Achieving low cost and high quality aero structure assembly through integrated digital metrology systems

Measurement assisted assembly (MAA) has the potential to facilitate a step change in assembly efficiency for large structures such as airframes through the reduction of rework, manually intensive processes and expensive monolithic assembly tooling. It is shown how MAA can enable rapid part-to-part assembly, increased use of flexible automation, traceable quality assurance and control, reduced structure weight and improved aerodynamic tolerances. These advances will require the development of automated networks of measurement instruments; model based thermal compensation, the automatic integration of 'live' measurement data into variation simulation and algorithms to generate cutting paths for predictive shimming and drilling processes. This paper sets out an architecture for digital systems which will enable this integrated approach to variation management. © 2013 The Authors.

Radiological imaging in digital systems: the effect of exposure parameters in diagnostic quality and patient dose

Esta tese pretende contribuir para o estudo e análise dos factores relacionados com as técnicas de aquisição de imagens radiológicas digitais, a qualidade diagnóstica e a gestão da dose de radiação em sistema de radiologia digital. A metodologia encontra-se organizada em duas componentes. A componente observacional, baseada num desenho do estudo de natureza retrospectiva e transversal. Os dados recolhidos a partir de sistemas CR e DR permitiram a avaliação dos parâmetros técnicos de exposição utilizados em radiologia digital, a avaliação da dose absorvida e o índice de exposição no detector. No contexto desta classificação metodológica (retrospectiva e transversal), também foi possível desenvolver estudos da qualidade diagnóstica em sistemas digitais: estudos de observadores a partir de imagens arquivadas no sistema PACS. A componente experimental da tese baseou-se na realização de experiências em fantomas para avaliar a relação entre dose e qualidade de imagem. As experiências efectuadas permitiram caracterizar as propriedades físicas dos sistemas de radiologia digital, através da manipulação das variáveis relacionadas com os parâmetros de exposição e a avaliação da influência destas na dose e na qualidade da imagem. Utilizando um fantoma contrastedetalhe, fantomas antropomórficos e um fantoma de osso animal, foi possível objectivar medidas de quantificação da qualidade diagnóstica e medidas de detectabilidade de objectos. Da investigação efectuada, foi possível salientar algumas conclusões. As medidas quantitativas referentes à performance dos detectores são a base do processo de optimização, permitindo a medição e a determinação dos parâmetros físicos dos sistemas de radiologia digital. Os parâmetros de exposição utilizados na prática clínica mostram que a prática não está em conformidade com o referencial Europeu. Verifica-se a necessidade de avaliar, melhorar e implementar um padrão de referência para o processo de optimização, através de novos referenciais de boa prática ajustados aos sistemas digitais. Os parâmetros de exposição influenciam a dose no paciente, mas a percepção da qualidade de imagem digital não parece afectada com a variação da exposição. Os estudos que se realizaram envolvendo tanto imagens de fantomas como imagens de pacientes mostram que a sobreexposição é um risco potencial em radiologia digital. A avaliação da qualidade diagnóstica das imagens mostrou que com a variação da exposição não se observou degradação substancial da qualidade das imagens quando a redução de dose é efectuada. Propõe-se o estudo e a implementação de novos níveis de referência de diagnóstico ajustados aos sistemas de radiologia digital. Como contributo da tese, é proposto um modelo (STDI) para a optimização de sistemas de radiologia digital.

Efficacy of several digital radiographic imaging systems for laboratory determination of endodontic file length

P>AimTo compare the efficacy of different digital radiographic imaging systems for determining the length of endodontic files.MethodologyK-type endodontic files were introduced into the canals of 40 extracted human permanent single-rooted teeth and fixed in place at random lengths. The teeth were radiographed using Digora Optime (R), CygnusRay MPS (R) and CDR Wireless (R) digital imaging systems. Six observers measured every file length in all the images and repeated this procedure in 50% of the image samples, and assigned a score to the level of difficulty found. Analysis of variance for differences between digital systems and Tukey's test were performed. The level of intraobserver agreement was measured by intraclass correlation. The assigned scores were evaluated by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests.ResultsThe CDR Wireless values did not differ significantly from the actual lengths and the CygnusRay MPS values. The Digora Optime system was significantly different from the others and overestimated the values (P < 0.05). The Digora Optime was significantly easier to use for taking measurements and the CygnusRay MPS the most difficult (P < 0.05). All digital radiographic imaging systems showed excellent agreement with the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient > 0.95.ConclusionsThe three digital radiographic imaging systems were precise. The CDR Wireless system was significantly more accurate in determining endodontic file lengths, and similarly to Digora Optime, was considered the least difficult to use when assessing endodontic file lengths.

Comparison of simulated periodontal bone defect depth measured in digital radiographs in dedicated and non-dedicated software systems

Objectives: To compare simulated periodontal bone defect depth measured in digital radiographs with dedicated and non-dedicated software systems and to compare the depth measurements from each program with the measurements in dry mandibles.Methods: Forty periodontal bone defects were created at the proximal area of the first premolar in dry pig mandibles. Measurements of the defects were performed with a periodontal probe in the dry mandible. Periapical digital radiographs of the defects were recorded using the Schick sensor in a standardized exposure setting. All images were read using a Schick dedicated software system (CDR DICOM for Windows v.3.5), and three commonly available non-dedicated software systems (Vix Win 2000 v.1.2; Adobe Photoshop 7.0 and Image Tool 3.0). The defects were measured three times in each image and a consensus was reached among three examiners using the four software systems. The difference between the radiographic measurements was analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and by comparing the measurements from each software system with the dry mandibles measurements using Student's t-test.Results: the mean values of the bone defects measured in the radiographs were 5.07 rum, 5.06 rum, 5.01 mm and 5.11 mm for CDR Digital Image and Communication in Medicine (DICOM) for Windows, Vix Win, Adobe Photoshop, and Image Tool, respectively, and 6.67 mm for the dry mandible. The means of the measurements performed in the four software systems were not significantly different, ANOVA (P = 0.958). A significant underestimation of defect depth was obtained when we compared the mean depths from each software system with the dry mandible measurements (t-test; P congruent to 0.000).Conclusions: the periodontal bone defect measurements in dedicated and in three non-dedicated software systems were not significantly different, but they all underestimated the measurements when compared with the measurements obtained in the dry mandibles.

Caracterização de um sistema digital de aquisição de imagens radiográficas utilizando nêutrons térmicos e raios gama para a inspeção de componentes mecânicos.

Ensaio não destrutivo é uma ferramenta essencial quando um equipamento, dispositivo ou componente não pode ser submetido a procedimentos destrutivos ou invasivos devido a razões de segurança, alto custo ou outras restrições físicas ou logísticas. Dentro deste quadro radiografias por transmissão com raios gama e nêutrons térmicos são técnicas singulares para inspecionar um objeto e desvendar sua estrutura interna devido à capacidade de atravessar uma vasta gama de materiais utilizados na indústria. Grosso modo, raios gama são mais atenuados por materiais pesados enquanto nêutrons térmicos são mais atenuados por materiais mais leves, tornando-as ferramentas complementares. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados obtidos na inspeção de vários componentes mecânicos, através da radiografia por transmissão com nêutrons térmicos e raios gama. O fluxo de nêutrons térmicos de 4,46x105 n.cm-2.s-1 disponível no canal principal do reator de pesquisa Argonauta do Instituto de Engenharia Nuclear foi usado como fonte para as imagens radiográficas com nêutrons. Raios dekeV emitidos pelo 198Au, também produzido no reator, foram usados como fonte de radiação para radiografias . Imaging Plates, especificamente produzidos para operar com nêutrons térmicos ou com raios X, foram empregados como detectores e dispositivos de armazenamento e captação de imagens para cada uma dessas radiações. Esses dispositivos exibem varias vantagens quando comparados ao filme radiográfico convencional. Com efeito, além de maior sensibilidade e serem reutilizáveis não são necessários câmaras escuras e processamento químico para a revelação. Em vez disso, ele é lido por um feixe de laser que libera elétrons armadilhados na rede cristalina durante a exposição à radiação, fornecendo uma imagem final digital. O desempenho de ambos os sistemas de aquisição de imagens, assim constituído, foi avaliado com respeito à sensibilidade, resolução espacial, linearidade e range dinâmico, incluído uma comparação com sistemas radiográficos com nêutrons empregando filmes e folhas de gadolínio como conversor de nêutrons em partículas carregadas. Além desta caracterização, diversos equipamentos e componentes foram radiografados com ambos os sistemas visando-se avaliar suas capacidades de desvendar a estrutura interna desses objetos e detectar estruturas e estados anormais. Dentro desta abordagem, uma neutrongrafia detectou a presença de material cerâmico remanescente empregado como molde no processo de fabricação nos canais de refrigeração de uma aleta do estator de uma turbina tipo turbo-fan, que deveria estar livre desse material. O reostato danificado de um sensor de pressão automotivo, foi identificado por neutrongrafia, embora nesse caso a radiografia também conseguiu realizar essa tarefa com melhor resolução, corroborando assim as curvas de resolução espacial obtidas na caracterização dos dois sistemas. A homogeneidade da distribuição do material encapsulado em uma gaxeta explosiva de chumbo utilizada na indústria aeroespacial foi igualmente verificada por neutrongrafia porque esse metal é relativamente transparente para nêutrons, mas suficientemente opaco para o explosivo rico em hidrogênio. Diversos outros instrumentos e componentes tais como variômetro, altímetro, bússola aeronáutica, injetor automotivo de combustível, foto-camera, disco rígido de computador, motor de passo, conectores eletrônicos e projéteis foram radiografados com ambos os sistemas visando avaliar suas habilidades em desvendar diferentes peculiaridades em função do agente interrogador.

Caracterización y ajuste del factor de magnificación para radiología digital de cadera

Introducción. Las imágenes obtenidas mediante rayos X, determinan una conducta clínica en ortopedia y son analizadas por parte del cirujano en el momento previo a realizar un acto quirúrgico. El planeamiento pre quirúrgico basado en radiografías de cadera, permite predecir el tamaño de los componentes protésicos a utilizar en un reemplazo de cadera. Con el advenimiento de las radiografías digitales, existe la falsa percepción de que estas tienen corregido el factor de magnificación. La corrección de dicho factor requiere un protocolo de calibración de imágenes, aún no implementado en la Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá (FSFB). Como consecuencia, las radiografías de cadera actualmente resultan magnificadas. Materiales y métodos. Fueron seleccionados 73 pacientes con reemplazo articular total de la cadera intervenidos en la FSFB. Para cada paciente, se estableció la dimensión de la cabeza protésica en la radiografía de cadera obtenida mediante el sistema de radiología digital (PACS-IMPAX) y su tamaño fue comparado con el de la cabeza femoral implantada. Resultados. La concordancia entre los dos observadores al medir la dimensión radiológica de los componentes protésicos fue excelente y el coeficiente de magnificación promedio de 1.2 (20%). Este será introducido al PACS-IMPAX para ajustar el tamaño definitivo de la radiografía. Conclusión. El ajuste del PACS-IMPAX permite obtener radiografías en las cuales se refleja con mayor precisión el tamaño de los segmentos anatómicos y de los componentes protésicos.

Digital Radiographic Evaluation of the Level of Alveolar Bone Crest in External Hexagon Implants Submitted to 2 Types of Implant Abutments Under Immediate Loading

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate by means of digital radiography the behavior of the alveolar bone crest in external hexagon implants following the use of 2 different types of abutments, one for conventional cemented prosthesis and one for modified cemented prosthesis.Methods: Ten external hexagon implants (platform 4.1) were placed in 5 patients. Initial instrumentation was carried out to obtain primary stability of the temporary prostheses under immediate loading. Each patient received both abutments for conventional and modified cemented prosthesis. Standardized digital periapical radiographies were performed at times T0 (immediately after implant placement) and T1 (4 months after implant placement). A straight line was initially established from the implant platform to the distal and mesial periimplantar marginal bone tissue (immediately in contact with the implant) and measured by digital radiography, using Sidexis version 2.3 (Sirona Dental Systems GmbH, Bensheim, Germany) software. The data were submitted to paired-samples t-test analysis.Results: There was no significant difference between the conventional and modified cemented prosthesis. In both cases, t-test results were within the null hypothesis level.Conclusion: The abutment for the modified cemented prosthesis resulted in no significant radiographic difference of alveolar bone crest height, when compared with the conventional cemented prostheses.

Comparison between embossed digital imaging and unprocessed film-based radiography in detecting periodontal bone defects: an in vitro study

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Analysis of Apical Root Transportation Associated with Protaper Universal F3 and F4 Instruments by Using Digital Subtraction Radiography

Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of apical root transportation after the use of Pro Taper Universal rotary files sizes 3 (F3) and 4 (F4). Methods: Instruments were worked to the apex of the original canal, always by the same operator. Digital subtraction radiography images were produced in buccolingual and mesiodistal projections. A total of 25 radiographs were taken from root canals of human maxillary first molars with curvatures varying from 23-31 degrees. Quantitative data were analyzed by intraclass correlation coefficient and Wilcoxon nonparametric test (P = .05). Results: Buccolingual images revealed a significantly higher degree of apical transportation associated with F4 instruments when compared with F3 instruments in relation to the original canal (Wilcoxon test, P = .007). No significant difference was observed in mesiodistal images (P = .492). Conclusions: F3 instruments should be used with care in curved canals, and F4 instruments should be avoided in apical third preparation of curved canals. (J Endod 2010;36:1052-1055)

Digital versus conventional radiography for determination of primary incisor length

Aim: This in vitro study evaluated the accuracy of primary incisor lengths determined by digital and conventional radiography compared to the actual tooth length. Methods: Twenty extracted primary maxillary incisors were mounted in acrylic blocks. Tooth length was estimated by using a straight-line measurement provided by the distance measurement tool of a digital dental imaging system (Computed Dental Radiography, Schick Technologies Inc.) and conventional E-speed film radiographs by using a digital caliper. Two operators familiar with both radiographic methods performed the estimates. The estimated tooth lengths were compared to the actual tooth lengths measured with the digital caliper. Data were statistically analyzed by Dahlberg's equation, paired t test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and ANOVA at 5% significance level. Results: There were no statistically significant differences (p = 0.85) between tooth length estimated on digital and conventional radiographs. Admitting as clinically acceptable a 0.5-mm discrepancy between the actual tooth lengths and the radiographically estimated lengths, 60% of the radiographic measurements were considered as accurate. When the acceptable difference range was 1.0 mm, the accuracy of the radiographic measurements increased to 100%. Conclusions: Digital and conventional radiography provided similar tooth length measurements and were equivalent to the actual tooth lengths.

Manipulação em imagens radiográficas odontológicas digitais e digitalizadas e a certificação digital

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Copper filtration in pediatric digital X-ray imaging: its impact on image quality and dose

The effect of copper (Cu) filtration on image quality and dose in different digital X-ray systems was investigated. Two computed radiography systems and one digital radiography detector were used. Three different polymethylmethacrylate blocks simulated the pediatric body. The effect of Cu filters of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mm thickness on the entrance surface dose (ESD) and the corresponding effective doses (EDs) were measured at tube voltages of 60, 66, and 73 kV. Image quality was evaluated in a contrast-detail phantom with an automated analyzer software. Cu filters of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mm thickness decreased the ESD by 25-32%, 32-39%, and 40-44%, respectively, the ranges depending on the respective tube voltages. There was no consistent decline in image quality due to increasing Cu filtration. The estimated ED of anterior-posterior (AP) chest projections was reduced by up to 23%. No relevant reduction in the ED was noted in AP radiographs of the abdomen and pelvis or in posterior-anterior radiographs of the chest. Cu filtration reduces the ESD, but generally does not reduce the effective dose. Cu filters can help protect radiosensitive superficial organs, such as the mammary glands in AP chest projections.

Transmission of digital chaotic and information-bearing signals in optical communication systems

A new proposal to have secure communications in a system is reported. The basis is the use of a synchronized digital chaotic systems, sending the information signal added to an initial chaos. The received signal is analyzed by another chaos generator located at the receiver and, by a logic boolean function of the chaotic and the received signals, the original information is recovered. One of the most important facts of this system is that the bandwidth needed by the system remain the same with and without chaos.

Flight guardian: a common avionics architecture for collision avoidance and safe emergency landing for unmanned aerial systems

This paper presents an approach to derive requirements for an avionics architecture that provides onboard sense-and-avoid and autonomous emergency forced landing capabilities to a UAS. The approach is based on two design paradigms that (1) derive requirements analyzing the common functionality between these two functions to then derive requirements for sensors, computing capability, interfaces, etc. (2) consider the risk and safety mitigation associated with these functions to derive certification requirements for the system design. We propose to use the Aircraft Certification Matrix (ACM) approach to tailor the system Development Assurance Levels (DAL) and architecture requirements in accordance with acceptable risk criteria. This architecture is developed under the name “Flight Guardian”. Flight Guardian is an avionics architecture that integrates common sensory elements that are essential components of any UAS that is required to be dependable. The Flight Guardian concept is also applicable to conventionally piloted aircraft, where it will serve to reduce cockpit workload.

Discrete phase-locked loop systems and spreadsheets

This paper demonstrates the use of a spreadsheet in exploring non-linear difference equations that describe digital control systems used in radio engineering, communication and computer architecture. These systems, being the focus of intensive studies of mathematicians and engineers over the last 40 years, may exhibit extremely complicated behaviour interpreted in contemporary terms as transition from global asymptotic stability to chaos through period-doubling bifurcations. The authors argue that embedding advanced mathematical ideas in the technological tool enables one to introduce fundamentals of discrete control systems in tertiary curricula without learners having to deal with complex machinery that rigorous mathematical methods of investigation require. In particular, in the appropriately designed spreadsheet environment, one can effectively visualize a qualitative difference in the behviour of systems with different types of non-linear characteristic.