Spanish Sociology and Anti-Semitism Between passed prejudice and key to civilization

There is a significant lack of sociological research in Spain about anti-Semitism. At the same time there are alarming anti-Semitic tendencies and anti-Jewish stereotypes which are above the European average. This article aims to explain this lack of sociological research about anti-Semitism in Spain. Therefore two types of explications are offered: on the one hand side some structural problems will be shown which sociology in general had since its beginnings and which complicate the understanding of anti-Semitism. Furthermore explications regarding the specific social and historic situation in Spain and of Spanish sociology in particular will be exposed. It will be shown that for its rationalistic character and with the exception of very few authors – who are considered marginalized for practical research – sociology in general has had enormous problems in understanding anti-Semitism. The specific historic situation, Francoism, the dispute about the historic memory and the delayed institutionalisation of sociology could also explain the lack of sociological interest in the topic especially in Spain. The article shows that the study of anti-Semitism is not only relevant for struggling against this burden of society in many of its variants. Furthermore, thinking about anti-Semitism can help sociology to recognise its own epistemological problems. It can serve to criticise and improve instruments of sociological research by showing the limitations of the sociological approach and to uncover the importance of interdisciplinary research for understanding specific social phenomena. In that sense, anti-Semitism, far from being a marginal subject, can be considered a key topic in the process of civilisation and it can help us to decipher the contemporary Spanish society.

Cultural threat and anti-immigrant prejudice: The case of Protestants in Northern Ireland

Using data from the 2002 and 2009 Northern Ireland Life and Times (NILT) surveys, we examine attitudes towards immigrant and ethnic minority groups in Northern Ireland. We suggest that Protestant and unionist communities experience a higher level of cultural threat than Catholic and nationalist communities on account of the ‘parity of esteem’ principle that has informed changes in the province since the Belfast Agreement of 1998. Our analyses confirm that, while there is evidence for some level of anti-immigrant sentiment across all groups, Protestants and unionists do indeed report relatively more negative attitudes towards a range of immigrant and ethnic target groups compared to Catholic, nationalist, or respondents who do not identify with either religious or political category. The analyses further suggest that their higher level of perceived cultural threat partially accounts for this difference. We suggest that cultural threat can be interpreted as a response to changes in Northern Ireland that have challenged the dominant status enjoyed by Protestants and unionists in the past.

'It Is Not as Easy as ABC': Examining Practitioners' Views on Using Behavioural Contracts to Encourage Young People to Accept Responsibility for their Anti-Social Behaviour

This article examines the use of acceptable behavioural contracts as a tool for engendering the voluntary acceptance of responsibility in children and young people perceived to be engaging in anti-social behaviour and low-level criminality. Based on the results of a qualitative empirical analysis with local government and social housing anti-social behaviour teams, the article explores the attitudes of practitioners to the use of this unregulated but commonly utilised intervention. Practitioners' views are contrasted with the ideals of voluntary responsibilisation upon which the contracts are supposedly based. It is argued that there is a spectrum of differing approaches among practitioners, with some using the contracts more to encourage the voluntary acceptance of responsibility, whilst others use them more coercively to hold individuals responsible for their behaviour. The implications of these differing approaches are examined.

FITS into Practice: Translating Research into Practice in Reducing the Use of Anti-psychotic Medication for People with Dementia Living in Care Homes

Objectives: This paper reports on the acceptability and effectiveness of the FITS (Focussed Intervention Training and Support) into Practice Programme. This intervention was scaled up from an earlier cluster randomised-controlled trial that had proven successful in significantly decreasing antipsychotic prescribing in care homes. Method: An in depth 10-day education course in person-centred care was delivered over a three-month period, followed by six supervision sessions. Participants were care-home staff designated as Dementia Care Coaches (DCCs) responsible for implementing interventions in 1 or 2 care homes. The course and supervision was provided by educators called Dementia Practice Development Coaches (DPDCs). Effectiveness data included monitoring antipsychotic prescriptions, goal attainment, knowledge, attitudes and implementation questionnaires. Qualitative data included case studies and reflective journals to elucidate issues of implementation. Results: Of the 100 DCCs recruited, 66 DCCs completed the programme. Pre-post questionnaires demonstrated increased knowledge and confidence and improved attitudes to dementia. Twenty per cent of residents were prescribed antipsychotics at baseline which reduced to 14% (31% reduction) with additional dose reductions being reported alongside improved personalised goal attainment. Crucial for FITS into Practice to succeed was the allocation and protection of time for the DCC to attend training and supervision and to carry out implementation tasks in addition to their existing job role. Evaluation data showed that this was a substantial barrier to implementation in a small number of homes. Discussion and conclusions: The FITS into practice programme was well evaluated and resulted in reduction in inappropriate anti-psychotic prescribing. Revisions to the intervention are suggested to maximise successful implementation.

Pre-meal tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) intake can have anti-obesity effects in young women?

The effect of pre-meal tomato intake in the anthropometric indices and blood levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, glucose, and uric acid of a young women population (n=35, 19.6 ± 1.3 years) was evaluated. During 4 weeks, daily, participants ingested a raw ripe tomato (~90 g) before lunch. Their anthropometric and biochemical parameters were measured repeatedly during the follow-up time. At the end of the 4 weeks, significant reductions were observed on body weight (-1.09 ± 0.12 kg on average), % fat (-1.54 ± 0.52%), fasting blood glucose (-5.29 ± 0.80 mg/dl), triglycerides (-8.31 ± 1.34 mg/dl), cholesterol (-10.17 ± 1.21 mg/ dl), and uric acid (-0.16 ± 0.04 mg/dl) of the participants. The tomato pre-meal ingestion seemed to interfere positively in body weight, fat percentage, and blood levels of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, and uric acid of the young adult women that participated in this study.

Subjective Ambivalence and the Expression of Anti-Gay Bias

Univalent attitudes toward gay people have been widely studied, but no research to date has examined ambivalent (i.e., torn, conflicted) attitudes toward gay people. However, the Justification-Suppression Model (JSM; Crandall & Eshleman, 2003) proposes that ambivalence leads to biased expressions through intrapsychic processes which facilitate biased expression, particularly in contexts presenting strong justifications for expressing prejudice and weak pressures to suppress prejudice. I test these implications in the context of bias toward gay people. In Study 1, the measurement of ambivalence is examined in terms of both subjective ambivalence (i.e., the reported experience of “torn” attitudes) and calculated ambivalence (i.e., mathematical conflict between positive and negative attitude components). I find that higher subjective ambivalence is only associated with more negative attitudes toward gay people (and not positive attitudes toward gay people), and that higher subjective ambivalence predicts less gay rights support even after taking negative and positive attitudes toward gay people into account. Further, higher subjective ambivalence is associated with ideological opposition to gay people and more negative intergroup emotions (e.g., intergroup disgust). These findings suggest it is valuable to examine the unique component of subjective ambivalence separate from univalent negativity. Because calculated ambivalence measures are mathematically dependent upon a univalent negative measure, they cannot be examined separately from negativity. Therefore, subjective ambivalence is the focus of Study 2. The main goals of Study 2 were to determine why and when subjective ambivalence is related to bias. I examined the extent to which the negative relation between subjective ambivalence and opposition to anti-gay bullying can be accounted for by lower intergroup empathy and lower collective guilt, which may facilitate the expression of bias in keeping with the JSM. The relation between subjective ambivalence and anti-gay bullying opposition was examined within four social contexts based on a 2 (high vs. low offensiveness) x 2 (normatively unjustified vs. normatively justified) manipulation. I expected that higher subjective ambivalence would be most strongly related to lower intergroup empathy and collective guilt when there are the strongest justifications for bias expression, and that lower intergroup empathy and collective guilt would lead to less opposition to anti-gay bullying. Higher subjective ambivalence predicted less anti-gay bullying opposition. After accounting for positivity and negativity, the direct effect of subjective ambivalence was no longer significant, yet subjective ambivalence uniquely predicted intergroup empathy, which in turn predicted less anti-gay bullying opposition. These findings provide evidence that subjective ambivalence is largely negative in nature, but also presents evidence for a unique component of subjective ambivalence (separate from univalent attitudes) associated with low intergroup empathy and negativity. In contrast to previous research, I found very little evidence for the context-dependency of subjective ambivalence. Further research on subjective ambivalence, including subjective ambivalence toward other social groups, may expand our understanding of the factors leading to biased expressions.

Régulation du métabolisme et du transport des lipides dans les macrophages : potentiel anti-athérosclérotique des ligands du CD36

Les maladies cardiovasculaires sont la principale cause de morbidité et de mortalité dans les pays industrialisés. Le récepteur CD36, exprimé à la surface des macrophages, joue un rôle déterminant dans l’internalisation des lipoprotéines oxydées menant à la formation des cellules spumeuses dans l’espace sous endothélial, première étape du développement des lésions athérosclérotiques. Nous avons montré précédemment que les sécrétines de l’hormone de croissance sont des ligands du récepteur CD36 qui possèdent un site de liaison qui chevauche celui des lipoprotéines oxydées. Cependant, aucune étude n’avait rapporté les effets potentiels des ligands sélectifs du CD36 sur la progression des lésions athérosclérotiques et le métabolisme lipidique au niveau des macrophages. Ainsi, ce projet de doctorat visait à évaluer le potentiel anti-athérosclérotique du EP 80317, un ligand sélectif du CD36, et élucider les mécanismes à l’origine de ses effets sur le métabolisme et le transport des lipides au niveau des macrophages. À cette fin, des souris déficientes en apolipoprotéine E (apoE-/-), nourries avec une diète riche en lipides et en cholestérol, ont été traitées quotidiennement pendant 12 semaines avec le EP 80317, montrant un puissant effet anti-athérosclérotique associé à une réduction de 51% des lésions aortiques et de 30% du taux plasmatique de cholestérol total. Cette même étude a permis de montrer une réduction de l’internalisation des lipoprotéines oxydées ainsi qu’une augmentation de l’expression des gènes/protéines impliqués dans l’efflux du cholestérol au niveau des macrophages, comme le peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), liver x receptor α (LXRα) et les transporteurs ABCA1 et ABCG1, entraînant une réduction de la formation des cellules spumeuses. Ces observations nous ont conduits à élucider les mécanismes moléculaires engendrés par la liaison d’un ligand sélectif au récepteur CD36 dans les macrophages. Les études ont permis de montrer que les ligands du CD36 entraînent une augmentation de l’efflux du cholestérol vers les transporteurs ABCA1 et ABCG1 en augmentant l’expression protéique de la cyclooxygénase 2 (COX-2) consécutive à la phosphorylation de la MAP kinase ERK1/2. L’activation de COX-2 stimule la production intracellulaire de la prostaglandine 15d-PGJ2, cette dernière conduisant à l’activation du PPARγ. Finalement, une troisième étude nous a permis de mettre en évidence les effets du EP 80317 sur le transport inverse du cholestérol in vivo. L’injection de macrophages J774 radiomarqués avec du cholestérol tritié dans la cavité péritonéale de souris avec le EP 80317 nous a permis de montrer que le EP 80317 entraîne une réduction de la radioactivité retrouvée dans le foie tandis qu’il augmente celle retrouvée dans les fèces par comparaison aux souris contrôles, sans néanmoins modifier le profil plasmatique du radiotraceur entre les deux groupes. De plus, l’expression des gènes impliqués dans le transport du cholestérol au niveau intestinal comme le LXRα, ABCA1, ABCG5 ainsi que ABCG8 ont été régulés à la hausse par le EP 80317 tandis que l’expression de NPC1L1, un transporteur impliqué dans l’absorption du cholestérol, a été régulé à la baisse. Toutefois, les gènes impliqués dans le métabolisme du cholestérol au niveau du foie ne sont pas modulés par le EP 80317. En conclusion, les travaux effectués dans le cadre de cette thèse nous ont permis de montrer que l’activation du récepteur CD36 par le EP 80317 pourrait s’avérer être une nouvelle approche thérapeutique pour le traitement de l’athérosclérose. Les effets anti-athérosclérotiques et hypocholestérolémiants des ligands synthétiques du récepteur CD36 sont en partie engendrés par 1) la régulation du métabolisme des lipides au niveau des macrophages en réponse à l’activation du PPARγ par son ligand endogène, le 15d-PGJ2 et 2) par une augmentation du transport inverse du cholestérol, particulièrement par une augmentation de l’efflux transintestinal.

Inflammation intestinale associée à la fibrose kystique : rôle du CFTR et propriétés anti-inflammatoires de la vitamine D

Les patients fibrose kystique (FK) souffrent de complications digestives qui incluent une inflammation intestinale modérée dont l’étiologie est méconnue. Les personnes atteintes de FK présentent également une malabsorption des vitamines liposolubles, telles la vitamine D. Or, la vitamine D possède des propriétés immunomodulatrices et anti-inflammatoires. Le présent projet vise à investiguer le rôle du CFTR, dont le gène est muté dans la FK, dans l’étiologie de cette inflammation intestinale et à étudier le potentiel anti-inflammatoire de la vitamine D sur celle-ci. Le CFTR a été invalidé génétiquement par la méthode des ARN interférents (shRNAi) et/ou inhibé pharmacologiquement par l’utilisation d’un antagoniste inhibiteur spécifique (CFTRinh-172). Un état inflammatoire a été induit par les cytokines pro-inflammatoires TNF-α et IL-1β. Afin d’évaluer le rôle anti-inflammatoire de la vitamine D, les cellules ont été pré-traitées avec la forme bioactive de la vitamine D, la 1,25(OH)2D3. La sécrétion et l’expression génique d’interleukine-8, ainsi que l’activation de la voie de signalisation p38MAPK et du facteur de transcription NFκB ont été évaluées. Pour explorer la voie par laquelle la vitamine D exerce ses actions anti-inflammatoires, les cellules ont été pré-incubées avec le BIRB796 pour inhiber la voie p38MAPK. Finalement l’expression génique du récepteur nucléaire de la vitamine D et des hydroxylases intestinales impliquées dans son métabolisme a été déterminée. Nos résultats suggèrent que le CFTR a un rôle dans l’étiologie de l’inflammation intestinale associée à la FK. De plus, la vitamine D semble moduler à la baisse la réponse inflammatoire de la cellule intestinale dont le CFTR a été génétiquement invalidé.

Political Education in Plural Societies: Using the Anti-Bias Approach to Challenge Oppression in Bombay and Berlin

This study addresses the effectivity of the Anti-Bias approach and training methodology as a pedagogical political strategy to challenge oppression among student groups in the cities of Bombay and Berlin. The Anti-Bias trainings conducted within the framework of this study also become the medium through which the perpetuation of oppressive structures by students within and outside the school is investigated. Empirical data from predominantly qualitative investigations in four secondary schools, two each in Bombay and Berlin, is studied and analysed on the basis of theoretical understandings of prejudice, discrimination and identity. This study builds on insights offered by previous research on prejudices and evaluations of anti-bias and diversity interventions, where the lack of sufficient research and thorough evaluations testing impact has been identified (Levy Paluck, 2006). The theoretical framework suggests that prejudices and discriminatory practices are learnt and performed by individuals over the years by way of pre-existing discourses, and that behaviour and practices can be unlearnt through a multi-step process. It proposes that the discursive practices of students contribute to the constitution of their viable selves and in the constitution of ‘others’. Drawing on this framework, the study demonstrates how student-subjects in Bombay and Berlin perpetuate oppressive discourses by performing their identities and performing identities onto ‘others’. Such performative constitution opens up the agency of the individual, disclosing the shifting and dynamic nature of identities. The Anti-Bias approach is posited as an alternative to oppressive discourses and a vehicle that encourages and assists the agency of individuals. The theoretical framework, which brings together a psychological approach to prejudice, a structural approach to discrimination and a poststructural approach to identity, facilitates the analysis of the perpetuation of dominant discourses by the students, as well as how they negotiate their way through familiar norms and discourses. Group discussions and interviews a year after the respective trainings serve to evaluate the agency of the students and the extent to which the training impacted on their perceptions, attitudes and behavioural practices. The study reveals the recurrence of the themes race, religion, gender and sexuality in the representational practices of the students groups in Berlin and Bombay. It demonstrates how students in this study not only perform, but also negotiate and resist oppressive structures. Of particular importance is the role of the school: When schools offer no spaces for discussion, debate and action on contemporary social issues, learning can neither be put into practice nor take on a positive, transformative form. In such cases, agency and resistance is limited and interventionist actions yield little. This study reports the potential of the Anti-Bias approach and training as a tool of political education and action in education. It demonstrates that a single training can initiate change but sustaining change requires long-term strategies and on-going actions. Taking a poststructural perspective, it makes concrete suggestions to adapt and alter the Anti-Bias approach and the implementation of Anti-Bias trainings.

Saturated fat-induced changes in S-f 60-400 particle composition reduces uptake of LDL by HepG2 cells

The ability of human postprandial triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins (TRLs), isolated after meals enriched in saturated fatty acids (SFAs), n-6 PUFAs, and MUFAs, to inhibit the uptake of I-125-labeled LDL by the LDL receptor was investigated in HepG2 cells. Addition of TRLs resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of heparin-releasable binding, cell-associated radioactivity, and degradation products of I-125-labeled LDL (P < 0.001). SFA-rich Svedberg flotation rate (S-f) 60-400 resulted in significantly greater inhibition of cell-associated radioactivity than PUFA-rich particles (P = 0.016) and total uptake of I-125-labeled LDL compared with PUFA- and MUFA-rich particles (P = 0.02). Normalization of the apolipoprotein (apo)E but not apoC-III content of the TRLs removed the effect of meal fatty acid composition, and addition of an anti-apoE antibody reversed the inhibitory effect of TRLs on the total uptake of I-125-labeled LDL. Real time RT-PCR showed that the SFA-rich Sf 60-400 increased the expression of genes involved in hepatic lipid synthesis (P < 0.05) and decreased the expression of the LDL receptor-related protein 1 compared with MUFAs (P = 0.008). In conclusion, these findings suggest an alternative or additional mechanism whereby acute fat ingestion can influence LDL clearance via competitive apoE-dependent effects of TRL on the LDL receptor.-Jackson, K. G., V. Maitin, D. S. Leake, P. Yaqoob, and C. M. Williams. Saturated fat-induced changes in Sf 60 400 particle composition reduces uptake of LDL by HepG2 cells.

The integration of lipid-sensing and anti-inflammatory effects: how the PPARs play a role in metabolic balance

The peroxisomal proliferating-activated receptors (PPARs) are lipid-sensing transcription factors that have a role in embryonic development, but are primarily known for modulating energy metabolism, lipid storage, and transport, as well as inflammation and wound healing. Currently, there is no consensus as to the overall combined function of PPARs and why they evolved. We hypothesize that the PPARs had to evolve to integrate lipid storage and burning with the ability to reduce oxidative stress, as energy storage is essential for survival and resistance to injury/infection, but the latter increases oxidative stress and may reduce median survival (functional longevity). In a sense, PPARs may be an evolutionary solution to something we call the 'hypoxia-lipid' conundrum, where the ability to store and burn fat is essential for survival, but is a 'double-edged sword', as fats are potentially highly toxic. Ways in which PPARs may reduce oxidative stress involve modulation of mitochondrial uncoupling protein (UCP) expression (thus reducing reactive oxygen species, ROS), optimising forkhead box class O factor (FOXO) activity (by improving whole body insulin sensitivity) and suppressing NFkB (at the transcriptional level). In light of this, we therefore postulate that inflammation-induced PPAR downregulation engenders many of the signs and symptoms of the metabolic syndrome, which shares many features with the acute phase response (APR) and is the opposite of the phenotype associated with calorie restriction and high FOXO activity. In genetically susceptible individuals (displaying the naturally mildly insulin resistant 'thrifty genotype'), suboptimal PPAR activity may follow an exaggerated but natural adipose tissue-related inflammatory signal induced by excessive calories and reduced physical activity, which normally couples energy storage with the ability to mount an immune response. This is further worsened when pancreatic decompensation occurs, resulting in gluco-oxidative stress and lipotoxicity, increased inflammatory insulin resistance and oxidative stress. Reactivating PPARs may restore a metabolic balance and help to adapt the phenotype to a modern lifestyle.

Anti-Slavic imagery in German radical nationalist discourse at the turn of the twentieth century: a prelude to Nazi ideology?

By applying methods of cognitive metaphor theory, Jaworska examines metaphorical scenarios employed in the discourse of anti-Slavism, which featured prominently in radical nationalist propaganda in Germany at the turn of the twentieth century. She does so by analysing metaphorical expressions used to refer to the Polish population living in the eastern provinces of Prussia, in the so-called Ostmark. Her article is based on an analysis of a range of pamphlets and newspaper articles written by some of the leading figures of two nationalist organizations: the Pan-German League (Alldeutscher Verband) and the Eastern Marches Society(Ostmarkenverein). The main research questions it addresses are: What kind of metaphoric scenarios were used to depict the Polish minority, and to what extent were the metaphorical patterns of anti-Slavic imagery similar to those employed in the antisemitic propaganda of the Nazi era? Is there a discursive continuity between the radical nationalism of imperial Germany and the National Socialism of the Third Reich at the level of metaphorical scenarios? Ultimately, Jaworska attempts to contribute to a better understanding of the cognitive mechanisms underlying radical and essentially racist attitudes.

Does domperidone, a D2-antagonist alter gastric emptying rates and appetite sensations in healthy adults with high-fat meal? A block-randomised, single-blind placebo-controlled study

BACKGROUND: Accelerated gastric emptying (GE) may lead to reduced satiation, increased food intake and is associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Domperidone is a dopamine 2 (D(2)) receptor antagonist with claims of gastrointestinal tract pro-kinetic activity. In humans, domperidone is used as an anti-emetic and treatment for gastrointestinal bloating and discomfort. AIM: To determine the effect of acute domperidone administration on GE rate and appetite sensations in healthy adults. METHODS: A single-blind block randomised placebo-controlled crossover study assessed 13 healthy adults. Subjects ingested 10 mg domperidone or placebo 30 min before a high-fat (HF) test meal. GE rate was determined using the (13)CO(2) octanoic acid breath test. Breath samples and subjective appetite ratings were collected in the fasted and during the 360 min postprandial period. RESULTS:Gastric emptying half-time was similar following placebo (254 ± 54 min) and 10 mg domperidone (236 ± 65 min). Domperidone did not change appetite sensations during the 360 min postprandial period (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In healthy adults, acute administration of 10 mg domperidone did not change GE or appetite sensations following a HF test meal.

Investigating mechanisms underpinning the detrimental impact of a high-fat diet in the developing and adult hypermuscular myostatin null mouse

Background: Obese adults are prone to develop metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, over-weight expectant mothers give birth to large babies who also have increased likelihood of developing metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Fundamental advancements to better understand the pathophysiology of obesity are critical in the development of anti-obesity therapies not only for this but also future generations. Skeletal muscle plays a major role in fat metabolism and much work has focused in promoting this activity in order to control the development of obesity. Research has evaluated myostatin inhibition as a strategy to prevent the development of obesity and concluded in some cases that it offers a protective mechanism against a high-fat diet. Results: We hypothesised that myostatin inhibition should protect not only the mother but also its developing foetus from the detrimental effects of a high-fat diet. Unexpectedly, we found muscle development was attenuated in the foetus of myostatin null mice raised on a high-fat diet. We therefore re-examined the effect of the high-fat diet on adults and found myostatin null mice were more susceptible to diet-induced obesity through a mechanism involving impairment of inter-organ fat utilization. Conclusions: Loss of myostatin alters fatty acid uptake and oxidation in skeletal muscle and liver. We show that abnormally high metabolic activity of fat in myostatin null mice is decreased by a high-fat diet resulting in excessive adipose deposition and lipotoxicity. Collectively, our genetic loss-of-function studies offer an explanation of the lean phenotype displayed by a host of animals lacking myostatin signalling. Keywords: Muscle, Obesity, High-fat diet, Metabolism, Myostatin

Fat, rich and beautiful: changing socio-cultural paradigms associated with obesity risk, nutritional status and refugee children from sub-Saharan Africa

There has been an increase in Australia's intake of refugees and migrants from sub-Saharan Africa over the last two decades. These refugees have been exposed to nutritional risks prior to migration, which, together with changes associated with acculturation, impact on their health and nutritional status post-migration. However, there is a paucity of data in Australia that has examined the health and nutritional status of this ethnic minority in Australia. Despite basic research assessing the nutritional status of children, none have specifically concentrated on the health and nutritional situation of sub-Saharan refugee children. In the absence of such studies, this paper explores issues relating to obesity in sub-Saharan African refugee children within a cultural and public health framework. We begin by outlining the history of obesity and its cultural meaning. We then move to a consideration of predisposing factors for obesity and how these factors translate into obesity risk contexts of sub-Saharan refugees post-migration. We argue there are a number of key challenges related to culture and the relationship between socio-economic factors post-migration that require addressing by health professionals, dieticians and health educators to ensure the delivery of successful health outcomes.