Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi : Creatividad, el fluir y la psicología del descubrimiento y la invención.

Glosa sobre la edición en español de 1998 del libro 'Creatividad. El fluir y la psicología del descubrimiento y la invención' del profesor de psicología Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. Presenta su temática como un enfoque sobre la creatividad destinado a cambiar las ideas que se tienen sobre el tema dentro del campo de la educación, basándose en una investigación llevada a cabo entre los años 1990 y 1995 en la Universidad de Chicago, con el propósito de estudiar la creatividad a partir del análisis de datos biográficos proporcionados por 91 personas seleccionadas según criterios específicos.

Topogenèse et sécurité en escalade. Illustration d’un cas particulier

Le cas que nous exposons ici est extrait d’un travail de recherche plus vaste ayant pour objet une analyse comparative de plusieurs institutions1 où vivent et se transmettent des savoirs sécuritaires propres à l’escalade. Notre étude met en face à face des institutions clairement identifiées comme didactiques - c’est le cas de l’école au sens large de l’acception - c’est-à-dire des institutions où l’intention de transmettre y est toujours mise en avant, mais aussi d’autres institutions «à la limite» du didactique telles les organismes de loisirs sportifs, ainsi que des institutions a priori non didactiques comme une famille ou un groupe d’amis, où le mode de transmission des savoirs relève majoritairement d’un système d’apprentissage par frayage (Delbos & Jorion, 1990), (Hutchins, 1995). Le sujet est abordé sous l’angle didactique de la gestion des risques (Mangeant, 2008). La recherche repose en partie sur la théorie des situations didactiques (Brousseau, 1998) et notamment la notion de contrat entendu comme une convention implicite, mais aussi pour nous dans notre sujet, comme accord explicite sur les règles de fonctionnement. Elle s’appuie également sur le modèle de l’action enseignante et le triplet des genèses (Sensevy, Mercier & Schubauer- Leoni, 2000) et plus précisément sur le principe de l’action conjointe du professeur et des élèves (Sensevy & Mercier, 2007). Le travail s’attache à démontrer que des phénomènes de contrat, peuvent être à l’origine de failles dans la sécurité, et potentiellement pourvoyeurs de futurs accidents. Ainsi, au-delà du manque de vigilance communément invoqué, il y aurait donc des causes didactiques à l’occurrence des accidents, dont les explications sont parfois à rechercher à l’origine dans la formation des intervenants ou dans le mode de transmission des savoirs

Sources of comparative advantages in Brazil

Based on the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek model, this paper investigates relative factor abundance in Brazil, as revealed by its international trade. We study two different time periods: one characterized by high trade barriers (1980 to 1985) and the trade liberalization period (1990 to 1995). Two alternative methodologies are used: the estimation of factor intensity regressions on net exports and the direct computation of factor content in net exports. In the factor intensity regression, we incorporate technological changes that might have occurred over time, and those turned out to be significant. Both methods yield the same results: the Brazilian international trade reveals relative abundance in capital, land and unskilled labor, and scarcity in skilled labor, with qualitatively equivalent results for the two time periods studied.

Efeitos da estabilização e da abertura comercial sobre a distribuição de salários

Entre 1990 e 1995 observou-se uma melhora significativa na distribuição da renda pessoal brasileira. Enquanto a renda dos 10% mais ricos cresceu menos de 10%, a dos 20% mais pobres aumentou quase 30%. Este trabalho procurou analisar as causas dessa melhora. Entre os diversos fatores analisados um forte cnadidato foi a abertura da economia que provocou um aumento nas exportações líquidas de bens relativamente intensivos em trabalho pouco qualificado e um aumento nas importações líquidas de bens relativamente intensivos em trabalho qualificado. Estas alterações de demandas podem ter provocado estes aumentos diferenciados de salários.

Uma analise do processo de privatização brasileiro, com enfase no setor siderurgico

o modelo de Estado empresário começou a dar sinais de esgotamento no início da década de 80~ desde então, iniciou-se um sucateamento do parque industrial estatal. em função disto, o governo decidiu que, para atender às necessidades de investimentos, seria preciso repassar estas empresas para o setor privado. A aplicação desta nova orientação foi instrumentada pela criação do Programa Nacional de Privatização no governo Collor. Este programa, no entanto, não ficou restrito a este período, tendo sido continuado ao longo do governo Itamar Franco, assim como do Presidente Fernando Henrique Cardoso. Apesar dos vários focos de resistência que surgiram no decorrer do processo, houve resultados positivos na economia em função da desestataização. Um dos principais objetivos a ser alcançado pelo PND tem sido a redução da dívida global do setor públiCo, tanto interna quanto externamente, visando a reestruturação das finanças governamentais que, por sua vez, implica em menor necessidade de financiamento para o pagamento de juros da dívida pública. Esta dissertação avalia o Programa nacional de Desestatização do início de sua criação em 1990, até 1995. Das 74 empresas incluidas no programa, 41 foram privatizaas durante este período, total este que inclui a venda de empresas controladas pela Petroquisa e Petrofértil. o primeiro setor a ser totalmente privatizado foi o siderúrgico, que se encontra representado neste trabalho pela análise dos processos de privatização da U siminas e da Acesita, que se tomaram exemplos de sucesso da administração privada. Os processos de privatização da Usiminas e da Acesita foram analisados em termos da preparação das empresas para serem vendidas, situação financeira, realização do leilão em si e os resultados obtidos com este processo. Além disto, foi desenvolvida uma análise dos principais problemas enfrentados pelo setor siderúrgico antes da privatização, assim como demonstrou-se a importância da privatização destas empresas para que os mesmos fossem solucionados.

The international competitiveness of the Costa Rican clothing industry

Includes bibliography

Dicionário terminológico bilíngüe francês-português de termos jurídicos: tratamento terminográfico e reflexões sobre terminologia bilíngüe

Pós-graduação em Estudos Linguísticos - IBILCE

As chuvas no Paraná: Variabilidade, teleconexões, e impactos de eventos extremos

Pós-graduação em Geografia - FCT

Avaliação da capacitação de usuários para a recuperação da informação: o caso de uma biblioteca acadêmica

Com a disponibilidade de acesso à informação, através das tecnologias de informática e telecomunicação nas bibliotecas acadêmicas, houve significativa mudança no perfil de seus usuários. Estes passaram a formular sua estratégia de busca e obter a informação desejada, diminuindo seu contato com o bibliotecário para esse fim, mas demandando novos serviços das bibliotecas. Nesse contexto, o papel do bibliotecário mudou para acompanhar a necessidade do novo usuário; passando a ser o do educador [trainer], aquele que capacita os usuários a se tornarem permanentemente autônomos para fazer suas buscas nos sistemas de informação de forma eficiente e, sobretudo, eficaz. As bibliotecas passaram a oferecer cursos e treinamentos para que os usuários conheçam os sistemas de recuperação da informação, a arquitetura das bases de dados, e como a informação é organizada nas áreas do conhecimento, tornado-os com a competência informacional. Apresenta a experiência da Biblioteca da Faculdade de Saúde Pública, da Universidade de São Paulo, na capacitação de seus usuários no uso de bases de dados.Seu objetivo foi comparar os resultados obtidos na avaliação da capacitação dos alunos egressos dos Cursos MEDLINE e LILACS da década de 1990 (1993/1995) e, após 10 anos (2005/2006), a fim de se conhecer as mudanças no comportamento do usuário quanto à aquisição de autonomia e familiaridade no uso das bases de dados estudadas

Regional Differences in Living Standards in Eastern European Countries - Changes During the Transition

This research aimed to discover how differences in living standards between regional units changed during the period of transformation from 1990 to 1995 in Poland, the Slovak Republic, the Czech Republic and Hungary. The standard of living was measured by the so-called Living Standard Index (LSI), a composite taxonomic measure. Fixed reference points make it possible to compare the standard of living in regional administrative units and to study its dynamics. The analysis was country-specific, since the lists of variable were not fully identical for all the countries studied. The main tools used were LSI variability measures (mainly variance and standard deviation). By identifying trend patterns in the characteristics of LSIs, it was possible to compare the different countries. It was found that * differences in living standards between regional units have been decreasing during the transformation in Poland and in the Czech Republic. In the latter this process is slow and smooth, while in Poland there was a relatively sharp decline which then stopped entirely in 1994 * the only country with increasing differences between regions is Hungary and these differences are growing at a constant rate * the lowest level of regional differences in the LSI was found in Poland, followed by the Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic * the regional differences in Hungary are almost twice as high as in the Czech Republic

Statistics of the National soil test database of France

In France, farmers commission about 250,000 soil-testing analyses per year to assist them managing soil fertility. The number and diversity of origin of the samples make these analyses an interesting and original information source regarding cultivated topsoil variability. Moreover, these analyses relate to several parameters strongly influenced by human activity (macronutrient contents, pH...), for which existing cartographic information is not very relevant. Compiling the results of these analyses into a database makes it possible to re-use these data within both a national and temporal framework. A database compilation relating to data collected over the period 1990-2009 has been recently achieved. So far, commercial soil-testing laboratories approved by the Ministry of Agriculture have provided analytical results from more than 2,000,000 samples. After the initial quality control stage, analytical results from more than 1,900,000 samples were available in the database. The anonymity of the landholders seeking soil analyses is perfectly preserved, as the only identifying information stored is the location of the nearest administrative city to the sample site. We present in this dataset a set of statistical parameters of the spatial distributions for several agronomic soil properties. These statistical parameters are calculated for 4 different nested spatial entities (administrative areas: e.g. regions, departments, counties and agricultural areas) and for 4 time periods (1990-1994, 1995-1999, 2000-2004, 2005-2009). Two kinds of agronomic soil properties are available: the firs one correspond to the quantitative variables like the organic carbon content and the second one corresponds to the qualitative variables like the texture class. For each spatial unit and temporal period, we calculated the following statistics stets: the first set is calculated for the quantitative variables and corresponds to the number of samples, the mean, the standard deviation and, the 2-,4-,10-quantiles; the second set is calculated for the qualitative variables and corresponds to the number of samples, the value of the dominant class, the number of samples of the dominant class, the second dominant class, the number of samples of the second dominant class.

MARECHIARA-mesozooplankton long-term time-series at the fixed coastal station in the Gulf of Naples: abundance and biomass, data for the years 1984-2006

The MARECHIARA-mesozooplankton dataset contains mesozooplankton data collected in the ongoing time-series at Sation MC (40°48.5' N, 14°15' E) in the Gulf of Naples. This dataset spans over the period 1984-2006 and contains data of mesozooplankton abundance and species composition as well as biomass (as dry weight). Mesozooplankton was regularly sampled in 1984-1990 and 1995-2006, only a few samples were collected in 1991-1992 and no samples in 1993-1994. During the first period of the series sampling frequency was fortnightly, and weekly since 1995.

Zum Einfluss vorschulischer Kinderbetreuung auf den Bildungsweg und den erwarteten Erfolg am Arbeitsmarkt

In dem Beitrag wird der Frage nachgegangen, welchen Einfluss die Inanspruchnahme frühkindlicher Bildungs- und Betreuungsangebote auf den späteren Schulbesuch von Kindern hat und wie sich dies längerfristig auf die zu erwartenden Lebenseinkommen und damit einhergehend den langfristigen volkswirtschaftlichen Nutzen auswirkt. Untersucht werden Kinder in Deutschland der Jahrgänge 1990 bis 1995. Die Datengrundlage liefert das Sozio-oekonomische Panel (SOEP). Der Schwerpunkt der Analysen liegt auf der Bestimmung des Effekts des Krippenbesuchs auf die spätere Einstufung in die verschiedenen Schultypen in Abhängigkeit der sozialen Herkunft und des Migrationshintergrunds der Kinder. Ausgehend von diesen Schätzungen werden dann die zu erwartenden, über den Bildungsabschluss vermittelten Auswirkungen des Krippenbesuchs auf das spätere Lebenseinkommen bestimmt, um einen Eindruck der langfristigen volkswirtschaftlichen Folgen vorschulischer Kinderbetreuung zu erhalten. Der Beitrag zeigt, dass der Krippenbesuch die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Einstufung ins Gymnasium nach Kontrolle relevanter Drittvariablen im Schnitt um rund 14 Prozentpunkte erhöht. Dieser Einfluss entspricht einem erwarteten Lebenseinkommenszuwachs von rund 27000 Euro. Wird dieser Ertrag auf den Zeitpunkt des Krippenbesuchs abdiskontiert und den Kosten eines durchschnittlichen Krippenbesuchs in der Höhe von rund 8000 Euro gegenübergestellt, so ergibt sich ein Kosten-Nutzen-Verhältnis von 1 zu 2.7. (DIPF/Orig.).

Industrialization in Indonesia since the 1970s

Introduction: During the period from the latter half of the 1980s until just before the Asian currency crisis in 1997, Indonesia’s economic development had drawn expectations and attention from various quarters, along with Malaysia and Thailand within the same Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). In fact, the 1993 report by the World Bank, entitled “East Asian Miracle: Economic Growth and Public Policy,” recognized Indonesia as one of the East Asian economies with the strong economic performance, i.e. sustained economic growth (World Bank [1993]). And it was the manufacturing industry that had been the driving force behind Indonesia’s economic growth during that period. Since the 1997 outbreak of the Asian currency crisis, however, the manufacturing sector in Indonesia has been mired in a situation that rules out the kind of bright prospects it had emanated previously. The Indonesian economy is still in the developing stage, and in accordance with the history of industrial structural changes in other countries, Indonesia’s manufacturing industry can still be expected to serve as the engine of the country’s economic development. But is it really possible in an environment where economic liberalization and globalization are forging ahead? And, what sort of problems have to be dealt with to make it possible? To answer these questions, it is necessary to know the current conditions of Indonesia’s manufacturing sector, and to do that, it becomes important to think back on the history of the country’s industrialization. Thus, this paper is intended to retrace and unlock the track of Indonesia’s industrialization up until the establishment of the manufacturing sector in its present form, with the ultimate goal being to give answers to the above-mentioned questions. Subject to an analysis in this paper is the period from the installment of President Soeharto’s administration onward when industrialization of the modern industrial sector2 moved into high gear. 　　　The composition of this paper is outlined below. Section 1 first shows why it is important to examine import substitution and export orientation, both of which are used as the measures of the analysis in this paper, in tracking the history of the industrialization, and then discuss indicators of import substitution and export orientation as well as statistical data and resources needed to develop those indicators. Section 2 clarifies the status of the manufacturing industry among all industries by looking at the composition ratio of the manufacturing industry in terms of value added, imports and exports. Section 3 to 5 cover three periods between 1971 and 1995 and make an analysis of import substitution, export orientation and changes in the industrial structure for each period. Section 3 analyzes the period from 1971 through 1985, when Indonesia pursued the import substitution policy amid the oil boom. Section 4 covers the period from 1985 through 1990, when the packages of deregulatory measures were announced successively under structural adjustment policies made necessary by the fall in oil prices. Section 5 examines the period from 1990 through 1995, which saw the alternate shifts between the overheating of the economy by sharply rising investment by both domestic and foreign investors in the wake of the liberalization of investment, trade and financial services, and polices to cool down the economy. Section 6, which covers the 1995-1999 period straddling the economic crisis, is designed for an analysis of the changes in production trends before and after the economic crisis as well as the changes in the industrial structure. Section 7, after summing up the history of Indonesia’s industrialization examined in the previous sections, discusses problems found in respective sectors and attempts to present future prospects for the country’s manufacturing industry.

La Calidad Técnica de los Proyectos de Ejecución de Viviendas

En el proceso general de la sociedad por la mejora continua hacia la Calidad, el sector de la construcción, y más específicamente la actividad de los Arquitectos con la redacción de los proyectos, no pueden, ni deben, quedar al margen. La presente investigación apunta un procedimiento para el control técnico de los proyectos y demuestra la eficacia y rentabilidad de éste o cualquier otro método de control, avanzando una aproximación a los modelos de costes de calidad de los estudios de arquitectura. El método de trabajo que se ha previsto para el desarrollo de la tesis cuenta con una base principal consistente en definir un procedimiento general de revisión de los proyectos, tipificando los principales errores (sistema de puntos de inspección), analizando las causas que los generan, su repercusión en el plazo, durabilidad y satisfacción del cliente, así como en definir un método de cuantificación que nos aproxime a la "importancia" (económica) que tienen o inducen los errores e indefiniciones detectadas. Para demostrar la validez de la hipótesis inicial sobre la rentabilidad de aplicar un sistema de control técnico del proyecto, se ha aplicado una parte del procedimiento general particularizado para la evaluación sistemática de los problemas, indefiniciones y fallos detectados, al que llamamos de forma simplificada Método Partícula Éste se aplica sobre una muestra de proyectos que se revisan y que, para que los resultados del análisis sean representativos, se seleccionaron de forma aleatoria, respondiendo topológicamente en sus variables definitorias a la población que se pretende estudiar: la totalidad de proyectos de ejecución de viviendas producidos en el ámbito territorial de Madrid (Comunidad) en el plazo comprendido entre los años 1990 y 1995. Pero además esta representatividad está condicionada a la mayor o menor exactitud de la valoración que se haga de los sobrecostos que puedan generar los errores e indefiniciones de los proyectos. Se hace pues imprescindible el tratar de objetivar al máximo los criterios de valoración de los mismos. Con los datos generados en la revisión de cada proyecto se analizan la totalidad de resultados de la muestra objeto de estudio, sacando conclusiones sobre frecuencia e importancia de los errores, incidencia de las variables que influyen, y posibles combinaciones de variables que incrementan el riesgo. Extrapolando el análisis al método general y a la población objeto de estudio, se extraen conclusiones significativas respecto a la eficacia del control técnico de proyectos, así como de las formas de optimizar las inversiones realizadas en el mismo, depurando y optimizando selectivamente el método general definido. Con el análisis de los modelos de coste de calidad se puede constatar cómo las inversiones en desarrollar sistemas de aseguramiento de la calidad de los proyectos, o, de forma más modesta, controlando la calidad técnica de los mismos, los estudios de arquitectura, amén del mejor servicio ofrecido a los clientes, y lo que ésto supone de permanencia en el mercado, mejoran significativamente su competitividad y su margen de beneficio, demostrando que son muy rentables tanto para los propios arquitectos, como para la sociedad en general. ABSTRACT The construction sector as a whole, and especifically architects as project drafters, must fully participate in the general process of society for continuous improvement towards quality. Our research outlines a procedure for the technical control of projects and shows the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of this or any other control method, putting fonvard an approach to quality cost-models in Architecture offices. Our procedure consists mainly in defining a general method of revising projects, typifying main errors (Points of inspection system), analysing their causes, their repercussion in clients' durability and satisfaction. It wHI also define a quantitative method to assess tfie economic importance of detected errors and indefinitions. To prove our initial hypothesis on the cost-effectiveness of applying a system of tecfinical control to projects we have applied part of the general procedure, adjusting it to the systematic evaluation of problems, indefinitions and errors we have found. This will be simply called Particular Method. We will use it on a sample of projects which were randomly selected, for the sake of representativeness, and which, in their defining variables, match the population under study topologically: every housing project in Madrid (Región) between 1.990 and 1.995. Furthermore, this representativeness is related to the accuracy of the assessment of the additional costs due to errors or lack of definition in the projects. We must therefore try to be precise in the evaluation of their costs. With data obtained from the revision of each project, we analyze every result from the sample under study, drawing conclusions about the frequency and importance of each error, their causing variables, and the combination of variables which are risk-increasing. By extrapolating this analysis to the General Method and the population under study, we draw significant conclusions on the effectiveness of the technical control of projects, as well as of the ways to optimise the investment in it, improving and optimising the General Method in a selective way. Analyzing quality cost-models, we can show how the investment in developing systems that will guarantee quality projects, or, more modestly, controlling the technical quality of them, Architecture firms will not only serve their clients best, with its impact on the firm's durability, but also improve their competitivity and their profit margin proving that they are profitable both for architects themselves and for the general public.