Recognition judgments and the performance of the recognition heuristic depend on the size of the reference class

In a series of three experiments, participants made inferences about which one of a pair of two objects scored higher on a criterion. The first experiment was designed to contrast the prediction of Probabilistic Mental Model theory (Gigerenzer, Hoffrage, & Kleinbölting, 1991) concerning sampling procedure with the hard-easy effect. The experiment failed to support the theory's prediction that a particular pair of randomly sampled item sets would differ in percentage correct; but the observation that German participants performed practically as well on comparisons between U.S. cities (many of which they did not even recognize) than on comparisons between German cities (about which they knew much more) ultimately led to the formulation of the recognition heuristic. Experiment 2 was a second, this time successful, attempt to unconfound item difficulty and sampling procedure. In Experiment 3, participants' knowledge and recognition of each city was elicited, and how often this could be used to make an inference was manipulated. Choices were consistent with the recognition heuristic in about 80% of the cases when it discriminated and people had no additional knowledge about the recognized city (and in about 90% when they had such knowledge). The frequency with which the heuristic could be used affected the percentage correct, mean confidence, and overconfidence as predicted. The size of the reference class, which was also manipulated, modified these effects in meaningful and theoretically important ways.

Pediatric reference intervals for plasma free and total metanephrines established with a parametric approach: Relevance to the diagnosis of neuroblastoma.

BACKGROUND: Urine catecholamines, vanillylmandelic, and homovanillic acid are recognized biomarkers for the diagnosis and follow-up of neuroblastoma. Plasma free (f) and total (t) normetanephrine (NMN), metanephrine (MN) and methoxytyramine (MT) could represent a convenient alternative to those urine markers. The primary objective of this study was to establish pediatric centile charts for plasma metanephrines. Secondarily, we explored their diagnostic performance in 10 patients with neuroblastoma. PROCEDURE: We recruited 191 children (69 females) free of neuroendocrine disease to establish reference intervals for plasma metanephrines, reported as centile curves for a given age and sex based on a parametric method using fractional polynomials models. Urine markers and plasma metanephrines were measured in 10 children with neuroblastoma at diagnosis. Plasma total metanephrines were measured by HPLC with coulometric detection and plasma free metanephrines by tandem LC-MS. RESULTS: We observed a significant age-dependence for tNMN, fNMN, and fMN, and a gender and age-dependence for tMN, fNMN, and fMN. Free MT was below the lower limit of quantification in 94% of the children. All patients with neuroblastoma at diagnosis were above the 97.5th percentile for tMT, tNMN, fNMN, and fMT, whereas their fMN and tMN were mostly within the normal range. As expected, urine assays were inconstantly predictive of the disease. CONCLUSIONS: A continuous model incorporating all data for a given analyte represents an appealing alternative to arbitrary partitioning of reference intervals across age categories. Plasma metanephrines are promising biomarkers for neuroblastoma, and their performances need to be confirmed in a prospective study on a large cohort of patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:587-593. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Sherali-Adams Relaxations and Indistinguishability in Counting Logics

Two graphs with adjacency matrices $\mathbf{A}$ and $\mathbf{B}$ are isomorphic if there exists a permutation matrix $\mathbf{P}$ for which the identity $\mathbf{P}^{\mathrm{T}} \mathbf{A} \mathbf{P} = \mathbf{B}$ holds. Multiplying through by $\mathbf{P}$ and relaxing the permutation matrix to a doubly stochastic matrix leads to the linear programming relaxation known as fractional isomorphism. We show that the levels of the Sherali--Adams (SA) hierarchy of linear programming relaxations applied to fractional isomorphism interleave in power with the levels of a well-known color-refinement heuristic for graph isomorphism called the Weisfeiler--Lehman algorithm, or, equivalently, with the levels of indistinguishability in a logic with counting quantifiers and a bounded number of variables. This tight connection has quite striking consequences. For example, it follows immediately from a deep result of Grohe in the context of logics with counting quantifiers that a fixed number of levels of SA suffice to determine isomorphism of planar and minor-free graphs. We also offer applications in both finite model theory and polyhedral combinatorics. First, we show that certain properties of graphs, such as that of having a flow circulation of a prescribed value, are definable in the infinitary logic with counting with a bounded number of variables. Second, we exploit a lower bound construction due to Cai, Fürer, and Immerman in the context of counting logics to give simple explicit instances that show that the SA relaxations of the vertex-cover and cut polytopes do not reach their integer hulls for up to $\Omega(n)$ levels, where $n$ is the number of vertices in the graph.

Factors Affecting Consumer’s Illicit Purchase of Copyrighted Digital Work

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) technology has revolutionized file exchange activities besides enhancing processing power distribution. As such, this technology which is nowadays made freely available to all internet users also imposes a threat as it enables the illegal distribution of copyrighted digital work. P2P technology continuously evolves in a greater pace than copyright legislation, leading to compatibility gaps between the applicability of copyright law and the illicit file sharing and downloading. Such issues give high incentives to consumers to practise piracy using P2P systems with a low perception of risk towards prosecution, leading to substantial losses for copyright owners. This study focuses on developing insights for content owners on consumer behaviour towards piracy in Finland, where quantitative analyses are assessed using a data set based on a survey conducted by the Helsinki Institute for IT. The research approach investigates the significance of three fundamental areas in relation to evaluate consumer behaviour as: environmental-related factors, innovation-related factors and consumer-related. each of these are integrates concepts derived in previous theoretical models such as the technology acceptance model, theory of reasoned action, theory of planned behaviour, the issue-risk-judgement model and the Hunt & Vitell’s model.

La eficacidad de los cursos de ELE : la percepción de los usuarios de L1/L2

Cette recherche vise à étudier l'efficacité des cours d'espagnol comme langue étrangère, à partir de la perception des étudiants d’espagnol comme langue d’origine. Pour atteindre les résultats et les conclusions obtenus, cette étude qualitative compte sur la participation des répondants hispaniques qui ont appris l'espagnol à la maison, à l'école primaire, au secondaire, au cégep et/ou au collège. Les participants ont répondu à un questionnaire qui leur a permis d'exprimer leur perception à l'égard des cours d’espagnol comme langue étrangère qu'ils ont pris au cours de leur étude primaire, secondaire ou supérieure. Les résultats de cette recherche indiquent que les élèves hispaniques ne sont pas intégrés dans les classes ELE, ce qui motive les participants à poursuivre l’étude de la langue espagnole. Comme expliqué par Gardner (1985) dans sa théorie du modèle socio-éducationnel, l’acquisition des langages intervient dans un contexte culturel spécifique et elle est influencée par la croyance populaire et les différences individuelles. Ces dernières sont intégrées dans le concept du motif d'intégration, qui est composé du sens de l'intégration, de l'attitude envers la situation d'apprentissage et de la motivation. Les réponses données par les participants dans cette étude peuvent être utiles à la conception et au développement de cours et de méthodes d’apprentissage de l’espagnol pour les hispanophones d’origine. En tenant compte de leurs points de vue, les étudiantes auraient un sens plus élevé de l’intégration, ce qui influence directement leur motivation et par le fait même leur processus d’apprentissage.

Measuring the Maturity of Open Source Software for Digital Libraries: a Case Study of DSpace

The assessment of maturity of software is an important area in the general software sector. The field of OSS also applies various models to measure software maturity. However, measuring maturity of OSS being used for several applications in libraries is an area left with no research so far. This study has attempted to fill the research gap. Measuring maturity of software contributes knowledge on its sustainability over the long term. Maturity of software is one of the factors that positively influence adoption. The investigator measured the maturity of DSpace software using Woods and Guliani‟s Open Source Maturity Model-2005. The present study is significant as it addresses the aspects of maturity of OSS for libraries and fills the research gap on the area. In this sense the study opens new avenues to the field of library and information science by providing an additional tool for librarians in the selection and adoption of OSS. Measuring maturity brings in-depth knowledge on an OSS which will contribute towards the perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use as explained in the Technology Acceptance Model theory.

Valoración del costo de los recursos propios de las empresas. caso particular: empresas de servicios a la persona en Francia

El WACC o Coste Medio Ponderado de Capital es la tasa a la que se deben descontar los flujos para evaluar un proyecto o empresa. Para calcular esta tasa es necesario determinar el costo de la deuda y el costo de los recursos propios de la compañía; el costo de la deuda es la tasa actual del mercado que la empresa está pagando por su deuda, sin embargo el costo de los recursos propios podría ser difícil y más complejo de estimar ya que no existe un costo explícito. En este trabajo se presenta un panorama de las teorías propuestas a lo largo de la historia para calcular el costo de los recursos propios. Como caso particular, se estimará el costo de los recursos propios sin apalancamiento financiero de seis empresas francesas que no cotizan en bolsa y pertenecientes al sector de Servicios a la Persona (SAP). Para lograr lo anterior, se utilizará el Proceso de Análisis Jerárquico (AHP) y el Modelo de Valoración del Precio de los Activos Financieros (CAPM) con base en lo presentado por Martha Pachón (2013) en “Modelo alternativo para calcular el costo de los recursos propios”.

ANÁLISE DE REGRESSÃO em EXPERIMENTOS em PARCELAS SUBDIVIDIDAS COM DADOS NÃO-BALANCEADOS: UMA SOLUÇÃO NA LINGUAGEM GLIM

São estabelecidas as matrizes necessárias para a realização da análise de variância de experimentos em parcelas subdivididas, com dados não-balanceados e balanceados, quando os tratamentos aplicados às parcelas e os tratamentos aplicados às subparcelas são ambos fatores quantitativos, usando a teoria de modelos lineares e de modelos lineares generalizados. Foi desenvolvido um programa computacional, na linguagem GLIM, para a realização da análise.

Interference phenomena, chiral bosons, and Lorentz invariance

We have studied the theory of gauged chiral bosons and proposed a general theory, a master action, that encompasses different kinds of gauge field couplings in chiral bosonized theories with first-class chiral constraints. We have fused opposite chiral aspects of this master action using the soldering formalism and applied the final action to several well-known models. The Lorentz rotation permitted us to fix conditions on the parameters of this general theory in order to preserve the relativistic invariance. We also have established some conditions on the arbitrary parameter concerned in a chiral Schwinger model with a generalized constraint, investigating both covariance and Lorentz invariance. The results obtained supplement the one that shows the soldering formalism as a new method of mass generation. ©2001 The American Physical Society.

Projeto de um controlador Fuzzy Takagi-Sugeno para uma estação de tratamento de esgoto por lodos ativados

Este trabalho propõe o projeto de um controlador Fuzzy do tipo Takagi-Sugeno em uma estação de tratamento de esgoto por lodos ativados. Este tipo de tratamento ocorre na presença de oxigênio, pois microorganismos aeróbios presentes no licor misto irão proporcionar a remoção tanto da matéria carbonácea quanto nutrientes formados por compostos à base de nitrogênio. O controlador atua via mecanismo de aeração e foi projetado para interpolar os ganhos proporcionais e integrativos de três controladores fixos locais que, por sua vez, foram projetados a partir da linearização de um modelo contínuo de balanço de massa de oxigênio. O controlador auxiliará manter a concentração de oxigênio dissolvido desejável na faixa de operação do processo para que ocorra a nitrificação, reação química de oxiredução que transforma amônio em nitrito, que é fundamental para o sucesso do processo, e poderá também economizar energia elétrica utilizada pelo mecanismo de aeração. Os ensaios foram realizados via simulação computacional em quatro cenários idealizados comparando o desempenho do controlador fuzzy e o desempenho de um controlador fixo projetado em um ponto de operação diferente do qual se utilizou como valor de referência na planta. Ao aplicar um degrau no valor de referência estabelecido no cenário de análise, observou-se o tempo de subida, o tempo de acomodação e o erro em regime. Após os ensaios, observou-se que o desempenho do controlador fuzzy nos quesitos tempo de subida e tempo de acomodação em relação ao controlador fixo foi melhor, enquanto nos quesitos sobressinal e erro em regime foi semelhante. Após as análises, concluiu-se que a estratégia de controle escolhida neste trabalho é viável, pois de acordo com o valor auferido de oxigênio dissolvido na entrada da planta, o controlador fuzzy irá interpolar os ganhos proporcionais e integrativos de um controlador fixo projetado na vizinhança deste valor e assim, atuar de forma bastante satisfatória.

An alternative approach for quasi-truth

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The McDonald inverted beta distribution

We introduce a five-parameter continuous model, called the McDonald inverted beta distribution, to extend the two-parameter inverted beta distribution and provide new four- and three-parameter sub-models. We give a mathematical treatment of the new distribution including expansions for the density function, moments, generating and quantile functions, mean deviations, entropy and reliability. The model parameters are estimated by maximum likelihood and the observed information matrix is derived. An application of the new model to real data shows that it can give consistently a better fit than other important lifetime models. (C) 2012 The Franklin Institute. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Spectra of graphene nanoribbons with armchair and zigzag boundary conditions

We study the spectral properties of the two-dimensional Dirac operator on bounded domains together with the appropriate boundary conditions which provide a (continuous) model for graphene nanoribbons. These are of two types, namely, the so-called armchair and zigzag boundary conditions, depending on the line along which the material was cut. In the former case, we show that the spectrum behaves in what might be called a classical way; while in the latter, we prove the existence of a sequence of finite multiplicity eigenvalues converging to zero and which correspond to edge states.

Hiord: A type-free higher-order logic programming language with predicate abstraction

A new formalism, called Hiord, for defining type-free higherorder logic programming languages with predicate abstraction is introduced. A model theory, based on partial combinatory algebras, is presented, with respect to which the formalism is shown sound. A programming language built on a subset of Hiord, and its implementation are discussed. A new proposal for defining modules in this framework is considered, along with several examples.