Análisis de contenidos de páginas web sobre servicios de control de plagas en salud pública

Introduction: Our goal was to know the web contents and examine the technical information pest control services available to users through their webpages. Method: A total of 70 webpages from biocides services in the province of Málaga (Spain) were analyzed. We used 15 evaluation indicators grouped into 5 parameters relating to data of the service provider; information’s reliability and services; accuracy of content and writing style; technical resources and interaction with the users. As test instruments were used sectoral legislation, official records of products and deliveries, standards and technical guides. Results: Companies showed a remarkable degree of awareness with the implementation and use of new technologies. Aspects negative that they can have an impact on the confidence of users, relating to the reliability of the information and deficiencies associated with the description of the services portfolio and credentials of the companies were identified. The integration and use of collaborative platforms 2.0 was poorly developed and squandered. Discussion: It is possible to improve the trust of users intervening in those aspects that affect the reliability of the information provided on the web.

Les fluides de coupes : état des connaissances sur les usages, les expositions et les pratiques de gestion en France : rapport d'étude

Les fluides de coupe sont principalement utilisés pour leurs propriétés lubrifiantes et/ou pour leur qualité de refroidissement des pièces en métallurgie. Ils sont utilisés pour faciliter l'opération d'usinage et contribue à améliorer la durée de vie de l'outil utilisé. Ils permettent d'éloigner les copeaux de la zone de coupe, ce qui contribue à l'obtention d'un état de surface de qualité, et de refroidir le copeau et la pièce usinée afin de contribuer à la précision dimensionnelle de la pièce finie. Les usages des fluides de coupe sont en évolution depuis les années 2000. Il y a environ 15-30 ans, seules les huiles entières étaient utilisées. Aujourd'hui, l'utilisation des huiles varie selon le type d'application mais il est à noter toutefois que l'usage des huiles entières est en pleine décroissance depuis 2001, contrairement à celui des fluides aqueux (émulsions) en pleine expansion. Les fluides de coupe exposeraient selon l'étude SUMER plus de 1 million de travailleurs. Il existe deux grands secteurs principaux utilisateurs de ces fluides : le travail des métaux (qui expose selon l'INRS le plus grand nombre de salariés) et l'automobile (plus grand secteur utilisateur selon la CSNIL, Chambre Syndical Nationale de l'Industrie des Lubrifiants). De nombreux éléments existent autour de la prévention des risques liés à l'utilisation des fluides de coupe mais comme le rappelait l'INRS dans son rapport publié en 2002, la plupart des méthodes de prévention, collectives ou individuelles, bien que déjà connues, ne sont pas toujours appliquées, et notamment dans les petites entreprises. De plus les moyens de surveillance, bien que largement détaillés dans de nombreux guides, sont rarement mis en oeuvre. Néanmoins, des substances dangereuses peuvent se retrouver soit au sein de la formulation des fluides de coupe (comme certains additifs, biocides..), soit se former au cours du stockage (comme c'est le cas de pour la NDELA, N-nitroso diéthanolamine). Certaines substances ont déjà vu leur usage en tant que biocide être interdit en France, tel que le formaldéhyde ou encore l'acide borique. Des solutions de substitution existent déjà, telles que la micro-lubrification ou l'usinage à sec. Mais la mise en place ou la recherche de substituts s'accompagne souvent de difficultés en ce qui concerne l'adaptation du processus industriel. La mise en oeuvre des collaborations avec les fournisseurs doit donc être fortement encouragée. Enfin, il existe des zones d'ombre concernant les risques associés au développement microbiologique intervenant lors du vieillissement des fluides. L'utilisation grandissante de ces fluides de type aqueux est en lien avec ces problèmes de contamination microbienne des fluides ainsi que les pathologies respiratoires qui semblent y être associées. Cependant l'absence de référentiel exclut toute interprétation des résultats relatifs à ces agents microbiologiques retrouvés à la fois dans les fluides et les aérosols. Conclusions : En raison de la complexité de la formulation des fluides de coupe, il n'existe pas aujourd'hui de méthode de mesure fiable pour évaluer l'exposition à ces produits. Ainsi la mise en place d'une évaluation quantitative des risques sanitaires complète semble prématurée voire impossible. Il apparaît cependant nécessaire d'aller plus loin en matière de prévention : - une valeur limite pourrait être imposée concernant les quantités en amines secondaires précurseurs de nitrosamines, telle que développée dans le modèle allemand, le respect de cette réglementation allemande est déjà un argument mis en place par certains fournisseurs français ; - La micro-lubrification et la recherche de substitution doivent être encouragées ; - L'élaboration d'un référentiel microbiologique qui puisse tenir compte de la qualité des fluides et de la protection des travailleurs devrait être soutenue. [Auteurs]

Toxicity of triclosan, penconazole and metalaxyl on Caulobacter crescentus and a freshwater microbial community as assessed by flow cytometry.

Biocides are widely used for domestic hygiene, agricultural and industrial applications. Their widespread use has resulted in their introduction into the environment and raised concerns about potential deleterious effects on aquatic ecosystems. In this study, the toxicity of the biocides triclosan, penconazole and metalaxyl were evaluated with the freshwater bacterium Caulobacter crescentus and with a freshwater microbial community using a combination of single- and double-stain flow cytometric assays. Growth of C.  crescentus and the freshwater community were repressed by triclosan but not by penconazole or metalaxyl at concentrations up to 250 μM. The repressive effect of triclosan was dependent on culture conditions. Caulobacter crescentus was more sensitive to triclosan when grown with high glucose at high cell density than when grown directly in sterilized lake water at low cell density. This suggests that the use of conventional growth conditions may overestimate biocide toxicity. Additional experiments showed that the freshwater community was more sensitive to triclosan than C.  crescentus, with 10 nM of triclosan being sufficient to repress growth and change the phylogenetic composition of the community. These results demonstrate that isolate-based assays may underestimate biocide toxicity and highlight the importance of assessing toxicity directly on natural microbial communities. Because 10 nM of triclosan is within the range of concentrations observed in freshwater systems, these results also raise concerns about the risk of introducing triclosan into the environment.

Hapettavan BIMODES-mikrobientorjuntamenetelmän vaikutukset paperikoneella

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of oxidising BIMODES microbiological control program on three paper machine process. The chemicals used in BIMODES program are sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and bromo-chloro-di-methyl-hydantoin (BCDMH). The literary part of this study discusses the microbiological problems in paper making industry, describes functional mechanisms of oxidants and also introduces the BIMODES- program. In the experimental part the aim was to examine the effects of BIMODES in three different paper machines. The purpose was to find out the effects and changes in wet end chemistry, bacterial counts, in the other additives and also in the sheet defects and holes. The study also examines what are the most important measurements to control BIMODES dosing. In addition the optimal dosing level for each machine was tried to find out. It was found that there is a clear correlation between the total chlorine level and bacterial counts. Changes in the BIMODES dosing level can be measured by redox potential, but the correlation is very poor. BIMODES program doesn’t have straight influence to pH values, but if dosage level is too low the bacterial activity can affect degreasing in the pH value. In this study couldn’t find any consequential effects for the other additives by using BIMODES. In addition the optimal dosing levels were found and by following correct halogen levels it is possible to decrease bacterial levels for very low level.

Biocide analysis, usability and stability

Biosidien toimittajat tavallisesti suorittavat biosidien annostelumäärien hallinnan paperi- ja kartonkiteollisuudessa. Useimmiten annostelun hallinta määritetään epäsuorilla menetelmillä, kuten esimerkiksi määrittämällä bakteerien kasvua. Biosidien tehoaineiden todellista konsentraatiota tai määrää prosessivesissä tai lopputuotteessa ei tavallisesti mitata. Diplomityössä kehitettiin kolmelle paperiteollisuudessa yleisesti käytetyllä biosidin tehoaineelle analyyttiset menetelmät. Menetelmät kehitettiin glutaraldehydille, 2,2-dibromi-3-nitriilipropionamidi:lle (DBNPA) ja 5-kloori-2-metyyli-4-isotiatsoliini-3-oni:lle (CMI). Kehitettyjä menetelmiä käytettiin tehoaineiden stabiilisuuden seuraamiseen vesiliuoksessa eri pH:ssa ja lämpötilassa. Lisäksi kartonkinäytteistä tehtiin uuttokokeita ja yritettiin kehittää uuttomenetelmät, joilla pystyttäisiin määrittämään biosidien tehoaineiden jäännöspitoisuuksia lopputuotteesta. Glutaraldehydille ja CMI:lle onnistuttiin kehittämään uuttomenetelmät, joilla pystyttiin määrittämään kartongista tutkittujen tehoaineiden jäännöspitoisuudet. Saadut tulokset vaikuttavat realistisilta. Glutaraldehydille ja DBNPA:lle tehtiin stabiilisuuskokeita ja tulokset ovat samankaltaisia mitä muut tutkijat ovat saaneet.

Importance of amoebae as a tool to isolate amoeba-resisting microorganisms and for their ecology and evolution: the Chlamydia paradigm.

Free-living amoebae are distributed worldwide and are frequently in contact with humans and animals. As cysts, they can survive in very harsh conditions and resist biocides and most disinfection procedures. Several microorganisms, called amoeba-resisting microorganisms (ARMs), have evolved to survive and multiply within these protozoa. Among them are many important pathogens, such as Legionella and Mycobacteria, and also several newly discovered Chlamydia-related bacteria, such as Parachlamydia acanthamoebae, Estrella lausannensis, Simkania negevensis or Waddlia chondrophila whose pathogenic role towards human or animal is strongly suspected. Amoebae represent an evolutionary crib for their resistant microorganisms since they can exchange genetic material with other ARMs and develop virulence traits that will be further used to infect other professional phagocytes. Moreover, amoebae constitute an ideal tool to isolate strict intracellular microorganisms from complex microbiota, since they will feed on other fast-growing bacteria, such as coliforms potentially present in the investigated samples. The paradigm that ARMs are likely resistant to macrophages, another phagocytic cell, and that they are likely virulent towards humans and animals is only partially true. Indeed, we provide examples of the Chlamydiales order that challenge this assumption and suggest that the ability to multiply in protozoa does not strictly correlate with pathogenicity and that we should rather use the ability to replicate in multiple and diverse eukaryotic cells as an indirect marker of virulence towards mammals. Thus, cell-culture-based microbial culturomics should be used in the future to try to discover new pathogenic bacterial species.

Contaminação ambiental por compostos organoestânicos

The occurrence and the effects of organotin compounds (OTs) have been studied since a long time, due to their widespread use and deleterious effects. Some OTs are used as pesticides in crops, or as biocides in antifouling paints, applied in the ship hulls to avoid attachment and growth of tube worms, mussels and barnacles. However, "nontarget" organisms may be exposed, resulting in the poisoning of biological system, originating mutations and sentencing species to extinction. In this work we reported a revision study on the history of OTs and the techniques developed for its assessment and control.

Tintas anti-incrustantes de terceira geração: novos biocidas no ambiente aquático

Antifouling agents have been used on vessels and boats since ancient civilizations. Thus, a brief history on the three generations of antifouling paints was provided in the present review. Additionally, information about physic-chemical properties, environmental levels, toxicology and analytical methods was discussed for the 16 "new" booster biocides used as third-generation antifouling paints. The main problems, limitations and future trends related to this subject were also presented. Finally, actions were suggested in order to appraise the current status of the environmental impact caused by these compounds in South America.

Estudo da emissão por fluorescência de ultravioleta na quantificação de um inibidor de corrosão do tipo sal de amônio quaternário em água

Quaternary ammonium salts are the corrosion inhibitors most frequently used by the oil industry. In this study, the ultraviolet fluorescence technique was evaluated for the analysis of a quaternary ammonium salt in water as a corrosion inhibitor. The comparison with standard salt showed that an alkyl aryl quaternary ammonium salt is the main fluorophore, with emission maxima at 306 and 593 nm. The best instrumental parameters were: width of excitation and emission slits of 10 and 15 nm, respectively, and scan rate of 10 nm min-1. The presence of aromatic compounds and biocides affects the analysis of corrosion inhibitors.

BimTwin - Two component continuous process hygiene concept

The aim of this study was to examine suitability of BimTwin cleaning concept in card board machine to control microbiological activity and describe microbiological balance of the machine. In a review of literature is examined microbe and spore caused problems in paper industry. Biggest problems are deposits, which decrease runnability and cause quality errors. In this chapter is also introduced most common oxidizing biocides used in paper industry and described ATP assay as a microbiological monitoring method. In an experimental part are included BimTwin mill trial results, chemical condition monitoring methods and microbiological balance in a card board machine. In a second part are examined possibilities to effect hygiene of card board by chemical treatment of the surface size and coating. Result showed that BimTwin concept is suitable for card board machine as a cleaning concept, when chemical dosing is fitted right. For proper dosing and secure tolerable hygiene level, chemical and microbiological monitoring is significant. Determining of the microbiological balance would have need more sampling. According to acquired results, broke turned out to be the biggest microbe source. Sizing and coating experiments showed that it is possible to improve hygiene of card board by chemically treated surface size and coating color.

Electro-Oxidation Treatment of Pulp and Paper Mill Circulating Waters and Wastewaters

Interest in water treatment by electrochemical methods has grown in recent years. Electrochemical oxidation has been applied particularly successfully to degrade different organic pollutants and disinfect drinking water. This study summarizes the effectiveness of the electrochemical oxidation technique in inactivating different primary biofilm forming paper mill bacteria as well as sulphide and organic material in pulp and paper mill wastewater in laboratory scale batch experiments. Three different electrodes, borondoped diamond (BDD), mixed metal oxide (MMO) and PbO2, were employed as anodes. The impact on inactivation efficiency of parameters such as current density and initial pH or chloride concentration of synthetic paper machine water was studied. The electrochemical behaviour of the electrodes was investigated by cyclic voltammetry with MMO, BDD and PbO2 electrodes in synthetic paper mill water as also with MMO and stainless steel electrodes with biocides. Some suggestions on the formation of different oxidants and oxidation mechanisms were also presented during the treatment. Aerobic paper mill bacteria species (Deinococcus geothermalis, Pseudoxanthomonas taiwanensis and Meiothermus silvanus) were inactivated effectively (>2 log) at MMO electrodes by current density of 50 mA/cm2 and the time taken three minutes. Increasing current density and initial chloride concentration of paper mill water increased the inactivation rate of Deinococcus geothermalis. The inactivation order of different bacteria species was Meiothermus silvanus > Pseudoxanthomonas taiwanensis > Deinococcus geothermalis. It was observed that inactivation was mainly due to the electrochemically generated chlorine/hypochlorite from chloride present in the water and also residual disinfection by chlorine/hypochlorite occurred. In real paper mill effluent treatment sulphide oxidation was effective with all the different initial concentrations (almost 100% reduction, current density 42.9 mA/cm2) and also anaerobic bacteria inactivation was observed (almost 90% reduction by chloride concentration of 164 mg/L and current density of 42.9 mA/cm2 in five minutes). Organic material removal was not as effective when comparing with other tested techniques, probably due to the relatively low treatment times. Cyclic voltammograms in synthetic paper mill water with stainless steel electrode showed that H2O2 could be degraded to radicals during the cathodic runs. This emphasises strong potential of combined electrochemical treatment with this biocide in bacteria inactivation in paper mill environments.

Étude de la virulence et de la résistance aux antibiotiques des Staphylococcus aureus résistants à la méthicilline chez le porc à l'abattoir au Québec

Depuis quelques années et dans plusieurs pays, un nouveau type de Staphylococcus aureus résistant à la méthicilline (SARM), le séquence type (ST) 398, a été fréquemment retrouvé chez les porcs et chez les fermiers en contact avec ces porcs. Au Canada, très peu d’informations sont disponibles concernant le SARM d’origine porcine. Une première étude dans notre laboratoire a permis de récolter 107 isolats de SARM provenant de deux abattoirs porcins du Québec. Le présent travail vise à caractériser les gènes de virulence et de résistance aux antibiotiques de ces SARM, d’étudier leur formation de biofilm en relation avec la spécificité du groupe agr et de vérifier la localisation plasmidique et la transférabilité de ces gènes à des souches de SARM d’origine humaine. Plusieurs souches ont démontré différents patrons phénotypiques de résistance aux antibiotiques. Vingt-quatre souches représentatives de ces isolats ont été soumises à une caractérisation plus approfondie par une étude génotypique en utilisant une biopuce à ADN et un grand nombre de gènes de virulence a été détecté codant pour des entérotoxines staphylococcales, des leucocidines, des hémolysines, des auréolysines, des facteurs d’immunoévasion, des superantigènes, des facteurs d’adhésion et des facteurs impliqués dans la formation de biofilm. Des gènes de résistance envers les aminoglycosides, les macrolides, les lincosamides, les tétracyclines et les biocides ont été également détectés par biopuce et leur localisation plasmidique a par la suite été déterminée. La transférabilité de ces gènes de souches porcines à des souches de SARM d’origine humaine a été démontrée par conjugaison bactérienne; ainsi le transfert horizontal de certains gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques et de virulence a été observé. Ces travaux de recherche apportent une meilleure connaissance de la résistance aux antibiotiques et de la virulence des SARM d’origine porcine et de leur potentiel de contribution à l’émergence de certaines résistances et facteurs de virulence chez le SARM d’origine humaine.

A comparative study on the effectiveness of laboratory bioassays of entomopathogenic nematodes against desert locust nymphs Schistocerca gregaria (Acrididae:Orthoptera)

Entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema carpocapsae, S. feltiae (Steinernematids) Heterorhabditis indica and H. bacteriophora (Heterorhabditids) were studied to control nymphs of desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Results of all experiments showed a significant difference in mortality percentage among all isolates. All nematodes were found more effective when exposure time was increased up to 10 days. On the other hand, both Heterorhabditids caused maximum mortality as compared to Steinernematids at 30 degree C. When different moisture levels were tested in the sand arena, a medium level of moisture (1%) caused maximum insect mortality in all isolates. However, highest concentration of each isolate (200 IJs per ml) proved to be most appropriate for maximum insect death. Similarly, both Heterorhabditis nematodes when orally applied to insects killed maximum nymphs as compared to other two Steinernematids. A similar response was observed in infectivity test when maximum percentage of IJs of both isolates of Heterorhabditis successfully penetrated into the body of locust nymphs. This research suggests some useful basic findings in developing biocides with suitable virulent of entomopathogenic nematode for controlling nymphs of desert locust.

A 96-well plate fluorescence assay for assessment of cellular permeability and active efflux in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Escherichia coli

Multiply antibiotic-resistant (MAR) mutants of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica are characterized by reduced susceptibility to several unrelated antibiotics, biocides and other xenobiotics. Porin loss and/or active efflux have been identified as a key mechanisms of MAR. A single rapid test was developed for MAR. The intracellular accumulation of the fluorescent probe Hoechst (H) 33342 (bisbenzimide) by MAR mutants and those with defined disruptions in efflux pump and porin genes was determined in 96-well plate format. The accumulation of H33342 was significantly (P < 0.0001) reduced in MAR mutants of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (n = 4) and E. coli (n = 3) by 41 +/- 8% and 17.3 +/- 7.2%, respectively, compared with their parental strains, which was reversed by the transmembrane proton gradient-collapsing agent carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) and the efflux pump inhibitor phenylalanine-arginine-beta-naphthylamide (PA beta N). The accumulation of H33342 was significantly reduced in mutants of Salmonella Typhimurium with defined disruptions in genes encoding the porins OmpC, OmpF, OmpX and OmpW, but increased in those with disruptions in efflux pump components TolC, AcrB and AcrF. Reduced accumulation of H33342 in three other MAR mutants of Salmonella Typhimurium correlated with the expression of porin and efflux pump proteins. The intracellular accumulation of H33342 provided a sensitive and specific test for MAR that is cheap and relatively rapid. Differential sensitivity to CCCP and PA beta N provided a further means to phenotypically identify MAR mutants and the role of active efflux in each strain.

Effect of triclosan or a phenolic farm disinfectant on the selection of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica

Objective: To determine the effect of growth of five strains of Salmonella enterica and their isogenic multiply antibiotic-resistant (MAR) derivatives with a phenolic farm disinfectant or triclosan (biocides) upon the frequency of mutation to resistance to antibiotics or cyclohexane. Methods: Strains were grown in broth with or without the biocides and then spread on to agar containing ampicillin, ciprofloxacin or tetracycline each at 4x MIC or agar overlaid with cyclohexane. Incubation was for 24 and 48 h and the frequency of mutation to resistance was calculated for strains with and without prior growth with the biocides. MICs were determined and the presence of mutations in the acrR and marR regions was determined by sequencing and the presence of mutations in gyrA by light-cycler analysis, for a selection of the mutants that arose. Results: The mean frequency of mutation to antibiotic or cyclohexane resistance was increased similar to10- to 100-fold by prior growth with the phenolic disinfectant or triclosan. The increases were statistically significant for all antibiotics and cyclohexane following exposure to the phenolic disinfectant (P less than or equal to 0.013), and for ampicillin and cyclohexane following exposure to triclosan (P less than or equal to 0.009). Mutants inhibited by >1 mg/L ciprofloxacin arose only from strains that were MAR. Reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (at 4x MIC for parent strains) alone was associated with mutations in gyrA. MAR mutants did not contain mutations in the acrR or marR region. Conclusions: These data renew fears that the use of biocides may lead to an increased selective pressure towards antibiotic resistance.