Produtividade de feijoeiro de inverno submetido à dessecação com paraquat na pré-colheita

O conhecimento da época e da dose de aplicação de dessecante, em pré-colheita do feijoeiro, é de extrema importância para se evitarem perdas na produtividade da cultura. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade de feijoeiro de inverno, após aplicação do dessecante paraquat em diferentes épocas (30; 35; 40 e 45 dias após o início do florescimento - DAF) e das doses (0; 200; 400 e 600 g ha-1), em pré-colheita. O experimento foi conduzido no período de outono/inverno de 2010, em Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 4 x 4 (épocas de aplicação x doses do herbicida), com quatro repetições. O aumento das doses de paraquat, até os 35 DAF, aumentou de forma linear o percentual de sementes defeituosas, enquanto as sementes tiveram sua massa reduzida linearmente, até os 40 DAF. A produtividade do feijoeiro não foi afetada pela aplicação de paraquat a partir dos 35 DAF, ao contrário do incremento da dose, que provocou redução linear desse parâmetro.

Aceitação sensorial de híbridos de milho doce e híbridos de milho verde em intervalos de colheita

A composição química e a textura dos grãos do milho doce estão, diretamente, relacionadas com as classes de endosperma que interferem na aceitação do produto pelos consumidores. Por isso, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as características sensoriais de híbridos de milho doce e de híbridos de milho verde, em função de intervalos de colheita. O experimento foi instalado na Estação Experimental de Pesquisa da Syngenta Seeds Ltda, no município de Uberlândia-MG. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 8x4, correspondente a oito híbridos (seis híbridos experimentais de milho doce - SWC03, SWC04, SWC05, SWC06, SWC07 e SWC08 e dois híbridos de milho verde SWC01 e SWC02) e quatro intervalos de colheita (26, 28, 30 e 32 dias após a colheita - DAF), com três repetições. No estudo, que envolveu 41 pessoas (25 mulheres e 16 homens), utilizando-se o teste de aceitação com escala hedônica, concluiu-se que os híbridos de milho doce têm maior aceitação que os híbridos de milho verde, independentemente do intervalo de colheita. Colheitas tardias (32 DAF) refletem-se em redução da aceitabilidade do milho doce, que se assemelha à do milho verde (entre indiferente e gostei ligeiramente, para cor, e desgostei ligeiramente e desgostei moderadamente, para textura e sabor). Para todos os híbridos testados, a colheita, quando realizada entre 26 e 28 DAF, proporciona produtos com melhores resultados sensoriais (textura, sabor e cor).

Crescimento de crambe na presença ou ausência de competição interespecífica

RESUMOCrambe (Crambe abyssinica) has a cropping cycle of around 90 days, being suitable as an alternative to the second grain crop planted after soybean is harvested in the Center West region of Brazil. It is necessary to understand the growth and development dynamics of crambe plants in order to allow correct management of the production factors. This study aimed to describe the growth and development parameters of crambe plants under presence or absence of interspecific competition. The experiment was installed in the fall-winter 2011 in an Oxisoil, in completely randomized blocks design with three replications. Treatments comprised crambe plants growing either in presence or absence of interspecific simulated competition, throughout the cropping cycle. Plants were collected for the growth analysis every 15 days from harvest until 75 days after emergence. Growth parameters leaf area (AF), dry mass of stems/culms (MSC), leaves (MSF) and total (MST) dry mass, leaf area index (IAF), absolute (TCA) and relative (TCR) growth rates, net assimilation rate (TAL), specific leaf area (AFE), leaf area duration (DAF), leaf area ratio (RAF) and leaf mass ratio (RMF) were determined for the crop plants, subjected or not to competition, as well as for the simulated competitor. Crambe is a low competitive crop, being the competition more severe until 60-70 days after emergence. Besides, crop performance under field conditions was properly described by the net assimilation rate (TAL), which is also affected by the leaf area duration (DAF) and leaf mass ratio (RMF).

Efeito de metais pesados na alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

O impacto dos metais pesados em ambientes aquáticos, incluindo águas residuais, é vulgarmente determinado através de testes de toxicidade. A microalga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata é usada nos métodos de toxicidade recomendados por organismos Internacionais como a EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) e a OCDE (Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Económico). O presente trabalho teve como objectivo avaliar o impacto do cádmio e do zinco no crescimento, na autofluorescência e na actividade metabólica da alga P. subcapitata. Para tal, a alga, em fase exponencial de crescimento, foi inoculada no meio de cultura contendo Cd (150, 500 ou 700 nmol/l) ou Zn (300, 1800 ou 6000 nmol/l). A concentração mais baixa de Cd e Zn não provocou qualquer efeito inibitório. Para uma concentração intermédia de Cd e Zn, observou-se uma redução do crescimento, ao fim de 72 h, de 63 e 50 %, respectivamente. No caso da concentração mais elevada de Cd e de Zn, observou-se uma redução do crescimento, ao fim de 72 h, de 83 e 97 %, respectivamente. A perda de autofluorescência da alga, devido à presença de Cd e de Zn, seguiu um padrão similar ao efeito sobre o crescimento. Resultados preliminares mostraram que a exposição das células de P. subcapitata a 700 nmol/ de Cd, durante 1h, induziu uma inibição da actividade esterásica de 52 %, enquanto que a incubação com 6000 nmol/l de Zn, durante 6 h, provocou uma redução da actividade esterásica de ~ 50 %. Em conclusão, os resultados obtidos mostram que o Cd é mais tóxico que o Zn para a alga P. subcapitata. A perda de autofluorescência, devido à exposição aos metais pesados em estudo, ocorreu segundo um padrão similar ao efeito inibitório sobre o crescimento. O Cd e Zn provocaram uma rápida perda (no espaço de 6 h) da actividade esterásica. Estes resultados sugerem que a avaliação da actividade esterásica da alga P. subcapitata poderá constituir um indicador sensível na avaliação da toxicidade.

Optimization of wastewater quality in the Sines refinery

In order to address and resolve the wastewater contamination problem of the Sines refinery with the main objective of optimizing the quality of this stream and reducing the costs charged to the refinery, a dynamic mass balance was developed nd implemented for ammonia and polar oil and grease (O&G) contamination in the wastewater circuit. The inadequate routing of sour gas from the sour water stripping unit and the kerosene caustic washing unit, were identified respectively as the major source of ammonia and polar substances present in the industrial wastewater effluent. For the O&G content, a predictive model was developed for the kerosene caustic washing unit, following the Projection to Latent Structures (PLS) approach. Comparison between analytical data for ammonia and polar O&G concentrations in refinery wastewater originating from the Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) effluent and the model predictions of the dynamic mass balance calculations are in a very good agreement and highlights the dominant impact of the identified streams for the wastewater contamination levels. The ammonia contamination problem was solved by rerouting the sour gas through an existing clogged line with ammonia salts due to a non-insulated line section, while for the O&G a dynamic mass balance was implemented as an online tool, which allows for prevision of possible contamination situations and taking the required preventive actions, and can also serve as a basis for establishing relationships between the O&G contamination in the refinery wastewater with the properties of the refined crude oils and the process operating conditions. The PLS model developed could be of great asset in both optimizing the existing and designing new refinery wastewater treatment units or reuse schemes. In order to find a possible treatment solution for the spent caustic problem, an on-site pilot plant experiments for NaOH recovery from the refinery kerosene caustic washing unit effluent using an alkaline-resistant nanofiltration (NF) polymeric membrane were performed in order to evaluate its applicability for treating these highly alkaline and contaminated streams. For a constant operating pressure and temperature and adequate operating conditions, 99.9% of oil and grease rejection and 97.7% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) rejection were observed. No noticeable membrane fouling or flux decrease were registered until a volume concentration factor of 3. These results allow for NF permeate reuse instead of fresh caustic and for significant reduction of the wastewater contamination, which can result in savings of 1.5 M€ per year at the current prices for the largest Portuguese oil refinery. The capital investments needed for implementation of the required NF membrane system are less than 10% of those associated with the traditional wet air oxidation solution of the spent caustic problem. The operating costs are very similar, but can be less than half if reusing the NF concentrate in refinery pH control applications. The payback period was estimated to be 1.1 years. Overall, the pilot plant experimental results obtained and the process economic evaluation data indicate a very competitive solution through the proposed NF treatment process, which represents a highly promising alternative to conventional and existing spent caustic treatment units.

Coagulation/flocculation/flotation/nanofiltration processes using Moringa Oleifera as coagulant of Eutrophized river

This study investigated the efficiency of Moringa oleifera (MO) seeds as natural coagulant in coagulation/flocculation/dissolved air flotation (C/F/DAF), followed by nanofiltration (NF) for Microcystis protocystis and microcystin-LR removal. The methodology adopted in this work was performed in two steps: 1) coagulation/flocculation/dissolved air flotation (C/F/DAF) process using the MO extracted in saline solution of potassium chloride (KCl-1M) and sodium chloride (NaCl-1M) in optimum dosage 50 mg·L-1; 2) nanofiltration process using NF90 and NF270 membrane provided Dow Chemical Company®. A working pressure of 8 bar was applied. In all samples were analyzed color, turbidity, pH, cyanobacterial cells count and microcystin concentration. The use of MO seeds as natural coagulant, obtained satisfactory results in the M. protocystis, color and turbidity removal. NF was able to completely remove cyanobacterial cells and microcystins (100 %) from M. protocystis (always under the quantification limit). Therefore, C/F/DAF+NF sequence is a safe barrier against M. protocystis and microcystins in drinking water.

Mechanisms of evasion of Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula to the lethal activity of complement

Schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni became resistant to antibody-dependent complement damage in vitro after pre-incubation with normal human erythrocytes (NHuE) whatever the ABO or Rh blood group. Resistant parasites were shown to acquire host decay accelerating factor (DAF) , a 70 kDa glycoprotein attached to the membrane of NHue by a GPI anchor. IgG2a mAb anti-human DAF (IA10) immunoprecipitated a 70 kDa molecule from 125I-labeled schistosomula pre-incubated with NHuE and inhibited their resistance to complement-dependent killing in vtro. Incubationof schistosomula with erytrocytes from patients with paroxsimal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNHE) or SRBC, wich are DAF-deficient, did not protect the parasites from complement lesion. Supernatant of 100,000 x g collected from NHuE incubated for 24 h in defined medium was shown to contain a soluble form of DAF and to protect schistosomula from complement killing. Schistosomula treated with trypsin before incubation with NHuE ghosts did not become resistant to complement damage. On the other hand, pre-treatment with chymotrypsin did not interfere with the acquisition of resistance by the schistosomula. These results indicate that, in vitro, NHuE DAF can be transferred to schistosomula in a soluble form and that the binding of this molecule to the parasite surface is dependent upon trypsin-sensitive chymotrypsin-insensitive polipeptide(s) present on the surface of the worm.

In vitro attachment of glycosyl-inositolphospholipid anchor structures to mouse Thy-1 antigen and human decay-accelerating factor.

Glycosyl-inositolphospholipid (GPL) anchoring structures are incorporated into GPL-anchored proteins immediately posttranslationally in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, but the biochemical and cellular constituents involved in this "glypiation" process are unknown. To establish whether glypiation could be achieved in vitro, mRNAs generated by transcription of cDNAs encoding two GPL-anchored proteins, murine Thy-1 antigen and human decay-accelerating factor (DAF), and a conventionally anchored control protein, polymeric-immunoglobulin receptor (IgR), were translated in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate. Upon addition of dog pancreatic rough microsomes, nascent polypeptides generated from the three mRNAs translocated into vesicles. Dispersal of the vesicles with Triton X-114 detergent and incubation of the hydrophobic phase with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipases C and D, enzymes specific for GPL-anchor structures, released Thy-1 and DAF but not IgR protein into the aqueous phase. The selective incorporation of phospholipase-sensitive anchoring moieties into Thy-1 and DAF but not IgR translation products during in vitro translocation indicates that rough microsomes are able to support and regulate glypiation.

Proteostasis of aging and stem cells

Estudi realitzat a partir d’una estada a la the Salk Institute, Estats Units, entre 2010 i 2012. L'estabilitat del genoma és essencial per a la supervivència de les cèl • lules mare, però, l'estabilitat del proteoma pot tenir un paper igualment important en la identitat de cèl • lules mare i la seva funció. La nostra hipòtesi és que les cèl • lules mare tenen la capacitat de proteostasis augmentada en comparació amb els seus homòlegs diferenciats i ens varem preguntar si l'activitat del proteasoma és diferent a les cèl • lules mare embrionàries humanes (hESCs). En particular, els nostres resultats mostren que les poblacions de cèl• lules mare presenten una activitat del proteasoma que es correlaciona amb majors nivells de la subunitat 19S del proteasoma PSMD11/RPN-6 i un corresponent augment del ensamblatge del 26S/30S proteasoma. L'expressió ectòpica de PSMD11 és suficient per augmentar l'activitat del proteasoma. Sorprenentment, varem trobar que la llarga vida del GLP-1 C. elegans mutant té també un augment dramàtic en l'activitat del proteasoma associat a nivells augmentats en l'expressió de RPN-6. El factor de transcripció DAF-16 és essencial per l'augment de la longevitat de GLP-1 i els cucs mutants que trobem DAF-16 necessari per a l'augment d'expressió de RPN-6 i, per tant, per l'activació de l'activitat del proteasoma en GLP-1 mutant animals. Una possibilitat interessant és que els gens que regulen la vida i la resistència a l'estrès en C. elegans poden també regular la funció hESCs de mamífer, cèl • lules que son considerades immortals. Aquests resultats ens van portar a la conclusió de que FOXO4, un factor de transcripció sensible a la insulina/IGF-1, regula l'activitat del proteasoma en hESCs, el que suggereix un paper per FOXO4 en la funció d’aquestes cèl • lules. En efecte, FOXO4 es necessari per a la diferenciació en llinatges neuronals de les hESCs. Els nostres resultats estableixen una nova regulació de laproteostasis en hESCs que uneix la longevitat i la resistència a l'estrès en invertebrats amb la funció i identitat de les hESCs.

Dynamics of ammonium and pH in the solution of soils with different salinity levels, growing irrigated rice

Rice in Rio Grande do Sul State is grown mostly under flooding, which induces a series of chemical, physical and biological changes in the root environment. These changes, combined with the presence of rice plants, affect the availability of exchangeable ammonium (NH4+) and pH of soil solution, whereas the dynamics of both variables can be influenced by soil salinity, a common problem in the coastal region. This study was conducted to evaluate the dynamics of exchangeable NH4+ and pH in the soil solution, and their relation in the solution of Albaqualf soils with different salinity levels, under rice. Four field experiments were conducted with soils with exchangeable Na percentage (ESP) of 5.6, 9.0, 21.2, and 32.7 %. Prior to flooding, soil solution collectors were installed at depths of 5, 10 and 20 cm. The soil solution was collected weekly, from 7 to 91 days after flooding (DAF), to analyze exchangeable NH4+ and pH in the samples. Plant tissue was sampled 77 DAF, to determine N uptake and estimate the contribution of other N forms to rice nutrition. The content of exchangeable NH4+ decreased over time at all sites and depths, with a more pronounced reduction in soils with lower salinity levels, reaching values close to zero. A possible contribution of non-exchangeable NH4+ forms and N from soil organic matter to rice nutrition was observed. Soil pH decreased with time in soils with ESP 5.6 and 9.0 %, being positively correlated with the decreasing NH4+ levels at these sites.

EFFECT OF RICE STRAW AND NITRATE LEVELS IN SOIL SOLUTION ON NITROUS OXIDE EMISSION

Among the greenhouse gases, nitrous oxide (N2O) is considered important, in view of a global warming potential 296 times greater than that of carbon dioxide (CO2) and its dynamics strongly depend on the availability of C and mineral N in the soil. The understanding of the factors that define emissions is essential to develop mitigation strategies. This study evaluated the dynamics of N2O emissions after the application of different rice straw amounts and nitrate levels in soil solution. Pots containing soil treated with sodium nitrate rates (0, 50 and 100 g kg-1 of NO−3-N) and rice straw levels (0, 5 and 10 Mg ha-1), i.e., nine treatments, were subjected to anaerobic conditions. The results showed that N2O emissions were increased by the addition of greater NO−3 amounts and reduced by large straw quantities applied to the soil. On the 1st day after flooding (DAF), significantly different N2O emissions were observed between the treatments with and without NO−3 addition, when straw had no significant influence on N2O levels. Emissions peaked on the 4th DAF in the treatments with highest NO−3-N addition. At this moment, straw application negatively affected N2O emissions, probably due to NO−3 immobilization. There were also alterations in other soil electrochemical characteristics, e.g., higher straw levels raised the Fe, Mn and dissolved C contents. These results indicate that a lowering of NO−3 concentration in the soil and the increase of straw incorporation can decrease N2O emissions.

Differential insertion of GPI-anchored GFPs into lipid rafts of live cells.

Partitioning of proteins in cholesterol and sphingolipid enriched plasma membrane microdomains, called lipid rafts, is critical for many signal transduction and protein sorting events. Although raft partitioning of many signaling molecules remains to be determined, glycosylphosphatidyl-inositol (GPI)-anchored proteins possess high affinity for lipid rafts and are currently exploited as markers to investigate fundamental mechanisms in protein sorting and signal transduction events. In this study, we demonstrate that two recombinant GPI-anchored green fluorescent proteins (GFP-GPIs) that differ in their GPI signal sequence confer distinct localization in plasma membrane microdomains. GFP fused to the GPI signal of the decay accelerating factor GFP-GPI(DAF) partitioned exclusively in lipid rafts, whereas GFP fused to the GPI signal of TRAIL-R3, GFP-GPI(TRAIL-R3), associated only minimally with microdomains. In addition, we investigated the unique ability of purified GFP-GPIs to insert into membrane microdomains of primary lymphocytes. This cell surface painting allows rapid, stable, and functional association of the GPI-anchored proteins with the target cell plasma membrane. The distinct membrane localization of the two GFP-GPIs was observed irrespective of whether the GPI-anchored molecules were painted or transfected. Furthermore, we show that painted GFP-GPI(DAF) was totally dependent on the GPI anchor and that the membrane insertion was increased by the addition of raft-associated lipids such as cholesterol, sphingomyelin, and dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine. Thus, this study provides evidence that different GPI signal sequences lead to distinct membrane microdomain localization and that painted GFP-GPI(DAF) serves as an excellent fluorescent marker for lipid rafts in live cells.

Maturação e qualidade de uvas para suco em condições tropicais, nos primeiros ciclos de produção

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a maturação e a qualidade das uvas das cultivares Isabel Precoce e BRS Cora, enxertadas sobre 'IAC 572', para a determinação do ponto de colheita. O experimento foi realizado no Vale do Submédio São Francisco, nos ciclos de produção de novembro de 2009 a março de 2010 e de junho a setembro de 2010, em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições constituídas por cinco cachos. Os cachos foram coletados, periodicamente, a partir do início da maturação, que correspondeu, na 'Isabel Precoce', aos 54, 61, 68, 71, 74 e 77 dias após a frutificação (DAF), no primeiro ciclo, e aos 49, 56, 63, 67, 71, 74 e 77 DAF, no segundo. Na 'BRS Cora', os cachos foram coletados aos 61, 68, 71, 74, 77 e 82 DAF, no primeiro ciclo, e aos 53, 60, 65, 70, 74 e 78 DAF, no segundo. As uvas de 'BRS Cora' são mais ácidas do que as de 'Isabel Precoce'; porém, apresentam maiores teores de sólidos solúveis e de açúcares solúveis. O ponto de colheita da 'Isabel Precoce' ocorreu aos 77 DAF, em ambos os períodos de produção; na 'BRS Cora', ocorreu aos 82 DAF, no primeiro semestre, e foi antecipado em quatro dias no segundo.

Nécropoles protohistoriques de la région de Castres (Tarn): Le Causse, Gourjade, Le Martinet

El número 94 de la serie DAF se ha dedicado a las necrópolis protohistóricas de Le Causse, Gourjade y Le Martinet, ubicadas en la región de Castres (Tarn). Se trata de un trabajo colectivo a cargo de arqueólogos especialistas en diversos campos y vinculados a varios organismos científicos, que trabajaron coordinadamente durante 5 años. Integran el equipo J. P. Giraud, F.Pons y T. Janin como directores, además de J. M.Carozza, H. Duday, V. Forest, A. Gardeisen, A. Lagarrigue y J. Roger. El Midi francés es una de las zonas del sur de Europa mejor conocidas a nivel de arqueología funeraria protohistórica. Hasta ahora los mayores conjuntos estudiados del Bronce Final y la Primera Edad del Hierro se ubicaban en el Languedoc, pero con este trabajo el conocimiento se amplia hacia un territorio situado más al interior.

Progresso de epidemias e avaliação de danos da ferrugem em clones de álamo

A ferrugem do álamo (Melampsora medusae) causa sérios prejuízos no viveiro e tem sido cada vez mais freqüente em plantações, principalmente nos clones mais suscetíveis. O comportamento dos clones em relação a epidemias de ferrugem nas plantações brasileiras não é conhecido. Este trabalho teve como objetivos quantificar o progresso de epidemias em sete clones de álamo e correlacionar doença com produção por meio de relações entre incidência, severidade e índice de área foliar com o diâmetro do tronco do hospedeiro. As avaliações foram realizadas em sete clones de álamo: 'Argos'; 'Gaupiara'; 'Guarani'; 'JB'; 'Latorre'; 'SJ'; 'SM'. Cada clone compunha um talhão, todos com seis anos de idade. A severidade e a incidência da doença, o índice de área foliar (IAF) e o diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) foram quantificados em dez plantas escolhidas aleatoriamente dentro de cada talhão de novembro a abril de 98/99, 99/00 e 00/01. Os clones mais suscetíveis à doença foram Latorre e Guarani, SJ foi resistente e Guapiara, SM, JB e Argos, intermediários. O modelo logístico apresentou um bom ajuste aos dados de severidade da ferrugem e a epidemia foi mais severa no ciclo de 99/00, onde as temperaturas variaram entre 15,5 e 26,5 ºC. Não houve relação significativa entre severidade da doença e diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP). Nos clones suscetíveis, a duração da área foliar (DAF), que é a integralização da curva do IAF, foi relacionada com o DAP com coeficientes de determinação da regressão linear de 0,73 e 0,56 para Guarani e Latorre, respectivamente. O clone Latorre mostrou-se relativamente tolerante à doença, com alta severidade (100 a 150 pústulas/cm²) e redução do DAP de 5%, enquanto no Guarani a redução do DAP foi de 17%.