南黄海重金属的演变特征及控制因素

本文以南黄海1997～2006年10年表层海水和沉积物中重金属为主要研究对象，同时结合对生态环境信息的综合分析，系统探讨了海水和沉积物中重金属的生物地球化学特征、影响控制因素、演变趋势，并对海域生态风险进行了评估，获得了以下一系列新的结果和认识： 1．系统获得了南黄海海水和沉积物中重金属的地球化学分布模式，揭示了影响和控制其生物地球化学特征的因素 南黄海表层海水中重金属As、Cd、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn的平均浓度分别为2.33、0.078、1.41、0.0036、0.37、6.21 μg/L，低于其它中国近海海水，而高于水交换较好的深海；表层海水重金属的分布模式（除Pb外）表现为在离岸较远的南黄海中部地区其含量较低，而近岸海区则普遍含量较高，区域分布呈现“高Cd-Cu-Hg-Zn区”，“高Pb-Cu-Zn区”以及“高Pb区”三个地球化学分区。 南黄海表层沉积物中重金属比邻近海域沉积物中的浓度低，南黄海重金属主要受沉积物粒度控制，即在细粒度高的南黄海中部区域重金属（除As外）的含量较高，粗粒度的近岸区则较低，区域分布呈现“高Cd-Cu-Pb-Zn区”，“高Hg低As-Cu-Zn区”以及“高As低Cd-Hg-Zn区”三个地球化学分区。 人类活动已经显著影响了南黄海海水中重金属的含量水平，重金属分布是径流、大气沉降、pH、盐度和重金属自身性质等各种影响因子耦合的结果。沉积物重金属的富集因子Pb>As>Hg>Cd>Zn>Cr>Cu，其中Pb和As主要来自人为污染排放，污染状况相对较重，Cr和Cu几乎没有受到人为污染的影响。沉积物的粒度是控制表层沉积物重金属分布的最主要因素，次要的因素包括沉积物有机质的含量、沉积速率以及重金属存在形态等。 2．首次获得了南黄海海水和沉积物中重金属的演变趋势 近10年来南黄海表层海水中，Zn呈上升趋势，As、Cd、Cu、Pb基本稳定变化不大，而Hg则呈略下降趋势。Zn的线性上升趋势明显，在近岸水域和中央水域中其浓度和公元年的统计关系分别为y=0.9524x+0.0034（R=0.97）和y=0.8622x+0.0299（R=0.95）（其中y为Zn的浓度，x为年度，取1997～2004）。近10年沉积物中重金属年际变化较小，浓度变化在多年均值的±（10%～30%）之间变动。As、Cd、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn的均值变化范围分别为7.17±1.70、0.108±0.024、17.61±1.65、0.024±0.008、18.44±4.26、70.53±5.73 mg/kg，除了Hg随公元年呈较好的线性增加（y=0.0033x-6.50，R=0.75）外，其它重金属未显现出有明显的演变趋势。 近百年来，南黄海重金属的变化可分为3个阶段，20世纪60年代以前，20世纪60年代至90年代，及20世纪90年代至今。第一个阶段的60年可以看作是南黄海未明显受人类活动影响的一个时期，该段时期内明显的特征是重金属含量的变化受径流输入不均等多种因素影响，变化规律性不强；第二阶段是南黄海近岸工农业迅猛发展的阶段，由近岸传输到这一海域的重金属量增加，南黄海沉积物重金属浓度增加，沉积物质量有下降的趋势，这一阶段是人类活动影响南黄海最为明显的一个阶段；第三个阶段是20世纪90年代至今，南黄海沉积物重金属浓度呈降低趋势，与中韩两国减排及治污措施有关。近几年，南黄海沉积物的环境质量较20世纪末期有了较明显的改善。 3. 初步阐明了南黄海重金属的环境污染危害和潜在生态风险 采用潜在生态危害指数法和地积累指数等方法对南黄海沉积环境进行分析，结果表明，中等重金属污染程度海区占研究海区面积的38.7%，中等生态风险的区域则占了研究海区面积77.8%，但均未发现沉积物中的重金属与生物量的分布有明显的关系，总体表明，南黄海沉积物中的重金的污染状况及生态风险较低，南黄海沉积物质量良好。

Characteristics of nitrogen forms in the southern Huanghai Sea surface sediments

The distributions of different forms of nitrogen in the surface sediments of the southern Huanghai Sea are different and affected by various factors. The contents of IEF-N, SOEF-N and TN gradually decrease eastward, and those of SAEF-N northward, while those of WAEF-N westward. Around the seaport of the old Huanghe (Yellow) River, the contents of both SOEF-N and TN are the highest. Among all the factors, the content of fine sediment is the predominant factor to affect the distributions of different forms of nitrogen. The contents of IEF-N, SOEF-N, and TN have visibly positive correlation with the content of fine sediments, and the correlative coefficient is 0.68, 0.58 and 0.71 respectively, showing that the contents of the three forms of nitrogen increase with those of fine sediments. The content of WAEF-N is related to that of fine sediments to a certain extent, with a correlative coefficient of 0.35; while the content of SAEF-N is not related to that of fine sediments, showing that the content of SAEF-N is not controlled by fine grain-size fractions of sediments. In addition, the distributions of different forms of nitrogen are also interacted one another, and the contents of IEF-N and SOEF-N are obviously affected by TN, while those of inorganic nitrogen (WAEF-N, SAEF-N and IEF-N) are not affected by SOEF-N and TN obviously, although they are interacted each other.

大港油田复杂断块油气藏评价技术研究与应用

In this paper, in view of characteristics and appraisal difficulty of complicate fault block reservoir, based on the theory of reservoir geology, tectonic geology, sequence stratigraphy, logging geology and sedimentology, according to related multidisciplinary data, such as geological, geophysical, logging and testing, taking 3D seismic acquisition processing, delicate structure interpretation, fine reservoir prediction, reservoir engineering and logging evaluation as research methods, on the basis of comprehensive geologic research, innovative appraisal thinking of complicate fault block reservoir is probed into, reservoir evaluation technology series of different reservoirs were created, and appraisal circuit of complicate fault block reservoir was proposed. According to the research on main controlling factors of hydrocarbon and concentration and concealing laws of Dagang exploration area, family assemble patterns of complicate fault block reservoir were proposed firstly, such as twinning, juxtaposed, overlying, concurrent, connected in series and so on, so theory basement was provided to reservoir evaluation. Taking into account of difficulties of low signal to noise ratio and border identification of lithologic trap of complicate fault block reservoir, in the middle of seismic data acquisition, double focusing layout and optimization technology were adopted, geophysical model was set up, and best observation system was ascertained. During object processing, matching processing technology of removing time difference, phase difference, energy difference and frequency spectrum difference generated by different blazing and receiving elements was studied. Imagery, low amplitude structure and identification of subtle lithologic reservoir was interpreted reasonably. On the basis of characteristics and technical description analysis of structural, structural--lithologic and lithologic reservoirs, innovative appraisal thinking of these reservoirs was formatted, appraisal circuit of complicate fault block reservoir was proposed, and this method could be used in other similar oilfields

东天山红山高硫型浅成低温铜-金矿床氧化带的形成机理和硫酸盐矿物的系列发现及意义

Located in the Paleozoic uplift along the southern margin of Tu-Ha basin in eastern Xinjiang, the newly discovered Hongshan Cu-Au deposit occurs in the superimposed Mesozoic volcanic basin upon the north section of later Paleozoic Dananhu-Tousuquan accretionary arc. Kalatage Cu-Au orebelt is controlled by NWW-trend faults, and includes Hongshan and Meiling Cu-Au deposits. The host rocks of Hongshan ore district are mainly rhyolitic-dacitic ignimbrites, whereas Cu-Au mineralization is closely related to quartz porphyry, rhyolitic porphyry and granitic porphyry. Mineralization styles are dominantly veinlet-disseminated and veinlet, occasionally stockwork. The mineral association is chalcopyrite, pyrite, bornite, chalcocite and sphalerite. The hydrothermal alteration consists of silicfication, sericitization, alunitization, pyrophylitization, illitization, hydromuscovitization, and chloritization. Hongshan Cu-Au deposit, on the edge of the desert, is one of the driest areas in eastrn Tianshan. Moreover， the highest temperature has been up to 60℃, and the average rainfall receives only 34.1mm/y. The light rainfall and rapid evaporation in the vicinity of this deposit have allowed the formation of a great variety of water-soluble sulfates. Oxidization zone of this deposit lies on the upper part of primary sulfide orebodies appearing with a depth of 50-60m, which is dominant in sulfate minerals. 1. Based on the field observation, the volcanic and sub-volcanic rock composition, hydrothermal alteration, ore structure and mineralization characteristics, this paper proposed that the Hongshan Cu-Au deposit belongs to a transitional type from high-sulfide epithermal to porphyry Cu-Au deposit, which corresponds with the typical HS-epithermal deposit such as Zijinshan Au-Cu deposit in Fujian Province, SE-China. 2. The Hongshan copper-gold deposit was controlled by the tectonic, stratum, magma activity and volcanic apparatus, whereas Au mineralization is closely related to quartz porphyry, rhyolitic porphyry and fine grained pyritization in hydrothermal activity, and Cu mineralization is closely related to quartz porphyry and hydrothermal explosive breccia. 3. Oxidation zone of Hongshan Cu-Au deposit lies on the upper part of primary sulfide orebodies deposit. 23 sulfate minerals were identified in this work. The results of samples XRD and chemical analysis were furthermore confirmed through thermal, infrared spectrum and mössbauer spectrum analysis. Among those, nine minerals as Ferricopiapite, Cuprocopiapite, Rhomboclase, Parabutlerite, Krausite, Yavapaiite, Metasideronatrite Kroehnkite and Paracoquimbite were founded in China for the first time. And Paracoquimbite was secondly reported in the world (first case reported at 1938 in Chile). 4. EPMA analysis shows that Al impurity in crystal lattice is important to polytype formation of paracoquimbite and coquimbite besides stack fault. 5. Compared with Meiling Cu-Au deposit in the same Kalatage ore belt from the characteristics of δ34S of barite, lithofacies, hydrothermal alteration and homogeneous temperature, Hongshan Cu-Au deposit belongs to the same metallogenic system of HS-epithermal type as Meiling Cu-Au deposit. But Hongshan Cu-Au deposit has less extensive alteration and shallower denudation. 6. Sulfur isotope analyses show that δ34S values of pyrites vary in the range of +1.86‰~+5.69‰, with an average of 3.70‰, mostly in the range of +1.86‰~+3.20‰, and δ34Scp<δ34Spy. Therefore ore-forming fluid of porphyry comes from mantle and was contaminated by the earth’s crust. Sulfur isotope has reached balance in ore-forming process. 7. Sulfur isotope analyses show that δ34S values of sulfates vary in the range of +2.15‰~+6.73‰, with an average of +3.74‰, mostly equals as δ34S values of primary sulfides in Hongshan Cu-Au deposit. So supergene sulfates inherit sulfur of primary sulfide. δ34S values are mostly same in different sulfates. As well as pyrite and chalcopyrite, volcanic hot spring and associated native sulfur underground also provide water medium and sulfur during the formation process of sulfate. 8. According to the EPMA of sample chalcopyrite and pyrite in Hongshan Cu-Au, the value of Cu/Ni is 0.98-34.72, mostly close to the value of 5, which shows that Hongshan deposit is a typical volcanogenic magmaic hypothermal deposit. Au and Ag, Zn, Te and Bi are positive correlation, Cu and Hg, Se, Sb are positive correlation, indicates Au and Cu don’t locate in the factor of mineralization of same mineralization groups. The reasons of gold concentration in the oxidation zone are: 1). Change of redox potential (Eh) makes gold to deposit from the liquid of mineralization zone; 2). PH is one of the most factors of gold’s deposition; 3). Soluble complex and colloid of gold can be adsorbed easily. 9. The biotite and hornblende K-Ar isotopic ages from the wall rock－quartz diorite, biotite granite and monzonite granite are 231.99±3.45Ma, 237.97±2.36Ma and 296.53±6.69Ma respectively. The ore-bearing rhyolitic breccia lava contains breccia of the biotite granite which indicates the volcanism and related Cu-Au mineralization occurred later than the granite, possibly in Mesozoic. K-Ar ages of granitoids in Sanya, Baishiquan and Hongliugou area and Molybdenite Re-Os age of Baishan Mo deposit all are in Triassic. Besides late Paleozoic magmatism, igneous magmatic event of Mesozoic was widespread in eastern Tianshan. 10. The K-Ar age dating indicates that the K-Ar age of Voltaite occurred below surface 1m is 56.02±3.98Ma, K-Ar age of Ferricopiapite occurred below surface 1.5m is 8.62±1.12Ma, K-Ar age of Yavapaiite occurred below surface 14 m is 4.07±0.39Ma, and K-Ar age of Voltaite occurred below surface 10 m is 14.73±1.73Ma. So the age interval of oxidation zone of Hongshan copper-golden bed is between 60 -3.38Ma. Oxidization occurred at Caenozoic era (from 65Ma), which can be identified through comparing with different deposits oxidation zone in other countries. The coupling between global tectonic event and climatic change event which occur from Caenozoic era has some effect on epigeosphere system, which can act on the surface of bed oxidation zone similarly. It induces that the age mentioned above coincide with collision of India-Asia and multistage uplifting of Qinhai-Tibet Plateau happened subsequently. Bed oxidation zone is the effect and record of collision and uplifting of Tibet Plateau. The strong chemical weathering of surface accumulation to which was leaded by PETM event occurred Paleocene and Eocene is the reason of Voltaite sharply rises. On the contrary, Ferricopiapite formed due to the global cold weather. The predecessor did much research through biota, isotopes, susceptibility, but this paper try to use different sulfate mineral instead of climatic change. So the research of sulfate minerals not only indicates a great deal of oxidized zone feature, but also the intergrowth of sulfate minerals may be used to trace paleoenviroment and paleoclimate of oxidation zone. 11. Analysis of the information of alteration and mineralization features of four bore cores, induced activity polarization well logging and Eh-4 geophysical section, deep mineralization anomaly objects of Hongshan ore districts shows low resistance, middle and high polarization, measurements of Eh-4 consecutive conductance section show the existing of concealed porphyry ore body deeper than 450m, on the top of and around rock body there are low resistance body ranged from 100-300Ω•m, this area may be the ore-bearing part. In a word, Hongshan Cu-Au deposit deposit is a combine of upper HS-style epithermal Au deposit and deeper porphyry mineralization system. It has great potential to find large HS-style epithermal-porphyry Au-Cu deposits. This paper consists of seven chapters and twenty seven sections. The geological character of deposit is basic condition in this work. Constitute of oxidation zone, research of sulfate mineral, relation between oxidation and primary zone, K-Ar ages of potassic sulfate are key parts of thesis. Genesis of ore deposit is the further expansion of this research. Analysis of ore-controlling factors is the penetration above basic. Analysis of potential is application of exploration.

松辽盆地古龙地区葡萄花油层组沉积成岩相研究

The sediment and diagenesis process of reservoir are the key controlling factors for the formation and distribution of hydrocarbon reservoir. For quite a long time, most of the research on sediment-diagenesis facise is mainly focusing on qualitative analysis. With the further development on exploration of oil field, the qualitative analysis alone can’t meet the requirements of complicated requirements of oil and gas exploreation, so the quantitative analysis of sediment-diagenesis facise and related facies modling have become more and more important. On the basis of the research result from stratum and sediment on GuLong Area Putaohua Oil Layer Group, from the basic principles of sedimentology, and with the support from the research result from field core and mining research results, the thesis mainly makes the research on the sediment types, the space framework of sands and the evolution rules of diagenesis while mainly sticking to the research on sediment systement analysis and diagenetic deformation, and make further quantitative classification on sediment-diageneses facies qualitatively, discussed the new way to divide the sediment-diagenesis facies, and offer new basis for reservoir exploration by the research. Through using statistics theory including factor analysis, cluster analysis and discriminant analysis, the thesis devided sediment-diagenesis facies quantitatively. This research method is innovative on studying sediment-diagenesis facies. Firstly, the factor analysis could study the main mechanism of those correlative variables in geologic body, and then could draw a conclusion on the control factors of fluid and capability of reservoir in the layer of studying area. Secondly, with the selected main parameter for the cluster analysis, the classification of diagenesis is mainly based on the data analysis, thus the subjective judgement from the investigator could be eliminated, besides the results could be more quantitative, which is helpful to the correlative statistical analysis, so one could get further study on the quantitative relations of each sediment-diagenesis facies type. Finally, with the reliablities of discriminant analysis cluster results, and the adoption of discriminant probability to formulate the chart, the thesis could reflect chorisogram of sediment-diagenesis facies for planar analysis, which leads to a more dependable analytic results.According to the research, with the multi-statistics analysis methods combinations, we could get quantitative analysis on sediment-diagenesis facies of reservoir, and the final result could be more reliable and also have better operability.

油气输导体系研究及应用─以准噶尔盆地东部白家海凸起侏罗系为例

Baijiahai uplift is an important hydrocarbon accumulation belt in eastern Jungger Basin, on which Cainan oilfield and lithologic hydrocarbon reservoir named Cai 43 have been discovered and both of them share the same target formation of Jurassic. However, in the subsequent exploration at this region, several wells that designed for lithologic traps of Jurassic were eventually failed, and that indicates the controlling factors of lithologic reservoir distribution are far more complicated than our previous expectation. This dissertation set the strata of the Jurassic in well Cai 43 region as the target, and based on the integrated analysis of structure evolution、fault sealing ability、simulations of sedimentary microfacies and reservoir beds、distribution analysis of high porosity-high permeability carrier beds、drive forces of hydrocarbons、preferential conduit system and conduit model as well as critical values of the reservoir physical properties for hydrocarbon charging, a special method that different from the conventional way to predict favorable lithologic traps was established. And with this method the controlling factors of the hydrocarbon reservoirs formation are figured out, and further more, the favorable exploration targets are point out. At Baijiahai uplift, fault plays as a crucial factor in the process of the hydrocarbon reservoir formation. In this study, it is found out that the availability of a fault that work as the seal for oil and gas are different. The critical value of the lateral mudstone smear factor (Kssf), which is used to measure the lateral sealing ability of fault, for oil is 3.9 while that for gas is 2.1; and the critical value of vertical sealing factor (F), which similarly a measurement for the vertical sealing ability of fault, for oil is 7.3 while that for gas is 5.1. Dongdaohaizi fault belt that possessed well lateral sealing ability since later Cretaceous have bad vertical sealing ability in later Cretaceous, however, it turns to be well now. Based on the comparison of the physical properties that respectively obtained from electronic log calculating、conventional laboratory rock analysis and the additive-pressure bearing laboratory rock analysis, we established the functions through which the porosity and permeability obtained though conventional method can be converted to the values of the subsurface conditions. With this method, the porosity and permeability of the Jurassic strata at the time of previous Tertiary and that in nowadays are reconstructed respectively, and then the characteristics of the distribution of high porosity-high permeability carrier beds in the evolution processes are determined. With the result of these works, it is found that both well Cai 43 region and Cainan oilfield are located on the preferential conduit direction of hydrocarbon migration. This conclusion is consistent with the result of the fluid potential analysis, in which fluid potential of nowadays and that of later Cretaceous are considered. At the same times, experiment of hydrocarbon injection into the addictive-pressure bearing rock is designed and conducted, from which it is found that, for mid-permeability cores of Jurassic, 0.03MPa is the threshold values for the hydrocarbon charging. And here, the conception of lateral pressure gradient is proposed to describe the lateral driving force for hydrocarbon migration. With this conception, it is found that hydrocarbons largely distributed in the areas where lateral pressure gradient is greater than 0. 03MPa/100m. Analysis of critical physical properties indicated that the value of the critical porosity and critical permeability varied with burial depth, and it is the throat radius of a certain reservoir bed that works as a key factor in controlling hydrocarbon content. Three parameters are proposed to describe the critical physical properties in this dissertation, which composite of effective oil-bearing porosity、effective oil-bearing permeability and preferential flow coefficient. And found that critical physical properties, at least to some extent, control the hydrocarbon distribution of Jurassic in Baijiahai uplift. Synthesize the content discussed above, this dissertation analyzed the key factors i.e., critical physical properties、driving force、conduit system and fluid potential, which controlled the formation of the lithologic reservoir in Baijiahai uplift. In all of which conduit system and fluid potential determined the direction of hydrocarbon migration, and substantially they are critical physical properties of reservoir bed and the lateral pressure gradient that controlled the eventually hydrocarbon distribution. At the same times, sand bodies in the major target formation that are recognized by reservoir bed simulation are appraised, then predict favorite direction of the next step exploration of lithologic reservoir.

孤岛油田油藏动态模型和开发环境及剩余油分布

This paper is an important part of the national "863" topic :"Reservoir dynamic model, the development environment and the forecast of remaining oil". In this paper, multi-theory, method and technology are synthesized, and sufficiently use the computer method. We use unifies of qualitative and quota, unifies of macroscopic and microscopic, unifies of dynamic and quiescent description of reservoir, unifies of comprehensive research about reservoir and physical mathematical simulation, unifies of three-dimensional and four-dimensional description of reservoir to research the reservoir of channel sand in Gudao oilfield. and we do some research about the last 10 years of the more than 30 year high pressure water injection and polymer water flooding development, dynamic changes and geologic hazard of reservoir fluid field. It discloses the distribution, genesis and controlling factors. The main innovation achievement and the understanding are: we built-up the framework of the strata and structure, and found genetic type, spatial distribution and aeolotropism of the upper Guantao member. We form the macroscopic and microscopic reservoir model of dynamic evolution, disclose the character, distribution of the macroscopic and microscopic parameter，and the relationship with remaining oil. Next we built-up the model about hydrosialite, and find the styles, group of styles, formation mechanism and controlling factors of the reservoir, disclose the affection of the hydrosialite to remaining oil, pollution of the production environment of oilfield and geologic hazard. The geologic hazards are classified to 8 styles first time, and we disclose the character, distribution law, formation mechanism and controlling factors of the geologic hazard. We built-up the model of the distribution of remaining oil in different periods of Gudao oilfield, and disclose the macroscopic and microscopic formation mechanism of remaining oil in different periods, forecast the distribution of the mobile remaining oil, and find that the main cause of the dynamic evolution of all the sub-models of reservoir fluid field is the geologic process of the reservoir development hydrodynamic force. We develop the reservoir fluid field, research of environment disaster and the description about the support theory, method and technology. The use of this theory in Gudao oilfield has obtained very good economic efficiency, and deepened and develops development geology about the continental facies fault-trough basin, and theory of geologic hazard.

胜坨油田注聚后油藏动态模型及剩余油分布

The topic of Dynamic reservoir model and the distribution of remaining oil after polymer injection of Shengtuo oilfield is a front problem of "the 11th Five-Year Plan" scientific and technological disciplines of Sinopec Corporation. Reservoirs in study area is distributary channel sandstone. After 34 years of water-injection exploitation and 7 years of polymer injection pilot experiments, a highly complex heterogeneous dynamic evolution has been occurred in macro and micro parameters of reservoir model, together with its flow field. Therefore, it’s essential to construct completed reservoir dynamic model for a successfully prediction of the distribution of remaining oil. With a comprehensive application of multidisciplinary theory and technique, using a variety of data and information to maximize the use of computer technology, combining a static and dynamic, macro and micro and 1~4D integration, the research reveals main features, evolution and mechanism, types of geological disasters and their destructivity of reservoir flow field, the macro field, the micro field, the flow field and reservoir development hydrodynamic geological function in different development periods after a long term of polymer injection in Es2 in Shengtuo oilfield. The principle innovation achievements obtained are: 1. Established A, B, C, D four flow units in target formations, revealed the various features and distribution of flow units. 2. Stated environmental pollution and geological disasters induced during oilfield exploitation in study area, and also explained their formation mechanism, controlling factors, destructivity and approaches to disaster reduction. 3. Established dynamic evolution of the macro parameter model, micro-matrix field, pore network field, clay minerals field, seepage dynamic evolution model of six different exploitation stages in study area, also revealed reservoir flow evolution, the law of evolution mechanism after polymer injection. 4. Established macro and micro distribution model of remaining oil after three mining polymer injection during different water cut periods in study area, revealed the formation mechanism and distribution of remaining oil. 5. Established remaining oilforecasting model in study area, and forecasted the formation and distribution of remaining oil in the following six years. 6. It is proposed that reservoir fluid dynamic geological processes are major driving forces for the evolution of different water cut periods, reservoir macro field after the polymer injection and micro seepage field. 7. Established a dynamic reservoir model, proposed matching theory, methods and technology for the description of the remaining oil characterization and prediction, which can deepen the theory and techniques of continental rift basin development geology. Key words: Polymer reservoir; Geological disasters; Dynamic model; Residual oil forecast

南襄盆地泌阳凹陷断裂斜坡带构造特征与油气成藏

The faulted slope zone of Biyang depression, a multiple hydrocarbon accumulation zone lying in a rich oil depression of Nanxiang basin, is a structural-sedimentary compounded slope, which is developed in Yanshanian period and has an area of 500 km2. From the ‘bottom up’, the developed strata may be divided into Yuhuangding formation in Neogene, Dacang Fang, Hetao-yuan plus Liaozhuang formations and Fenghuangzheng plus Pingyuan formation in Neogene, while Hetao-yuan formation is the main hydrocarbon-bearing target. Because of transtensional stress fields formed by persistent action of large-scale faulting in the south of the depression, sedimentary differential compaction in different stages, and tectonic inversion in later developing stage of the depression, a series of nose structure zones cut by different strike faults are developed. Therefore, the reservoir migration and accumulation are controlled by the complex faulted-nose structural zone, reservoir types are dominated by faulted-noses, faulted-blocks and fault-lithology, while lithology and stratigraphic unconformable reservoirs are locally developed. In combination with demands of practical production, applying with a new research approach of systematology and a combination with dynamic and static modes, guided by modern petroleum geologic theory, and based on previous data and studies, new techniques, methods of geophysical exploration, various computer simulation and forecasting techniques are applied in the new research of this paper. Starting from the structural features and formation mechanism, the forming mechanism of faulted structure, conditions and controlling factors of hydrocarbon accumulation, as well as various space-time allocation relationships in the process of accumulation are analyzed in the research. Besides that, the hydrocarbon migration, accumulation mechanism and dynamic evolution process are also discussed in the paper. Through the research, the accumulation rule of the faulted slope zone in faulted lake basin, the distribution and enrichment regularity of different reservoir controlling factors are systematically summarized. The summarizations indicate that the faulted slope is a favorable orientational zone, hydrocarbon is accumulated in nose structures and enriched in the main body of nose structures, faulted transformation zone and the ascent direction of laddering faulted blocks, the faults are the controlling factors, hydrocarbon accumulation zones controlled by fault-lithology are distributed along the faulting direcion. In the end, hydrocarbon migration and accumulation models of complex faulted-nose blocks are established. 1) Down cut model—‘flank-sheet’: the hydrocarbon is migrated like ‘sheet’ along a series of faults with parallel distribution and accumulated in the flank of nose structures; 2）Cross cut --‘axis-string’ model: the hydrocarbon cutting across the faults is migrated like ‘string’ and accumulated in the axis of nose structures. In view of different distribution models, reservoir forming combination patterns are divided and hydrocarbon reservoir evaluation exploration is carried out, which achieves good results in application. Key words: faulted slope zone; migration and accumulation model; reservoir controlling mechanism; reservoir-forming combination

复杂断块油气藏成藏机理和剩余油预测

Complex fault block reservoir is very important type in chinese oilfield.The reservoir have for many years and it has been the important issue of oil-gas exploration and development in china that how to increase reserves and production. Therefore,taking the Pucheng-oil field as an example, the article intensive study the geologic feature of oil pool, correctly recognize the rule of oil-gas accumulation and based on the fine representation of the characteristic of reservoir, research the remaining oil in high developed area,which is important for progressive exploratioon and development and taping the remaining oil. The article multipurpose uses the data of geology,drilling,wellloging, analysis and assay and so on, under the guidance multi-disciplinary theory, intensify the comprehension of the geologic feature of oil pool in high developed oil field. Based on the high-resolution sequence stratigraphic framework ,the article points out that Es_2 upper 2+3 reservoir in the south area of Pucheng oilfield is in the depositional environment of Terminal Fan, which has constant supply of sedimentary source ,and build the sedimentation model. Studies have shown that the major reservoir in work area is the distributary channel sandbody in central Sub-facies of Terminal Fan，secondary is both lateral accretion sandbodies of channel sands，nearby and far away from the channel overflowing sandbodies in front of the fan. The article analyze the effect of depth of burial of the reservoir, sandstone structure, strata pressure and bioturbate structure on control action of physical property for reservoir and indicate that deposition and diagenesis are major controlling factors.By building the model of reservoir heterogeneity, the article show the magnitude of reservoir heterogeneity ,the genesis and identification mark of Interlayer and build the the model of interlayer. in this area the vertical distribution of interlayer is complicated,but the intraed interlayer distribute steady. Thick interlayer is steady and the thin is relatively spreaded. By building models of fault sealing,stress field and fluid potential field of the south of the pucheng oil field, the regular pattern of fluid migration and accumulation runs out. By researching the elements of oil accumulation, migration pathway and accumulation period with quantification and semiquantitative methods,we bulit the oil-gas reservoir-forming mode of the south of the pucheng oil field,which will be the foundation of the rolling exploratory development in the future. We promulgated the master control element and the rule of distribution of the remaining oil with the upside 2+3 oil layer in shaer in the south of the pucheng oil field as an example.In this area, the formation and the distribution of the remaining oil is controled by the sedimentary microfacies, reservoir heterogeneity,fault and reservoir engineering. The remaining oil is concentrated in the vicinity of the gas cap, updip of the fault block and the area with incomplete flooding. Remaining oil saturation in some area can get 50%, so there are many places in which we can enhance oil recovery.

准噶尔盆地南缘台13井区侏罗系油藏表征与建模

Junggar Basin has a large amount of recoverable reserves, However, due to the unfavorable factors, such as bad seismic data quality, complex structure with many faults and less wells, the exploration of oil and gas is still relatively limited, so advanced theoretical guidance and effective technical supports are desirable. Based on the theories of sedimentology, as well as comprehensive studies of outcrops, seismic data, drilling data and setting of this area, the paper establishes the isochronous correlation framework, and analyzes the sedimentary facies types and provenance direction, and obtains the profile and plain maps of the sedimentary facies combined with the logging constrained inversion. Then the paper analyzes the reservoir controlling factors, reservoir lithology attribute, 4-property relationship and sensibility based on the sedimentary facies research, and sets up a 3D geological model using facies controlled modeling. Finally, the paper optimizes some target areas with the conclusions of reservoir, structure and reservoir formation.Firstly, the paper establishs the isochronous correlation framework by the seismic data, drilling data and setting of this area. The sedimentary facies in Tai13 well block are braided river and meandering river according to the analysis of the lithology attribute, logging facies and sedimentary structure attribute of outcrop. The concept of “wetland” is put forward for the first time. The provenance direction of Badaowan and Qigu formation is obtained by the geology setting, sedimentary setting and paleocurrent direction. The paper obtains the profile and plain maps of the sedimentary facies from the sand value of the wells and the sand thickness maps from the logging constrained inversion. Then, this paper takes characteristics and control factors of the Jurassic reservoirs analysis on thin section observation, scanning transmission electron microscope observation and find out the petrology characteristics of reservoir, space types of reservoir and lithofacies division. In this area, primary pores dominate in the reservoir pores, which believed that sedimentation played the most important roles of the reservoir quality and diagenesis is the minor factor influencing secondary porosity. Using stochastic modeling technique，the paper builds quantitative 3-D reservoir Parameter. Finally, combined the study of structure and reservoir formation, the reservoir distribution regularity is concluded: (a) structures control the reservoir formation and accumulation. (b) Locating in the favorable sedimentary facies belt. And the area which meets these conditions mentioned above is a good destination for exploration.

安塞油田三叠系延长组长10油层组沉积相研究

Ordos basin is a large-scale craton overlapping basin, which locates in western North China platform and possesses abundant hydrocarbon resources. Ansai area in 2007 to extend the head of Chang10 of Yangchang Formation has made breakthrough progress in the region, long a high of Gao52 was Chang10 industrial oil flow, for oil exploration Ansai Oil Field opened a new chapter. in 2008, high of Gao52, Wang519, Gao34 producing wells area of building and found the existence of Chang10 great potential for the discovery of Chang10 Reservoir, Ansai Oil Field for a new direction, showing a good exploration development prospects.The study of occurrence and distribution features of hydrocarbon should be made by new theories and evolutions of sedimentology, sequence stratigraphy, reservoir sedimentology and petroleum geology form different angles on the base of regional geology background. Ansai Oil Field is in mid Shanbei Slope, which is a considerable producing zone of Ordos basin. Chang10 of Yangchang Formation is an important oil-bearing series, which sedimentary formation was formed in Indosinian orogeny, Late Triassic, sedimentary background is a momentary uplifting in Ordos basin, and exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbon in this area is very important. To further descripte disciplinarian of accumulation hydrocarbon, carefully study on sedimentary facies, reservoir type and disciplinarian of accumulation hydrocarbon of Chang10 of Yangchang Formation in study area is needed. By collecting date of field profile, outcrop, core and many other geological, through sedimentary and oil geological analysis, sedimentary facies types were identified, distributing of sedimentary facies and extension of sand body were analyzed too. Finally, the main controlling factors of hydrocarbon and the favorable areas were found out by deeply studying sedimentary system and disciplinarian of accumulation oil&gas in Chang10 of Yangchang Formation, Late Triassic in Ansai Oil Field. Chang10 of Yangchang Formation is main study formation, which is divided into three members (Chang101, Chang102 and Chang103), Chang101 is subdivided into three (Chang1011, Chang1012and Chang1013) reservoirs. By defining Layered borderline between every member and detailed describing rock and electro characteristic, member zonation become more reasonable and accurate also sedimentary facies and disciplinarian of accumulation oil&gas in study area are confirmed Through researching sedimentary facies, reservoir sand and hydrocarbon migration, accumulation, distribution, hydrocarbon accumulation models of Chang10 of Yangchang Formation in study area is pointed out, which is lithologic hydrocarbon reservoir and tectonic-lithologic hydrocarbon reservoir. Different play is formed by different processes and factors. Through analysis of reservoir property, trap type and accumulation model, several favorable exploration areas can be found out in Chang 10 reservoirs （Chang1011, Chang1012and Chang1013） of the Ansai Oil Field.

孤东油田馆陶组河流相储层流动单元模型与剩余油分布规律研究

Since C.L. Hearn presented the concept of flow unit in 1984, its generation mechanisms and controlling factors have been studied in many aspects using different methods by researchers. There are some basic methods to do the research, and there are several concepts and classification standards about flow unit. Based on previous achievements and using methodologies from sedimentary geology, geophysics, seismic stratigraphy, and reservoir engineering, the author systemically studies the factors controlling flow unit, puts forward a series of methods for recognition, classification and evaluation of flow unit. The results obtained in this paper have important significance not only for understanding the flow unit, but also for revealing the distribution of remaining oil. As a case, this paper deals with the reservoir rocks in Guantao Group of Gudong Oilfield. Zhanhua Sag, Jiyang Depression in Bohaiwan Basin. Based on the study of stratigraphic, depositional and structural characteristics, the author establishes reservoir geological models, reveals the geological characteristics of oil-bearing reservoir of fluvial facies, points out the factors controlling flow unit and geological parameters for classification of flow unit. and summarizes methods and technologies for flow unit study when geological, well-logging and mathematical methods are used. It is the first attempt in literatures to evaluate reservoir by well-logging data constrained by geological conditions, then a well-logging evaluation model can be built. This kind of model is more precise than ever for calculating physical parameters in flow unit. In a well bore, there are six methods to recognize a flow unit. Among them, the activity function and intra-layer difference methods are the most effective. Along a section, the composition type of flow unit can be located according amplitude and impedance on seismic section. Slice method and other methods are used to distinguish flow unit. In order to reveal the distribution laws of flow unit in space, the author create a new method, named combination and composition of flow unit. Based on microscopic pore structure research, the classification methods of flow unit are developed. There are three types of flow unit in the reservoir of fluvial facies. They have their own lithology, petrophysics and pore structure character. Using judgement method, standard functions are built to determine the class of flow unit of fluvial facies. Combining reservoir engineering methods, the distribution laws of remaining oil in different types, or in different part of a flow unit are studied. It is evident that the remaining oil is controlled by the type of flow unit. The author reveals the relationship between flow unit and remaining oil distribution, builds the flowing models, predicts the variation of reservoir parameters in space, put forward different methods developing remaining oil in different flow unit. Especially, based on the results obtained in this paper, some suggestions for the adjustment of the developing flow units have been applied in Districts No.4 and No.7, and good results have been yielded. So, the results of this paper can guide oil field development. They are useful and significant for developing the remaining oil and enhancing the oil recovery efficiency.

内蒙古赤峰红花沟地区早中生代构造－岩浆活动特征及金成矿作用

Honghuagou gold field, Inner Mongolia, is selected as the study area for the dissertation. The geological background for gold mineralization, geology of gold deposits, ore-controlling factors, physical and chemical conditions, material sources, genesis and ore-forming epoch for gold mineralization are studied in the dissertation. Especially, the Early Mesozoic tectonic and magmatic activities and their relationship with gold mineralization are studied with special efforts. Based on the study, the criteria for ore-prospecting are systemically summarized, target areas for ore-prospecting are circled and their gold reserves is estimated. Based on the first discovery of Early Mesozoic ductile zone which show the detachment features and the study on the emplacement of Early Mesozoic maficintermediate dyke swarms, the author present that the studied area was mainly in extensional uplift state during Early Mesozoic. The tectonic evolution can be divided into two stages. The extension was dominated by ductile metamorphose at early stage, whose geodynamics was related with the post orogenic extension after the collision between the Northern China Plate with Siberia Plate. The extension at late stage was featured by the intrusion of diorite and the emplacement of dyke swarms, whose geodynamics was related with mantle uplift. The gold deposits in the area are just the products of the tectonic and magmatic activities resulted from Early Mesozoic extension. The plagio-amphibolite from Archean metamorphic rocks is partially melted under the influence of underplating caused by mantle uplift, result in the formation of diorite magma. The gold in metamorphic rocks will also be melted into magma pond, and ascend into the upper parts of crust along with the intrusion of magma. The gold-bearing hydrothermal fluids is formed during magma differentiation, and caused the precipitation and concentration of gold in favorable geological conditions, result in the formation of gold deposits. The fracture caused by the emplacement of dyke swarms break a path for the ascending and movement of hydrothermal fluids, some of them become parts of ore-controlling and host structure. The gold is thought to be formed in Early Mesozoic, not in Yanshanian epoch.

塔里木盆地轮南地区三叠系油气地质模型及油气预测研究

As an important measure to understand oil and gas accumulation during petroleum exploration and development, Petroleum geological model is an integrated system of theories and methods, which includes sedimentology, reservoir geology, structural geology, petroleum geology and other geological theories, and is used to describe or predict the distribution of oil and gas. Progressive exploration and development for oil and gas is commonly used in terrestrial sedimentary basin in China for the oil and gas generation, accumulation and exploitation are very intricate. It is necessary to establish petroleum geological model, adaptive to different periods of progressive exploration and development practice. Meanwhile there is lack of an integrated system of theories and methods of petroleum geological model suitable for different exploration and development stages for oil and gas, because the current different models are intercrossed, which emphasize their different aspects. According to the characteristics of exploration and development for the Triassic oil and gas pool in Lunnan area, Tarim Basin, the Lunnan horst belt was selected as the major study object of this paper. On the basis of the study of petroleum geological model system, the petroleum geological models for different exploration and development stages are established, which could be applied to predict the distribution of oil and gas distribution. The main results are as follows. (1) The generation-accumulation and exploration-development of hydrocarbon are taken as an integrated system during the course of time, so petroleum exploration and development are closely combined. Under the guidance of some philosophical views that the whole world could be understood, the present writer realizes that any one kind of petroleum geological models can be used to predict and guide petroleum exploration and development practice. The writer do not recognize that any one kind of petroleum geological models can be viewed as sole model for guiding the petroleum exploration and development in the world. Based on the differences of extents and details of research work during various stage of exploration and development for oil and gas, the system of classification for petroleum geological models is established, which can be regarded as theoretical basis for progressive petroleum exploration and development. (2) A petroleum geological model was established based on detailed researches on the Triassic stratigraphy, structure, sedimentology and reservoir rocks in the Lunnan area, northern Tarim Basin. Some sub-belt of hydrocarbon accumulation in the Lunnan area are divided and the predominate controlling factors for oil and gas distribution in the Lunnan area are given out. (3) Geological models for Lunnan and Jiefangqudong oil fields were rebuilt by the combinations of seismology and geology, exploration and development, dynamic and static behavior, thus finding out the distribution of potential zones for oil and gas accumulations. Meanwhile Oil and gas accumulations were considered as the important unit in progressive exploration and development, and the classification was made for Lunnan Triassic pools. Petroleum geological model was created through 3D seismic fine interpretation and detailed description of characteristics of reservoir rocks and the distribution of oil and gas, especially for LN3 and LN26 well zones. The possible distribution of Triassic oil traps and their efficiency in the Lunnan area has been forecasted, and quantitative analysis for original oil(water) saturation in oil pools was performed. (4) The concept of oil cell is proposed by the writer for the first time. It represents the relatively oil-rich zones in oil pool, which were formed by the differences of fluid flows during the middle stage of reservoir development. The classification of oil cells is also given out in this paper. After the studies of physical and numerical modeling, the dominant controlling factors for the formation of various oil cells are analyzed. Oil cells are considered as the most important hydrocarbon potential zones after first recovery, which are main object of progressive development adjustment and improvement oil recovery. An example as main target of analysis was made for various oil cells of Triassic reservoir in the LN2 well area. (5) It is important and necessary that the classification of flow unit and the establishment of geological model of flow unit based on analysis of forecast for inter-well reservoir parameters connected with the statistical analysis of reservoir character of horizontal wells. With the help of self-adaptive interpolation and stochastic simulation, the geological model of flow units was built on the basis of division and correlation of flow units, with which the residual oil distribution in TIII reservoir in the LN2 well area after water flooding can be established.