Residual plastids of bleached mutants of Euglena gracilis and their effects on the expression of nucleus-encoded genes

Bleached mutants of Euglena gracilis were obtained by treatment with ofloxacin (Ofl) and streptomycin (Sm) respectively. As shown by electron microscopy, the residual plastids contain prothylakoids in an Ofl mutant, and the highly developed and tightly stacked membranous structure found in cells of two Sm, mutants. Nine genes of the plastid genome were examined with PCR, showing that ribosomal protein genes and most other plastid genes were lost in all but one Sm mutant. Using differential display and RT-PCR, it was shown that chloroplast degeneration could cause changes in transcription of certain nucleus-encoded genes during heterotrophic growth in darkness.

Identification of novel expressed sequences, up-regulated in the leucocytes of chronic fatigue syndrome patients

BACKGROUND: Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is an increasing medical phenomenon of unknown aetiology leading to high levels of chronic morbidity. Of the many hypotheses that purport to explain this disease, immune system activation, as a central feature, has remained prominent but unsubstantiated. Supporting this, a number of important cytokines have previously been shown to be over-expressed in disease subjects. The diagnosis of CFS is highly problematic since no biological markers specific to this disease have been identified. The discovery of genes relating to this condition is an important goal in seeking to correctly categorize and understand this complex syndrome. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to screen for changes in gene expression in the lymphocytes of CFS patients. METHODS: 'Differential Display' is a method for comparing mRNA populations for the induction or suppression of genes. In this technique, mRNA populations from control and test subjects can be 'displayed' by gel electrophoresis and screened for differing banding patterns. These differences are indicative of altered gene expression between samples, and the genes that correspond to these bands can be cloned and identified. Differential display has been used to compare expression levels between four control subjects and seven CFS patients. RESULTS: Twelve short expressed sequence tags have been identified that were over-expressed in lymphocytes from CFS patients. Two of these correspond to cathepsin C and MAIL1 - genes known to be upregulated in activated lymphocytes. The expression level of seven of the differentially displayed sequences have been verified by quantifying relative level of these transcripts using TAQman quantitative PCR. CONCLUSION: Taken as a whole, the identification of novel gene tags up-regulated in CFS patients adds weight to the idea that CFS is a disease characterized by subtle changes in the immune system.

Indução de síntese de homoglobina em células K562 por doxorrubicina e aclarrubicina : em busca de um mecanismo comum

As leucemias são neoplasias que afetam o sistema hematopoiético e compreendem 2,53% dos casos de câncer relatados. Entre as leucemias, 27,95% correspondem a casos de leucemia mielóide crônica (LMC), que apresenta como marcador genético o cromossomo Philadelphia (Ph). Presente em mais de 80% dos casos, o cromossomo Ph é derivado da translocação t(9;22) (q34;q11), que origina um gene híbrido entre a região 5´ do gene bcr e 3´do gene abl. O produto deste gene é uma proteína Bcr-Abl na qual a atividade reguladora e nuclear do domínio tirosina quinase, originado da proteína Abl, torna-se constitutiva e citoplasmática. Estas mudanças na atividade tirosina quinase afetam diferentes vias de sinalização, com consequências em vários processos celulares como adesão, proliferação e apoptose. Em nível fisiológico, foi mostrado tanto in vitro quanto in vivo que as células hematopoiéticas precursoras Ph+ se diferenciam principalmente em células eritróides. Entretanto, quase 70% dos pacientes com LMC sofrem anemia, mostrando que, as células Ph+ diferenciadas em células eritróides não conseguem amadurecer até hemácias funcionais. Isto faz da LMC um bom modelo para o estudo da diferenciação de células eritróides e suas características, como os fatores que afetam a sintese de hemoglobina (Hb). A linhagem K562 é uma linhagem celular eritroleucêmica Ph+, amplamente utilizada como modelo para estudar drogas com capacidade anti-proliferativa e/ou indutoras da síntese de hemoglobina fetal. Entre estas drogas encontram-se a aclarrubicina (ACLA) e doxorrubicina (DOX) que, embora sejam análogos químicos pertencentes à família das antraciclinas, possuem mecanismos de ação diferentes e ainda não completamente esclarecidos. Neste trabalho, foram investigados vários aspectos da biologia das células K562 durante o tratamento com estas drogas. Foi observado que o tratamento com DOX produz um aumento de tamanho nas células e bloqueio do ciclo celular na fase G2/M, afetando também grandemente a viabilidade celular, com 70% de células mortas no sétimo dia de tratamento. Já durante o tratamento com ACLA a viabilidade, tamanho e ciclo celular foram menos afetados, com aproximadamente 15% de células mortas no sétimo dia de tratamento e um bloqueio transitório do ciclo na fase G1. No entanto, as duas drogas causaram um aumento significativo da síntese de hemoglobina, principalmente DOX que induziu um aumento quase duas vezes maior que o induzido por ACLA. A análise da expressão gênica realizada através da técnica de differential display mostrou várias bandas diferencialmente representadas e com diversas cinéticas de expressão, apresentando semelhanças e diferenças quando são comparados os dois tratamentos ou células tratadas e controle. Destas bandas, 26 estão sequenciadas mostrando genes envolvidos em vários processos celulares como dano do DNA, resistência a drogas, processamento do RNA e codificação de proteinas relacionadas com ferro. Das bandas sequenciadas, 7 foram validadas por RT-PCR (ndrg1, erk2, nf2l2, atp6ap1, rfc1, phf20 e zkscan) sendo observado um aumento na sua expressão durante o tratamento, com exceção de ndrg1 para o qual a expressão foi induzida em vez de aumentada e nf2l2 onde a diferença com o controle foi pequena e não permitiu validar este gene como diferencialmente expresso. Com o objetivo de procurar por mecanismos comuns entre os vários indutores da síntese de hemoglobina em células K562, estes genes foram também analisados durante o tratamento destas células com os indutores hidroxiuréia e dGTP. Além de induzirem a expressão de hemoglobina, os dois tratamentos provocaram um aumento no tamanho das células tratadas e um bloqueio no ciclo celular na fase S. Visando futuros trabalhos envolvendo os genes diferencialmente expressos, foi ainda otimizado um sistema de transferência gênica por eletroporação. Para isto foram testados varios parâmetros como campo elétrico, resistência, capacitância, meios de eletroporação, manipulação das células e uso de inibidores de DNAses. Como resultado, foi alcançado com o eletroporador padrão uma eficiência de transfecção de 81%, similar àquela alcançada pelo nucleoporator (eletroporador de última geração). As condições estabelecidas foram 750 V/cm, resistência infinita, 500 μF, meio RPMI1640, centrifugação e sulfato de zinco pós-pulso. A relação das antraciclinas e a hidroxiuréia, assim como de outros indutores da síntese de hemoglobina, com o ferro intracelular, juntamente com a diferença na expressão, durante o tratamento, de genes afetados direta ou potencialmente pela não disponibilidade de ferro intracelular, nos permitiu gerar uma hipótese para a via de sinalização que leva à síntese de hemoglobina. Nesta, sinais de falta ou não disponibilidade de ferro nas células ativariam a maquinaria celular para a captação e internalização do ferro extra-celular, simultaneamente com síntese de proteínas que utilizam o ferro para realizar as suas funções biológicas, entre elas a hemoglobina. Do mesmo modo, propomos a via de sinalização do ferro como um alvo potencialmente afetado por drogas indutoras da síntese de hemoglobina, como as antraciclinas, cujos alvos são ainda pouco conhecidos. Contudo, mais genes desta via de sinalização, bem como outros indutores, deveram ser estudados para saber se a síntese de hemoglobina pode ser induzida por drogas mais específicas e com menos efeitos colaterais que aquelas usadas atualmente para o tratamento de câncer e outras doenças.

Transcriptional changes associated with recurrent airway obstruction in affected and unaffected horses

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Monitoramento da expressão gênica de Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri em diferentes condições ambientais

Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Biologia Celular e Molecular) - IBRC

Four-gene expression model predictive of lymph node metastases in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Background. Previous knowledge of cervical lymph node compromise may be crucial to choose the best treatment strategy in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Here we propose a set four genes, whose mRNA expression in the primary tumor predicts nodal status in OSCC, excluding tongue. Material and methods. We identified differentially expressed genes in OSCC with and without compromised lymph nodes using Differential Display RT-PCR. Known genes were chosen to be validated by means of Northern blotting or real time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). Thereafter we constructed a Nodal Index (NI) using discriminant analysis in a learning set of 35 patients, which was further validated in a second independent group of 20 patients. Results. Of the 63 differentially expressed known genes identified comparing three lymph node positive (pN+) and three negative (pN0) primary tumors, 23 were analyzed by Northern analysis or RT-PCR in 49 primary tumors. Six genes confirmed as differentially expressed were used to construct a NI, as the best set predictive of lymph nodal status, with the final result including four genes. The NI was able to correctly classify 32 of 35 patients comprising the learning group (88.6%; p = 0.009). Casein kinase 1alpha1 and scavenger receptor class B, member 2 were found to be up regulated in pN + group in contrast to small proline-rich protein 2B and Ras-GTPase activating protein SH3 domain-binding protein 2 which were upregulated in the pN0 group. We validated further our NI in an independent set of 20 primary tumors, 11 of them pN0 and nine pN+ with an accuracy of 80.0% (p = 0.012). Conclusions. The NI was an independent predictor of compromised lymph nodes, taking into the consideration tumor size and histological grade. The genes identified here that integrate our "Nodal Index" model are predictive of lymph node metastasis in OSCC.

Regulatorische und supprimierte T-Zellen

Regulatorische T-Zellen (Tregs) sind in der Lage die Proliferation und Cytokin-Produktion konventioneller T-Zellen zu supprimieren, wobei die beteiligten Moleküle weitestgehend unbekannt sind. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden differentielle Analysen sowohl auf mRNA - als auch auf Proteinebene durchgeführt um Moleküle zu identifizieren, welche präferentiell in regulatorischen bzw. in supprimierten T-Zellen (Tsups) exprimiert werden. Der Transkriptionsfaktor Pur-alpha konnte als präferentiell in murinen Tsups exprimiert identifiziert werden. Die präferentielle Expression von Pur-alpha in murinen Tsups konnte durch quantitative PCR-Analysen bestätigt werden. In humanen Tregs konnte mittels „differentieller Proteom-Analyse“ das Lektin Galectin-10 als das am stärksten präferentiell exprimierte Protein identifiziert werden. Die differentielle Expression von Galectin-10 konnte sowohl auf mRNA-Ebene als auch mit Hilfe eines spezifischen Antiserums gegen Galectin-10 bestätigt werden. Zur Untersuchung einer möglichen Beteiligung von Galectin-10 am anergen Phänotyp sowie an den suppressiven Eigenschaften von Tregs wurde ein Galectin-10-Expressionskonstrukt generiert. Die Überexpression von Galectin-10 in konventionellen T-Zellen führte zur Apoptose der transfizierten Zellen. Die Überexpression von Galectin-10 in der humanen T-Zell-Linie „Jurkat“ konnte hingegen problemlos durchgeführt werden, führte aber nicht zur Vermittlung suppressiver Eigenschaften. Zum Nachweis einer Beteiligung von Galectin-10 an den funktionellen Eigenschaften regulatorischer T-Zellen werden in weiterführenden Versuchen momentan siRNA-Experimente etabliert, um die Galectin-10-Biosynthese in Tregs spezifisch zu unterdrücken.

Soldier caste-specific gene expression in the mandibular glands of Hodotermopsis japonica (Isoptera: Termopsidae)

Although “polymorphic castes” in social insects are well known as one of the most important phenomena of polyphenism, few studies of caste-specific gene expressions have been performed in social insects. To identify genes specifically expressed in the soldier caste of the Japanese damp-wood termite Hodotermopsis japonica, we employed the differential-display method using oligo(dT) and arbitrary primers, compared mRNA from the heads of mature soldiers and pseudergates (worker caste), and identified a clone (PCR product) 329 bp in length termed SOL1. Northern blot analysis showed that the SOL1 mRNA is about 1.0 kb in length and is expressed specifically in mature soldiers, but not in pseudergates, even in the presoldier induction by juvenile hormone analogue, suggesting that the product is specific for terminally differentiated soldiers. By using the method of 5′- and 3′-rapid amplification of cDNA ends, we isolated the full length of SOL1 cDNA, which contained an ORF with a putative signal peptide at the N terminus. The sequence showed no significant homology with any other known protein sequences. In situ hybridization analysis showed that SOL1 is expressed specifically in the mandibular glands. These results strongly suggest that the SOL1 gene encodes a secretory protein specifically synthesized in the mandibular glands of the soldiers. Histological observations revealed that the gland actually develops during the differentiation into the soldier caste.

Binding of factor VIIa to tissue factor induces alterations in gene expression in human fibroblast cells: Up-regulation of poly(A) polymerase

Tissue factor (TF) is the cellular receptor for an activated form of clotting factor VII (VIIa) and the binding of factor VII(a) to TF initiates the coagulation cascade. Sequence and structural patterns extracted from a global alignment of TF confers homology with interferon receptors of the cytokine receptor super family. Several recent studies suggested that TF could function as a genuine signal transducing receptor. However, it is unknown which biological function(s) of cells are altered upon the ligand, VIIa, binding to TF. In the present study, we examined the effect of VIIa binding to cell surface TF on cellular gene expression in fibroblasts. Differential mRNA display PCR technique was used to identify transcriptional changes in fibroblasts upon VIIa binding to TF. The display showed that VIIa binding to TF either up or down-regulated several mRNA species. The differential expression of one such transcript, VIIa-induced up-regulation, was confirmed by Northern blot analysis. Isolation of a full-length cDNA corresponding to the differentially expressed transcript revealed that VIIa-up-regulated gene was poly(A) polymerase. Northern blot analysis of various carcinomas and normal human tissues revealed an over expression of PAP in cancer tissues. Enhanced expression of PAP upon VIIa binding to tumor cell TF may potentially play an important role in tumor metastasis.

Molecular cloning of a cytochrome P450 taxane 10β-hydroxylase cDNA from Taxus and functional expression in yeast

The early steps in the biosynthesis of Taxol involve the cyclization of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to taxa-4(5),11(12)-diene followed by cytochrome P450-mediated hydroxylation at C5, acetylation of this intermediate, and a second cytochrome P450-dependent hydroxylation at C10 to yield taxadien-5α-acetoxy-10β-ol. Subsequent steps of the pathway involve additional cytochrome P450 catalyzed oxygenations and CoA-dependent acylations. The limited feasibility of reverse genetic cloning of cytochrome P450 oxygenases led to the use of Taxus cell cultures induced for Taxol production and the development of an approach based on differential display of mRNA-reverse transcription-PCR, which ultimately provided full-length forms of 13 unique but closely related cytochrome P450 sequences. Functional expression of these enzymes in yeast was monitored by in situ spectrophotometry coupled to in vivo screening of oxygenase activity by feeding taxoid substrates. This strategy yielded a family of taxoid-metabolizing enzymes and revealed the taxane 10β-hydroxylase as a 1494-bp cDNA that encodes a 498-residue cytochrome P450 capable of transforming taxadienyl acetate to the 10β-hydroxy derivative; the identity of this latter pathway intermediate was confirmed by chromatographic and spectrometric means. The 10β-hydroxylase represents the initial cytochrome P450 gene of Taxol biosynthesis to be isolated by an approach that should provide access to the remaining oxygenases of the pathway.

High-sensitivity array analysis of gene expression for the early detection of disseminated breast tumor cells in peripheral blood

Early detection is an effective means of reducing cancer mortality. Here, we describe a highly sensitive high-throughput screen that can identify panels of markers for the early detection of solid tumor cells disseminated in peripheral blood. The method is a two-step combination of differential display and high-sensitivity cDNA arrays. In a primary screen, differential display identified 170 candidate marker genes differentially expressed between breast tumor cells and normal breast epithelial cells. In a secondary screen, high-sensitivity arrays assessed expression levels of these genes in 48 blood samples, 22 from healthy volunteers and 26 from breast cancer patients. Cluster analysis identified a group of 12 genes that were elevated in the blood of cancer patients. Permutation analysis of individual genes defined five core genes (P ≤ 0.05, permax test). As a group, the 12 genes generally distinguished accurately between healthy volunteers and patients with breast cancer. Mean expression levels of the 12 genes were elevated in 77% (10 of 13) untreated invasive cancer patients, whereas cluster analysis correctly classified volunteers and patients (P = 0.0022, Fisher's exact test). Quantitative real-time PCR confirmed array results and indicated that the sensitivity of the assay (1:2 × 108 transcripts) was sufficient to detect disseminated solid tumor cells in blood. Expression-based blood assays developed with the screening approach described here have the potential to detect and classify solid tumor cells originating from virtually any primary site in the body.

Differential Expression of a Novel Gene in Response to Coronatine, Methyl Jasmonate, and Wounding in the Coi1 Mutant of Arabidopsis1

Coronatine is a phytotoxin produced by some plant-pathogenic bacteria. It has been shown that coronatine mimics the action of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) in plants. MeJA is a plant-signaling molecule involved in stress responses such as wounding and pathogen attack. In Arabidopsis thaliana, MeJA is essential for pollen grain development. The coi1 (for coronatine-insensitive) mutant of Arabidopsis, which is insensitive to coronatine and MeJA, produces sterile male flowers and shows an altered response to wounding. When the differential display technique was used, a message that was rapidly induced by coronatine in wild-type plants but not in coi1 was identified and the corresponding cDNA was cloned. The coronatine-induced gene ATHCOR1 (for A. thaliana coronatine-induced) is expressed in seedlings, mature leaves, flowers, and siliques but was not detected in roots. The expression of this gene was dramatically reduced in coi1 plants, indicating that COI1 affects its expression. ATHCOR1 was rapidly induced by MeJA and wounding in wild-type plants. The sequence of ATHCOR1 shows no strong homology to known proteins. However, the predicted polypeptide contains a conserved amino acid sequence present in several bacterial, animal, and plant hydrolases and includes a potential ATP/GTP-binding-site motif (P-loop).

Extensive alteration of fungal gene transcript accumulation and elevation of G-protein-regulated cAMP levels by a virulence-attenuating hypovirus.

Persistent infection of the chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica with the prototypic hypovirus CHVI-713 results in attenuation of fungal virulence (hypo-virulence) and reduced accumulation of the GTP-binding (G) protein a subunit CPG-1. Transgenic cosuppression of CPG-1 accumulation in the absence of virus infection also confers hypovirulence. We now report the use of mRNA differential display to examine the extent to which virus infection alters fungal gene transcript accumulation and to assess the degree to which modification of CPG-1 signal transduction contributes to this alteration. More than 400 PCR products were identified that either increased (296 products) or decreased (127 products) in abundance as a result of virus infection. Significantly, 65% of these products exhibited similar changes as a result of CPG-1 cosuppression in the absence of virus infection. We also report that both virus infection and CPG-1 cosuppression elevate cAMP levels 3- to 5-fold. Additionally, it was possible to mimic the effect of virus infection and CPG-1 cosuppression on transcript accumulation for representative fungal genes by drug-induced elevation of cAMP levels. These results strengthen and extend previous indications that hypovirus infection causes a significant and persistent alteration of fungal gene expression/transcript accumulation. They further show that this alteration is primarily mediated through modification of the CPG-1 signaling pathway and suggest that, similar to mammalian Gi alpha subunits, CPG-1 functions as a negative modulator of adenylyl cyclase. Finally, these results suggest a role for G-protein-regulated cAMP accumulation in hypovirus-mediated alteration of fungal gene expression.

Genetic study of alcoholism and novel gene expression in the alcoholic brain

Alcohol dependence may result from neuroadaptation involving alteration of gene expression after long-term alcohol exposure. The systematic study of gene expression profiles of the human alcoholic brain was initiated using the method of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-differential display and was followed by DNA microarray. To date, more than 100 alcohol-responsive genes have been identified from the frontal cortex, motor cortex and nucleus accumbens of the human brain. These genes have a wide range of functions in the brain and indicate diverse actions of alcohol on neuronal function. This review discusses the current information on the genetic basis of alcoholism and the induction and characterization of these alcohol-responsive genes.

Identification of genes downstream of endothelin-3 signaling: characterization of WSB1 and SPC12

Signaling of endothelin-3 (Edn3) through its receptor, endothelin receptor B (EdnrB), has been shown to be indispensable for the development of certain neural crest derivatives. Since no research has been directed to investigate what the downstream targets of this signaling pathway are, the purpose of this study was to identify and characterize genes that are transcriptionally regulated by Edn3 signaling. Data from Differential Display RT-PCR of Edn-3 induced cDNA vs. non-induced cDNA obtained from primary neural crest cultures was analyzed. Thirty bands that were differentially expressed were sequenced and submitted for a homology search (BLAST). Among the genes identified were WSB 1 (a member of the SOCS family of negative regulators) and SPC 12 (the smallest subunit, 12kDa, of mammalian signal peptidase). Using whole-mount in-situ hybridization, the expression patterns of EdnrB, WSB 1 and SPC 12 were characterized. WSB 1 and SPC 12 expression patterns were found to overlap with that of EdnrB, suggesting that Edn3 might regulate the transcription of these genes in specific neural crest derived lineages.