven questionnaires were returned for Round 2 (response rate 58%).

Methods
Learning outcomes were obtained from the Australian College of Critical Care Nurses Competency Standards for Specialist Critical Care Nurses. Some statements included more than one characteristic, and these were split to create learning outcomes with one characteristic per item. A survey of Australian higher education providers of critical care education provided additional learning outcomes, for a total of 73 learning outcomes for the first Delphi round.

Results
Findings suggest that patient comfort, safety, professional responsibility and ethical conduct are deemed most important for all three levels of educational preparation. There was a lack of emphasis on clinical practice issues for all levels. Participants placed higher emphasis on learning outcomes related to complex decision-making, leadership, supervision, policy development and research for Graduate Diploma and Master level programs.

Conclusion
The findings have implications for curriculum development and the profession with regards to the level of educational preparation required of critical care nurses and suggest that further work is required before clear recommendations can be made for desired educational outcomes from critical care nursing programs in Australia.

Competing on the higher ground : social expectations and sport

Research in sport ethics has traditionally focused on the ethical dimensions of the sport event and athletes, however the examination of the principles of ethics to the management and organisation of sport is a relatively recent phenomenon. The tension between the roles and responsibilities of sport as a business, and sport as an ethical and moral aspect of society has forced sport organisations to face an increased number of complex ethical dilemmas. As sport systems throughout the world become further professionalised and bureaucratised, the community understanding of what is ‘good’ is challenged. It is a commonly held expectation that there should be a high level of moral behaviour from those participating directly in the sport event (athletes, coaches, referees), however this expectation has extended to the sporting clubs and organisations which govern the sport itself.

Often used interchangeably, ethics and morality are complex terms concentrating on issues of right and wrong behaviour. Beauchamp and Bowie (1993) stated that the term morality suggests a social institution, composed of a set of standards which are pervasively acknowledged by the members of a culture, or alternatively a social construction. The application of ethics and moral values to the business environment applies across all sectors, including for-profit, non-profit and government, however Rubin (1990) found that the normative ethics, those which society accepts as ethical behaviour, varies from sector to sector. In the non-profit sector, to which many sport organisations belong, Rubin (1990) found that because the community expects more ‘good’, they accept less ‘bad’. As many sport organisations throughout the world remain largely non-profit, linked with the commonly held belief that sport is a foundation for moral behaviours, the idealistic expectation of ethical conduct placed upon them may be different to those of more mainstream business organisations.

Mewett (2003) noted the importance of sport as a social phenomenon which ramifies widely through society to become an intrinsic part of culture and community life. The different expectations of ethical conduct and moral value placed on sport organisations increases the public interest in the ethical dilemmas faced by these organisations. Using the concept of conflict of interest as an example, this paper will examine the tension and difference between the community and social understanding and expectations of sport, and those of the sport organisations themselves.

The legal profession and the business of law

‘Professional Responsibility and Ethics’ is one of the ‘Priestley 11’ law subjects compulsorily undertaken by Australian law students who aspire to be admitted to practice. Many of the brightest join the major corporate law firms. Nevertheless, there is little theoretical analysis of how those firms are functioning to affect the professional and ethical conduct of their practitioners in the neoliberal state. In this article it is argued that in the mature and highly competitive marketplace for legal services, rather than working as autonomous professionals, corporate lawyers are now finding themselves working more and more as functionaries subservient to the dictates of their corporate clients. Drawing on interviews with Australian major law firm corporate lawyers and Charles Derber’s theory on the proletarianisation of professional workers, it is argued that corporate lawyers are losing key elements of their professional identity in the impetus to maintain the client list and the profit motive. Furthermore, as the balance of power in the corporate legal sector is shifting from law firms to clients, the professional ethics of law firm lawyers are at risk of being compromised as they find themselves being reduced to little more than ‘flush’ factory fodder for the major corporations.

On a neglected argument in French philosophy: Sceptical humanism in Montaigne, Voltaire and Camus

This paper wants to draw out a common argument in three great philosophers and littérateurs in modern French thought: Michel de Montaigne, Voltaire, and Albert Camus. The argument makes metaphysical and theological scepticism the first premise for a universalistic political ethics, as per Voltaire's: "it is clearer still that we ought to be tolerant of one another, because we are all weak, inconsistent, liable to fickleness and error." The argument, it seems to me, presents an interestingly overlooked, deeply important and powerful contribution to the philosophical discourse of modernity. On one hand, theological and post-structuralist critics of "humanism" usually take the latter to depend either on an essentialist philosophical anthropology, or a progressive philosophy of history. The former, it is argued, is philosophically contestable and ethically contentious (since however we define the human "essence," we are bound to exclude some "others"). The latter, for better or worse, is a continuation of theological eschatology by another name. So both, if not "modernity" per se, should somehow be rejected. But an ethical universalism - like that we find in Montaigne, Bayle, Voltaire, or Camus - which does not claim familiarity with metaphysical or eschatological truths, but humbly confesses our epistemic finitude, seeing in this the basis for ethical solidarity, eludes these charges. On the other hand, philosophical scepticism plays a large role in the post-structuralist criticisms of modern institutions and ideas in ways which have been widely taken to license forms of ethics which problematically identify responsibility, with taking a stand unjustifiable by recourse to universalizable reasons. But, in Montaigne, Voltaire and Camus, our ignorance concerning the highest or final truths does not close off, but rather opens up, a new descriptive sensitivity to the foibles and complexities of human experience: a sensitivity reflected amply, and often hilariously, in their literary productions. As such, a critical agnosticism concerning claims about things "in the heavens and beneath the earth" does not, for such a "sceptical humanism," necessitate decisionism or nihilism. Instead, it demands a redoubled ethical sensitivity to the complexities and plurality of political life which sees the dignity of "really-existing" others, whatever their metaphysical creeds, as an inalienable first datum of ethical conduct and reflection. After tracking these arguments in Montaigne, Voltaire, and Camus, the essay closes by reflecting on, and contesting, one more powerful theological argument against modern agnosticism's allegedly deleterious effects on ethical culture: that acknowledging ignorance concerning the highest things robs us of the basis for awe or wonder, the wellspring of human beings' highest ethical, aesthetic, and spiritual achievements.

A importância da gestão da comunicação e da informação nas empresas socialmente responsáveis

This paper studies the communication and information management in the perspective of corporate social responsibility. We assume that a company becomes socially responsible when it’s necessary implementing a communication and information policy able to align their business management processes to social responsibility policies, thus creating the necessary, fundamental synergy to their audiences. We raised the hypothesis that corporate social responsibility, in order to be incorporated on a business process management, necessarily involves a transformation in the form of information management and communication - understood as strategic skills which enable the generation of knowledge creation value and the acquisition of awareness of ethical conduct and company's corporate organizational culture as a mirror, reflected to its internal and external audiences. Therefore, this study was supported by a case study in a retail company in Bauru city, regarded as a socially responsible company. Thus, we proceeded to develop a descriptive-exploratory field research, by using the technique of structured interviews which were conducted with the most representative considered leaders of the company - management, store managers, responsible CSR department and advertising agency

Comunicação organizacional, informação e responsabilidade social: uma nova relação

Study on the Organizational Communication and the information from the perspective of the corporate social responsibility (CSR). Presumes that the CSR to be incorporated into a process of business management involves a transformation in the ways of communication and information management. The objective is to think about the essential function of the communication and information as strategic competences of socially responsible companies, in the knowledge generation, in the value creation and in the incorporation of awareness of ethical conduct and company’s corporate, as reflector of its organizational culture, reflected to its stakeholders.

Redes sociais digitais e a comunicação interna: manual de conduta como ferramenta estratégica para as organizações

Pós-graduação em Comunicação - FAAC

Religião, ética e axiologia no campo empresarial: um estudo das empresas que adotam a cultura da excelência

Este trabalho tem como objeto de estudo a ética e a constituição dos valores que fundamentam os campos religioso e empresarial e suas similaridades levando em consideração os aspectos socio-antropológicos. A ética dentro do campo das organizações empresariais vem se tornando tema de fundamental importância não apenas na visão dos empresários, mas, principalmente, na visão dos investidores e consumidores, e, muitas vezes, tem definido o sucesso ou o fracasso dessas organizações. A religião é aqui estudada como um fato social e cultural que influencia e é influenciada por outros fenômenos sócio-culturais. A pergunta principal que norteia este trabalho é se há influência de valores religiosos na formulação da conduta ética empresarial, tendo como universo de pesquisa os ciclos de premiação do Prêmio Nacional da Qualidade (PNQ). Buscando respostas para esta questão são abordados os aspectos simbólicos dos rituais de premiação; os valores culturais que permeiam os campos religioso e empresarial; e, uma análise da conduta ética empresarial tendo como referência a implementação da Cultura da Excelência do PNQ, com destaque aos seus critérios de excelência que têm incorporado as demandas de mercado, tais como responsabilidade social, ambiental e ética.(AU)

Religião, ética e axiologia no campo empresarial: um estudo das empresas que adotam a cultura da excelência

Este trabalho tem como objeto de estudo a ética e a constituição dos valores que fundamentam os campos religioso e empresarial e suas similaridades levando em consideração os aspectos socio-antropológicos. A ética dentro do campo das organizações empresariais vem se tornando tema de fundamental importância não apenas na visão dos empresários, mas, principalmente, na visão dos investidores e consumidores, e, muitas vezes, tem definido o sucesso ou o fracasso dessas organizações. A religião é aqui estudada como um fato social e cultural que influencia e é influenciada por outros fenômenos sócio-culturais. A pergunta principal que norteia este trabalho é se há influência de valores religiosos na formulação da conduta ética empresarial, tendo como universo de pesquisa os ciclos de premiação do Prêmio Nacional da Qualidade (PNQ). Buscando respostas para esta questão são abordados os aspectos simbólicos dos rituais de premiação; os valores culturais que permeiam os campos religioso e empresarial; e, uma análise da conduta ética empresarial tendo como referência a implementação da Cultura da Excelência do PNQ, com destaque aos seus critérios de excelência que têm incorporado as demandas de mercado, tais como responsabilidade social, ambiental e ética.(AU)

BEHIND THE COMPUTER SCREEN: WHAT IRB PROFESSIONALS REALLY THINK ABOUT SOCIAL MEDIA RESEARCH

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Religião, ética e axiologia no campo empresarial: um estudo das empresas que adotam a cultura da excelência

Este trabalho tem como objeto de estudo a ética e a constituição dos valores que fundamentam os campos religioso e empresarial e suas similaridades levando em consideração os aspectos socio-antropológicos. A ética dentro do campo das organizações empresariais vem se tornando tema de fundamental importância não apenas na visão dos empresários, mas, principalmente, na visão dos investidores e consumidores, e, muitas vezes, tem definido o sucesso ou o fracasso dessas organizações. A religião é aqui estudada como um fato social e cultural que influencia e é influenciada por outros fenômenos sócio-culturais. A pergunta principal que norteia este trabalho é se há influência de valores religiosos na formulação da conduta ética empresarial, tendo como universo de pesquisa os ciclos de premiação do Prêmio Nacional da Qualidade (PNQ). Buscando respostas para esta questão são abordados os aspectos simbólicos dos rituais de premiação; os valores culturais que permeiam os campos religioso e empresarial; e, uma análise da conduta ética empresarial tendo como referência a implementação da Cultura da Excelência do PNQ, com destaque aos seus critérios de excelência que têm incorporado as demandas de mercado, tais como responsabilidade social, ambiental e ética.(AU)

Doing Research with Vulnerable Populations: The Case of Intravenous Drug Users

Article