Variación del índice de área foliar en alfalfa (Medicago sativa var. Ardiente) durante la sequía ocurrida en 1988 - 89

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Efectos de la distancia entre hileras a la siembra sobre los componentes del rendimiento de forraje y el uso de la radiación en el cultivo de alfalfa

La siembra de alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)se caracteriza por presentar un arreglo espacial rectangular, i.e. mayor distancia entre hileras que entre plantas dentro de la hilera. Si se acercan las hileras de siembra se genera un arreglo espacial más cuadrado que podría influir sobre la competencia intra-específica y el aprovechamiento de los recursos, especialmente radiación. El objetivo de esta tesis fue: estudiar el efecto de la distancia entre hileras a la siembra sobre los componentes del rendimiento de forraje y la captura y eficiencia en el uso de la radiación en el cultivo de alfalfa. Se realizaron dos experimentos evaluando distancias entre hileras a la siembra en cultivos puros de alfalfa. El primero experimento fue de largo plazo y se evaluó el efecto de la distancia sobre variables productivas en dos cultivares con distinto reposo invernal (Monarca y Victoria)bajo una misma densidad de siembra. En el segundo experimento se estudió el efecto de la distancia entre hileras a la siembra, bajo una misma densidad de plantas establecida por raleo, sobre variables productivas y ecofisiológicas en un cultivo de alfalfa (Monarca)durante el primer año de producción. En ambos experimentos la producción de biomasa aérea se favoreció por los arreglos espaciales más cuadrados (p menor a 0,05)hasta una distancia óptima, entre 15 cm y 17,5 cm. Adicionalmente, se observó que en distancias cercanas hubo mayor densidad de plantas (p menor a 0,01). Las respuestas en producción de biomasa al reducir la distancia entre hileras a la siembra estuvieron determinadas por el aumento lineal en la intercepción de radiación (p menor a 0,0001)y por un patrón de tipo óptimo en la eficiencia de uso de la radiación (p menor a 0,01). Se concluye que la reducción en la distancia entre hileras a la siembra hasta una distancia óptima, entre 15 cm y 17,5 cm, es una práctica agronómica que permite establecer un arreglo espacial más favorable del cultivo de alfalfa que impacta sobre la producción de forraje.

Effect of supplementation silage ("Festuca dolichophylla, Avena sativa and Vicia sativa") on weight gain and mortality in adult alpacas ("Vicugna pacos")

This study was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of supplementation with silage (Festuca dolichophylla, Avena sativa and Vicia sativa) on weight gain and mortality in adult alpacas, during the months of dry season (June to August) in Huancavelica region. 300 female alpacas 3 and 4 years of age (physiological state: pregnant) were used, which were assigned to the following treatments: SP, grazing only PSE15, grazing plus supplementation of 1.5 kg of silage. Alpacas were supplemented once daily. In each alpaca they were recorded live weight at the beginning and end of the experiment. The weight gain was -0.02 y 2.05 kg for SP and PSE15 respectively (p <0.001) treatments. Mortality was 5.3% and 2.7% for SP and PSE15 respectively (p=0.073) treatments. It can be concluded under the conditions of this trial silage supplementation has effect on weight gain and maybe also on mortality in alpacas.

Influence of access to grass silage on the welfare of sows introduced to a large dynamic group

This experiment investigated the effects of providing access to grass silage on the welfare of sows introduced to a large dynamic group. Two treatments were applied: (1) access to racks containing grass silage (offering an average of 1.9 kg silage/sow/day), and (2) control treatment with no grass silage racks. Treatments 1 and 2 were applied to two separate dynamic groups, each containing 37 (2) sows. Approximately 9 sows were replaced in both groups at 3-week intervals, and each of these replacements constituted a replicate of the study. The study was replicated six times using a total of 108 sows. In a time-based cross-over design, treatments were swapped between the two dynamic groups after three replicates. Highest levels of rack usage were shown between 08:00 and 14:00 h. During peak periods, 9.8% of sows were observed at the racks at a given time. On average, 78.5% of sows observed at the racks were newly-introduced animals. Overall levels of aggression to which newly-introduced sows were exposed on the day of introduction to the group were low, and did not differ significantly between treatments (P > 0.05). In addition, injury levels measured 1-week post-introduction to the group did not differ significantly between treatments (P > 0.05). Sham chewing behaviour was more prevalent in the post-rather than the pre-feeding yard (P

An investigation into the behaviour of concrete containing seawater-neutralised bauxite refinery residues in silage effluent

The farm production of silage as a winter-feed supplement is widespread. However, the bins in which silage is produced are subject to acidic and microbial attacks. Both these types of attack can lead to a weakening and failure of the concretes, especially on the outer lip of the open side of the silage pit. Consequently, the development of an acid-resistant concrete that can extend the life span of silage bins on farms could lead to considerable cost savings for farmers and, hence, can improve farm productivity. This paper reports on test results of an investigation into the behaviour of concrete containing seawater-neutralised bauxite refinery residues (Bauxsol™) exposed to sulphuric acid environments in the laboratory and to silage effluents. The concrete manufactured had a fixed water–cement ratio of 0.55 and natural sand was replaced with the Bauxsol™ at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by cement mass. Results indicated that the use of Bauxsol™ as a sand replacement material improved the behaviour of concrete both in sulphuric acid in the laboratory as well as in the silage effluent. Consequently, it is concluded that the Bauxsol™ can be used to replace 10% of natural sand to produce concrete that is resistant to silage effluents, providing an extended service life over conventional concretes used in silage pits.

The effect of feedstock cost on biofuel cost as exemplified by biomethane production from grass silage.

Abstract: The potential variance in feedstock costs can have signifi cant implications for the cost of a biofuel and the fi nancial viability of a biofuel facility. This paper employs the Grange Feed Costing Model to assess the cost of on-farm biomethane production using grass silages produced under a range of management scenarios. These costs were compared with the cost of wheat grain and sugarbeet roots for ethanol production at an industrial scale. Of the three feedstocks examined, grass silage represents the cheapest feedstock per GJ of biofuel produced. At a production cost of €27/tonne (t) feedstock (or €150/t volatile solids (VS)), the feedstock production cost of grass silage per gigajoule (GJ) of biofuel (€12.27) is lower than that of sugarbeet (€16.82) and wheat grain (€18.61). Grass biomethane is also the cheapest biofuel when grass silage is costed at the bottom quartile purchase price of silage of €19/t (€93/t VS). However, when considering the production costs (full-costing) of the three feedstocks, the total cost of grass biomethane (€32.37/GJ of biofuel; intensive 2-cut system) from a small on-farm facility ranks between that of sugarbeet (€29.62) and wheat grain ethanol (€34.31) produced in large industrial facilities. The feedstock costs for the above three biofuels represent 0.38, 0.57, and 0.54 of the total biofuel cost. The importance of feedstock cost on biofuel cost is further highlighted by the 0.43 increase in the cost of biomethane when grass silage is priced at the top quartile (€46/t or €232/t VS) compared to the bottom quartile purchase price.