Determination of the susceptibility of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) to ivermectin and fipronil by Larval Immersion Test (LIT) in Uruguay

Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is an important cattle pest in Uruguay, and the law regulates its control. It is resistant to organophosphates, synthetic pyrethroids and, as recently discovered, to fipronil. Resistance to macrocyclic lactones (MLs) and amitraz have not been documented; however, veterinarians and farmers have reported treatment failures. The objective of the present work was to study the susceptibility of cattle tick strains from different Uruguayan counties to ivermectin (IVM) and fipronil by using the Larval Immersion Test (LIT). The Mozo strain was used as the susceptible reference strain. From 2007 to 2009, twenty-eight tick populations were collected from different cattle farms with and without history of IVM or fipronil use. A probit analysis estimated dose-mortality regressions, lethal concentrations (LC), and confidence intervals. The resistance ratio (RR) was determined at the LC(50) and LC(90) estimates. To classify a tick population in relation to resistance, three categories based on a statistical analysis of LC and RR between field populations and Mozo strains were defined: susceptible (no differences), incipient resistance (differences and RR(50) < 2) and resistant (differences and RR(50) >= 2). Eighteen field populations were tested with IVM and five of them presented a RR(50) range between 1.35 and 1.98 and the LC(50/90), which is statistically different from the Mozo strain (incipient resistance). However, the RR(90) increases >= 2 in four of the populations, confirming that tick resistance to IVM is emergent. The low RR values obtained could be a result of a low frequency of treatments with IVM. Twenty-seven tick populations were tested with fipronil and six were diagnosed as resistant according to the LIT. Cross-resistance was not observed between fipronil and IVM on these tick populations. The current study presents different R. (B.) microplus populations with an incipient resistance to IVM, and indicates that the fipronil tick resistance is restricted to certain areas in Uruguay. (c) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Seletividade de agroquímicos ao ácaro predador Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark & Muma (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

Testes de efeito adverso de agroquímicos sobre Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark & Muma (Acari: Phytoseiidae) foram conduzidos em laboratório, utilizando o método residual de contato com pulverização em superfície de vidro. Foram testados 42 produtos químicos, a maioria utilizada na citricultura brasileira. A mortalidade e o efeito dos produtos na reprodução do ácaro foram avaliados diariamente durante oito dias. Os produtos foram classificados quanto ao efeito total causado ao ácaro (combinação da mortalidade e efeito na reprodução) em quatro classes de toxicidade propostas pela IOBC/WPRS. Os resultados mostraram que cerca de 26% dos produtos testados foram inócuos (captan, clofentezine, fenbutatin oxide, fosetyl, hexythiazox, hidróxido de cobre, naled, oxicloreto de cobre, óxido cuproso e tetradifon), 14% levemente nocivos (abamectin, chlorothalonil, sulfato de cobre, thiophanate-methyl (PM) e ziram), 7% moderadamente nocivos (enxofre, parathion-methyl e thiophanate-methyl (SC)) e 52% nocivos ao ácaro (acrinathrin, amitraz, azinphos-ethyl, azocyclotin, benomyl, bifenthrin, bromopropylate, carbaryl, carbosulfan, chlorfenapyr, cyhexatin, dicofol, fenpropathrin, fenpyroximate, mancozeb, óleo mineral e vegetal, phosmet, propargite, quinomethionate, triazophos, e vamidothion).

In vitro and in vivo acaricide action of juvenoid analogs produced from the chemical modification of Cymbopogon spp. and Corymbia citriodora essential oil on the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Factors that influence the prevalence of acaricide resistance and tick-borne diseases

This manuscript provides a summary of the results presented at a symposium organized to accumulate information on factors that influence the prevalence of acaricide resistance and tick-borne diseases. This symposium was part of the 19th International Conference of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP), held in New Orleans, LA, USA, during August 10-14, 2003. Populations of southern cattle ticks, Boophilus microplus, from Mexico have developed resistance to many classes of acaricide including chlorinated hydrocarbons (DDT), pyrethroids, organ ophosphates, and formamidines (amitraz). Target site mutations are the most common resistance mechanism observed, but there are examples of metabolic mechanisms. In many pyrethroid resistant strains, a single target site mutation on the Na+ channel confers very high resistance (resistance ratios: >1000x) to both DDT and all pyrethroid acaricides. Acetylcholine esterase affinity for OPs is changed in resistant tick populations. A second mechanism of OP resistance is linked to cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity. A PCR-based assay to detect a specific sodium channel gene mutation that is associated with resistance to permethrin has been developed. This assay can be performed on individual ticks at any life stage with results available in a few hours. A number of Mexican strains of B. microplus with varying profiles of pesticide resistance have been genotyped using this test. Additionally, a specific metabolic esterase with permethrin-hydrolyzing activity, CzEst9, has been purified and its gene coding region cloned. This esterase has been associated with high resistance to permethrin in one Mexican tick population. Work is continuing to clone specific acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and carboxylesterase genes that appear to be involved in resistance to organophosphates. Our ultimate goal is the design of a battery of DNA- or ELISA-based assays capable of rapidly genotyping individual ticks to obtain a comprehensive profile of their susceptibility to various pesticides. More outbreaks of clinical bovine babesisois and anaplasmosis have been associated with the presence of synthetic pyrethroid (SP) resistance when compared to OP and amidine resistance. This may be the result of differences in the temporal and geographic patterns of resistance development to the different acaricides. If acaricide resistance develops slowly, herd immunity may not be affected. The use of pesticides for the control of pests of cattle other than ticks can affect the incidence of tick resistance and tick-borne diseases. Simple analytical models of tick- and tsetse-bome diseases suggest that reducing the abundance of ticks, by treating cattle with pyrethroids for example, can have a variety of effects on tick-bome diseases. In the worst-case scenario, the models suggest that treating cattle might not only have no impact on trypanosomosis but could increase the incidence of tick-bome disease. In the best-case, treatment could reduce the incidence of both trypanosomosis and tick-bome diseases Surveys of beef and dairy properties in Queensland for which tick resistance to amitraz was known were intended to provide a clear understanding of the economic and management consequences resistance had on their properties. Farmers continued to use amitraz as the major acaricide for tick control after the diagnosis of resistance, although it was supplemented with moxidectin (dairy farms) or fluazuron, macrocyclic lactones or cypermethrin/ chlorfenvinphos. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Efectividad de los garrapaticidas (piretroides, amidinas, organofosforados) in vitro bajo las condiciones ambientales de la finca experimental "Las Mercedes", municipio de Managua durante junio – septiembre 2015

La presente investigación se realizó con la finalidad de constatar la efectividad de los ixodicidas pertenecientes a la familia de los organofosforados (Clorpirifos), Amidinas (Amitraz) y Piretroides (Cipermetrina) de uso en bovinos para controlar las infestaciones por garrapatas del género Boophilus spp , utilizando la dosis recomendada por el laboratorio productor, a través de la técnica conocida como Prueba de Inmersión de hembras adultas (PIA) , para la cual se tomaron muestras de garrapatas de la fi nca experimental de la Universidad Nacional Agraria ``Las Mercedes`` , ubicada en el municipio de Managua. Se muestrearon bovinos al azar, recolectando 50 garrapatas hembras repletas para cada ixodicida evaluado, pa ra un total de 150 garrapatas, las cuales se seleccionaron y pesaron en una balanza analítica (g) para ser sumergidas durante 1 minuto en los ixodicidas mencionados anteriormente. Quince días después se recolectaron los huevos de las garrapatas para su pesaje. Esta prueba fue realizada manera in vitro . Los datos se recolectaron en una base de datos, utilizando una hoja electrónica (Microsoft Excel), para luego realizar un análisis estadístico descriptivo. Se calculó el coeficiente de Correlación de Pearson para conocer los niveles de significancia de las variables peso hembra y peso de huevos , el cual manifestó que ninguno de estos datos son determinantes para comprobar la efectividad del ixodicida . Para evaluar el comportamiento de las medias por variable y su significancia se utilizó la prueba de rangos múltiples de Tukey , en donde El ixodicida con mayor significancia para este estudio fue el clorpirifos, con respecto a los otros dos ixodicidas (Cipermetrina y Amitraz) . Los resultados obtenidos a través de la prueba de inmersión de hembras adultas , demuestran que hay un mayor porcentaje en la inhibición de la ovoposición de las garrapatas tratadas con clorpirifos (57%), mientras que la Cipermetrina alcanzo el 16% y el Amitraz obtuvo 2% respectivamente. Sin embargo, ninguno de los tres ixodicidas ev aluados demostró una efectividad para inhibir la ovoposición del 80%, para poder decir que son realmente eficaces .

Evaluación del uso de diferentes concentraciones de Acaricida Comercial en el control de Varroa (Varroa destructor), en apiario infestado

En nuestro país la explotación de la abeja Apis mellifera, se ve afectada por un gran número de enfermedades y plagas. En la actualidad la enfermedad que mayormente afecta a los apicultores es el acaro varroa (Varroa destructor ), que es un parásito externo. Por lo que se hace necesario buscar métodos alternos para el control de esta; como la utilización de productos químicos y naturales. En esta investigación la principal finalidad es comprobar, la efectividad del producto químico acaricida Amitraz, en diferentes dosificaciones: 1cc de Amitraz por 750 ml de agua, 2cc de Amitraz por 750 ml de agua, 3 cc de Amitraz por 750 ml de agua; a excepción de un tratamiento que no poseía ninguna dosis. La investigación se realizó en un apiario ubicado en el cantón el Paraisal Jurisdicción del municipio de Jucuapa Departamento de Usulután. Propiedad del Sr. Hansy Gregorio Gómez Díaz, Se evaluaron cuatro tratamientos: T0 sin ninguna aplicación de Amitraz T1 1cc de Amitraz, T2 2cc de Amitraz, T3 3cc de Amitraz. Todas las dosificaciones fueron diluidas en 750 ml de agua; el diseño estadístico que se utilizó fue un bloque completamente al azar con 5 repeticiones por tratamiento las variables evaluadas fueron: Porcentaje de infestación y eficiencia del producto Amitraz (número de ácaros muertos)

Patologia e clínica de equinos

O presente relatório é baseado no estágio curricular em clínica de equinos, realizado entre 1 de Setembro de 2015 e 29 de Fevereiro de 2016, com a orientação da Dra. Maria Teresa Félix da Cruz Falcão. É composto por três partes: casuística, monografia e apresentação de dois casos clínicos. A primeira parte descreve a casuística que se acompanhou durante o estágio, na área de patologia e clínica de equinos. A monografia aborda o tema de intoxicação por amitraz em equinos. A última parte consiste na descrição de dois casos clínicos de intoxicação por amitraz que foram acompanhados durante o estágio curricular; ABSTRACT: Externship report – Equine pathology and medicine The following report is based on my externship between the 1st of Setember of 2015 and the 29th of February of 2016, orientated by Dr. Maria Teresa Félix da Cruz Falcão in equine clinics. It is composed of three parts: casuistics, monography and the presentation of two clinical cases. The first part describes the casuistics that were encountered during the externship, in equine pathology and medicine. The monography discusses the theme of amitraz intoxication in horses. The last part is composed of a description and discussion of two clinical cases of amitraz intoxication, accompanied during the externship.