Time-order errors and standard-position effects in duration discrimination: An experimental study and an analysis by the sensation-weighting model

Studies have shown that the discriminability of successive time intervals depends on the presentation order of the standard (St) and the comparison (Co) stimuli. Also, this order affects the point of subjective equality. The first effect is here called the standard-position effect (SPE); the latter is known as the time-order error. In the present study, we investigated how these two effects vary across interval types and standard durations, using Hellström’s sensation-weighting model to describe the results and relate them to stimulus comparison mechanisms. In Experiment 1, four modes of interval presentation were used, factorially combining interval type (filled, empty) and sensory modality (auditory, visual). For each mode, two presentation orders (St–Co, Co–St) and two standard durations (100 ms, 1,000 ms) were used; half of the participants received correctness feedback, and half of them did not. The interstimulus interval was 900 ms. The SPEs were negative (i.e., a smaller difference limen for St–Co than for Co–St), except for the filled-auditory and empty-visual 100-ms standards, for which a positive effect was obtained. In Experiment 2, duration discrimination was investigated for filled auditory intervals with four standards between 100 and 1,000 ms, an interstimulus interval of 900 ms, and no feedback. Standard duration interacted with presentation order, here yielding SPEs that were negative for standards of 100 and 1,000 ms, but positive for 215 and 464 ms. Our findings indicate that the SPE can be positive as well as negative, depending on the interval type and standard duration, reflecting the relative weighting of the stimulus information, as is described by the sensation-weighting model.

DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS, MEAN SQUARED ERRORS, AND CONFIDENCE LIMITS FOR RIDGE REGRESSION ESTIMATORS

A large number of ridge regression estimators have been proposed and used with little knowledge of their true distributions. Because of this lack of knowledge, these estimators cannot be used to test hypotheses or to form confidence intervals.^ This paper presents a basic technique for deriving the exact distribution functions for a class of generalized ridge estimators. The technique is applied to five prominent generalized ridge estimators. Graphs of the resulting distribution functions are presented. The actual behavior of these estimators is found to be considerably different than the behavior which is generally assumed for ridge estimators.^ This paper also uses the derived distributions to examine the mean squared error properties of the estimators. A technique for developing confidence intervals based on the generalized ridge estimators is also presented. ^

Notes of proceedings and cases determined in the high court of errors and appeals, the court of chancery, and the orphans court of the state of Delaware, 1792-1832

Contains summaries of cases heard by the Delaware Supreme Court and the Delaware Appeals Court in the counties of Sussex, Kent, and Newcastle covering a variety of legal topics. Supposedly based on Wilson's Red Book.

Economics of Policy Errors and Learning in the European Union. Bruges European Economic Policy (BEEP) Briefing 31/2013

Policy errors occur regularly in EU Member States. Learning from these errors can be beneficial. This paper explains how the European Union can facilitate this learning. At present, much attention is given to “best practices”. But learning from mistakes is also valuable. The paper develops the concept of “avoidable error” and examines evidence from infringement proceedings and special reports of the European Court of Auditors which indicate that Member States do indeed commit avoidable errors. The paper considers how Member States may take measures not to repeat avoidable or predictable errors and makes appropriate proposals.

Asymptotic estimation of errors and derivatives for the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations,

"Supported in part by contract US AEC AT(11-1)2383."

A free examination of the common methods employed to prevent the growth of popery : in which are pointed out their defects and errors, and the advantages they give papists.

Mode of access: Internet.

Reports of cases argued and determined in the Supreme Court and, at law, in the Court of Errors and Appeals of the State of New Jersey.

Title varies slightly.

A chronicle of the kings of England. From the time of the Romans government, unto the death of King James. Containing all passages of state and church, with all other observations proper for a chronicle ... Whereunto is added, the reign of King Charles the first, and the first thirteen years of his sacred majesty, King Charles the second ... All which additions are revised in this eighth impression, and freed from many errors and mistakes of the former editions.

The histories of Charles the first and Charles the second are by Edward Phillips; the account of the restoration is by Sir Thomas Clarges--Dict. of Nat. Biog.

An authentic biography of General La Fayette. In which many errors and deficiencies existing in the memoirs heretofore published, are corrected and supplied.

Mode of access: Internet.

Ten minutes advice in choosing cigars; with a word or two on tobacco, and something about snuff. Exposing many popular errors, and detailing all the secrets of the trade, etc.

Mode of access: Internet.

The spirit's sword; or, The truth defended from errors and popular delusions.

Mode of access: Internet.

The theory of errors and method of least squares,

Mode of access: Internet.

An examination of Commodore Porter's Exposition in which some of the errors and inaccuracies of that publication are rectified, and some of its deficiencies supplied.

Mode of access: Internet.