959 resultados para estrutura do solo
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O principal problema ambiental causado pelo uso do solo em áreas de preservação permanente longitudinais aos rios é a supressão da mata ciliar. O tipo e a intensidade desse uso alteram a estrutura do solo e comprometem as funções físicas dessas áreas, principalmente próximo aos cursos d'água. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a sustentabilidade estrutural, a partir do ensaio de compressão uniaxial, de três classes de solo (Cambissolo Háplico, Argissolo Amarelo e Gleissolo Háplico) e o impacto de diferentes tipos de usos do solo - não permitido pela legislação ambiental - de áreas de preservação permanente na sub-bacia do rio Ribeira de Iguape, SP. Foram delimitadas na área experimental três classes de solo: Cambissolo, Argissolo e Gleissolo. Numa primeira etapa, compararam-se as três classes de solos sob mata nativa e sob pastagem. Na segunda, avaliou-se a influência de diferentes tipos de uso do solo - cultivo de banana, pastagem degradada, uso silvipastoril e mata nativa - sobre a estrutura de um Cambissolo. A pressão de preconsolidação mostrou-se ferramenta capaz de identificar a degradação nos solos. O uso do solo nas áreas de preservação permanente altera a pressão de preconsolidação do solo, causando sua degradação estrutural, colocando em risco a sustentabilidade das terras, e não deve ser permitido. O Gleissolo mostrou maiores valores de pressão de preconsolidação em função de teores crescentes de água e, portanto, maior capacidade de suporte de carga em relação ao Cambissolo e Argissolo. O cultivo de banana foi o tipo de uso que mais degradou os solos das áreas de preservação permanente.
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Recentemente, tem ocorrido um grande aumento na produção de aves, com destaque para a carne de peru, motivado pelo aumento das exportações e a conquista de novos mercados. Como conseqüência, tem sido gerada uma grande quantidade de resíduos orgânicos com potencial impacto sobre o ambiente. A cama de peru constitui-se no principal resíduo dessa atividade avícola, e uma das formas de sua utilização é a sua disposição em solos como condicionador de suas características físicas e químicas. Assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito da aplicação da cama de peru na estabilidade de agregados de um Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico, sob pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens, localizado em Uberlândia, no Triângulo Mineiro, Minas Gerais. A cama de peru foi aplicada nas dosagens de: 0 (controle), 1.200, 2.400 e 4.800 kg ha-1 e 2.400 kg ha-1 + adubação mineral (36 kg ha-1 N, 60 kg ha-1 K2O e 60 kg ha-1de P2O5). As aplicações foram realizadas em janeiro de 2004 e o solo amostrado em duas épocas distintas (60 e 210 dias após aplicação) nas camadas de 0-20 e 20-40 cm para análise da estabilidade de agregados, avaliada pela percentagem total de agregados, percentagem de agregados maiores que 2mm, menores que 0,25mm e diâmetro médio geométrico (DMG). Não houve efeito das dosagens de cama de peru aplicadas na agregação do solo, entretanto, independentemente da dose aplicada houve um aumento na estabilidade de agregados, ao longo do tempo, notadamente na camada de 0-20 cm.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Pós-graduação em Agronomia - FEIS
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Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Energia na Agricultura) - FCA
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Agricultural management systems can alter the physical and biological soil quality, interfering with crop development. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical and microbiological attributes of a Red Latosol, and its relationship to the biometric parameters of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), irrigated and grown under two management systems (conventional tillage and direct seeding), in Campinas in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The experimental design was of randomised blocks, with a split-plot arrangement for the management system and soil depth, analysed during the 2006/7 and 2007/8 harvest seasons, with 4 replications. The soil physical and microbiological attributes were evaluated at depths of 0.00-0.05, 0.05-0.10, 0.10-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m. The following were determined for the crop: density, number of pods per plant, number of beans per pod, thousand seed weight, total weight of the shoots and harvest index. Direct seeding resulted in a lower soil physical quality at a depth of 0.00-0.05 m compared to conventional tillage, while the opposite occurred at a depth of 0.05-0.10 m. The direct seeding showed higher soil biological quality, mainly indicated by the microbial biomass nitrogen, basal respiration and metabolic quotient. The biometric parameters in the bean were higher under the direct seeding compared to conventional tillage.
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Globally, increasing demands for biofuels have intensified the rate of land-use change (LUC) for expansion of bioenergy crops. In Brazil, the world\'s largest sugarcane-ethanol producer, sugarcane area has expanded by 35% (3.2 Mha) in the last decade. Sugarcane expansion has resulted in extensive pastures being subjected to intensive mechanization and large inputs of agrochemicals, which have direct implications on soil quality (SQ). We hypothesized that LUC to support sugarcane expansion leads to overall SQ degradation. To test this hypothesis we conducted a field-study at three sites in the central-southern region, to assess the SQ response to the primary LUC sequence (i.e., native vegetation to pasture to sugarcane) associated to sugarcane expansion in Brazil. At each land use site undisturbed and disturbed soil samples were collected from the 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm depths. Soil chemical and physical attributes were measured through on-farm and laboratory analyses. A dataset of soil biological attributes was also included in this study. Initially, the LUC effects on each individual soil indicator were quantified. Afterward, the LUC effects on overall SQ were assessed using the Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF). Furthermore, six SQ indexes (SQI) were developed using approaches with increasing complexity. Our results showed that long-term conversion from native vegetation to extensive pasture led to soil acidification, significant depletion of soil organic carbon (SOC) and macronutrients [especially phosphorus (P)] and severe soil compaction, which creates an unbalanced ratio between water- and air-filled pore space within the soil and increases mechanical resistance to root growth. Conversion from pasture to sugarcane improved soil chemical quality by correcting for acidity and increasing macronutrient levels. Despite those improvements, most of the P added by fertilizer accumulated in less plant-available P forms, confirming the key role of organic P has in providing available P to plants in Brazilian soils. Long-term sugarcane production subsequently led to further SOC depletions. Sugarcane production had slight negative impacts on soil physical attributes compared to pasture land. Although tillage performed for sugarcane planting and replanting alleviates soil compaction, our data suggested that the effects are short-term with persistent, reoccurring soil consolidation that increases erosion risk over time. These soil physical changes, induced by LUC, were detected by quantitative soil physical properties as well as by visual evaluation of soil structure (VESS), an on-farm and user-friendly method for evaluating SQ. The SMAF efficiently detected overall SQ response to LUC and it could be reliably used under Brazilian soil conditions. Furthermore, since all of the SQI values developed in this study were able to rank SQ among land uses. We recommend that simpler and more cost-effective SQI strategies using a small number of carefully chosen soil indicators, such as: pH, P, K, VESS and SOC, and proportional weighting within of each soil sectors (chemical, physical and biological) be used as a protocol for SQ assessments in Brazilian sugarcane areas. The SMAF and SQI scores suggested that long-term conversion from native vegetation to extensive pasture depleted overall SQ, driven by decreases in chemical, physical and biological indicators. In contrast, conversion from pasture to sugarcane had no negative impacts on overall SQ, mainly because chemical improvements offset negative impacts on biological and physical indicators. Therefore, our findings can be used as scientific base by farmers, extension agents and public policy makers to adopt and develop management strategies that sustain and/or improving SQ and the sustainability of sugarcane production in Brazil.
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Organo-mineral fertilizers have been used to both meet plants’ nutritional needs and reduce producers’ reliance on mineral fertilizers. This practice improves both the use of nutrients by plants and the soil structure due to the organic matter in these fertilizers. This study aimed to determine the effect of organic matter sources in the composition of organomineral fertilizers and compare it to the effect of traditional mineral fertilizers when it comes to the initial development of sorghum. Research was carried out in a greenhouse at the Federal University of Uberlandia, in Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Sorghum seeds of grain-bearing simple hybrid 1G100 were used in the seeding process. The experiment followed a randomized complete block design in a 4 x 3 + 2 factorial arrangement. Factors included four levels (50, 75, 100 and 125% of 450 kg ha-1, which is the recommended dose for sorghum crops), three organic matter sources in the composition of the organomineral fertilizers (sewage sludge, filter cake, and peat), a control (100% mineral fertilizer), and an untreated check (no fertilizers). Each experimental plot consisted of four plants divided into two pots. Oxisol was used in all pots. Analyses were performed at 30 and 60 days after seeding (DAS) and targeted: plant height, stem diameter, chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B, and leaf area. After this period, plants were removed from the soil, and had their aerial parts isolated to be dried in an air-forced oven before measurement of their dry mass. Means of the organomineral fertilizers outperformed those of both control and untreated check plots in almost all variables at 30 DAS. The only exception was variable stem diameter, in which organomineral fertilizers outperformed untreated check plots only. Sorghum fertilized with organomineral fertilizers also showed positive results in the variables analyzed at 60 DAS: even with dose reduction, their means were similar to those found in control plots. Organomineral fertilizers had higher means in some variables, such as diameter and dry mass of the aerial part, than both control and untreated check plots. In the conditions set in this study and considering the variables herein reported, organomineral fertilizers can substitute mineral fertilizers in the initial development of sorghum, even with some dose reductions.
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Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, 2016.
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A condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado (Ksat) constitui parâmetro de grande relevância nos estudos de vulnerabilidade natural e, por consequência, na avaliação de riscos ambientais. Quando se trata de áreas frágeis, como são as áreas de recarga de aquíferos sedimentares, a avaliação da condutividade hidráulica torna-se ainda mais importante. Para esse estudo, selecionou-se uma área de recarga direta do Aquífero Guarani, caracterizada pela microbacia do córrego Espraiado, localizada na região de Ribeirão Preto (SP). Os principais solos dessa microbacia são Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico psamítico (LVdq) e Neossolo Quartzarênico Órtico (RQo). Para a avaliação da condutividade hidráulica (Ksat) desses solos utilizou- se o método da coluna saturada, cujos valores foram correlacionados com os de textura e estrutura do solo, considerados os parâmetros diretamente relacionados à Ksat. As correlações foram diretas entre os valores de Ksat e os de textura arenosa (areia). Já para a estrutura do solo, essa correlação ocorreu de forma indireta, indicando menor influência desse parâmetro sobre a condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado.