Zoonoses professionnelles chez les forestiers : le point sur la borréliose de Lyme, tularémie et leptospirose en Europe

L'objectif de ce travail était d'établir une revue synthétique de la littérature concernant la situation de 3 zoonoses professionnelles en milieu forestier, à savoir la borréliose de Lyme, la tularémie et la leptospirose. Quatre-vingt-trois articles ont été utilisés pour la rédaction de ce travail, dont 30 traitaient spécifiquement de la borréliose de Lyme, 30 de la tularémie et 24 de la leptospirose. Une connaissance générale de chacune des zoonoses, notamment des vecteurs, hôtes et moyens de transmission, est nécessaire pour une bonne compréhension de la problématique et pour établir des mesures préventives adaptées. La situation épidémiologique de chacune d'entre elles est discutée à la fois chez les animaux et l'homme en Europe, puis plus spécifiquement chez les forestiers. Les études menées depuis 1995, s'appuyant principalement sur des analyses séroépidémiologiques, confirment le risque professionnel lié à ces 3 zoonoses chez les forestiers. Elles restent cependant insuffisantes pour quantifier ce risque. Le manque de données épidémiologiques à disposition, notamment pour la tularémie et la leptospirose, à la fois chez les animaux et l'homme, limite considérablement l'évaluation de leurs conséquences. Ce travail permet un aperçu rapide, clair et complet de ces 3 zoonoses professionnelles auxquelles les forestiers sont exposés en Europe et aidera à sensibiliser les professionnels de la santé et les travailleurs du secteur forestier à cette problématique ainsi qu'à la gestion et prévention des risques.

Áreas propícias para o ataque de morcegos hematófagos Desmodus rotundus em bovinos na região de São João da Boa Vista, Estado de São Paulo

Baseada em estudos anteriores, a Coordenadoria de Defesa Agropecuária da Secretaria da Agricultura e Abastecimento do Estado de São Paulo (CDA) vinha realizando nas regiões administrativas onde é feita a vigilância da raiva em herbívoros o controle de populações de Desmodus rotundus em áreas próximas aos principais rios. A descoberta de abrigos e de animais mordidos pelos morcegos vampiros em outras áreas, além das áreas estabelecidas de risco levaram a questionamentos dos métodos em vigência. Isso estimulou a elaboração de um modelo descritivo para analisar áreas de risco para o ataque espoliativo de morcegos hematófagos em bovinos na região de São João da Boa Vista, estado de São Paulo. Para tanto, foram utilizadas imagens de satélite, parâmetros de estudos anteriores sobre o comportamento dos morcegos vampiros, dados da CDA e da Fundação Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Todas as informações foram agrupadas em um banco de dados e integradas em um Sistema de Informação Geográfica. Contraditoriamente ao que se pensava, observou-se que áreas próximas aos principais rios da região das cidades de Aguaí, Casa Branca, Santa Cruz das Palmeiras e Tambaú não deveriam ser consideradas de risco para o ataque dos morcegos hematófagos em bovinos. Isso sugere que é necessária uma reavaliação dos métodos adotados para o controle das populações da espécie e enfermidade em questão.

Survey for Tick-Borne Zoonoses in the State of Espirito Santo, Southeastern Brazil

Blood samples collected from 201 humans, 92 dogs, and 27 horses in the state of Espirito Santo, Brazil, were tested by polymerase chain reaction, indirect immunofluorescence assays, and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for tick-borne diseases (rickettsiosis, ehrlichiosis, anaplasmosis, borreliosis, babesiosis). Our results indicated that the surveyed counties are endemic for spotted fever group rickettsiosis because sera from 70 (34.8%) humans, 7 (7.6%) dogs, and 7 (25.9%) horses were reactive to at least one of the six Rickettsia species tested. Although there was evidence of ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia canis) and babesiosis (Babesia cams vogeli, Theileria equi) in domestic animals, no human was positive for babesiosis and only four individuals were serologically positive for E. canis. Borrelia burgdorferi-serologic reactive sera were rare among humans and horses, but encompassed 51% of the canine samples, suggesting that dogs and their ticks can be part of the epidemiological cycle of the causative agent of the Brazilian zoonosis, named Baggio-Yoshinari Syndrome.

Atividade de morcegos insetívoros (mammalia, chiroptera) no pampa brasileiro: uso de hábitat e sazonalidade

Bats correspond to 20% of the extant mammal species and, with a few exceptions, use echolocation, a spacial orientation system based on emission and analysis of echoes from sound waves, generally ultrasounds. Echolocation was discovered in the 1940 s and since the 1970 s ultrasound detectors have been commercially available, allowing the investigation of several aspects of the natural history and ecology of bats. Passive acoustic monitoring has been frequently used in habitat use studies, predominantly in North America and Europe, by comparing the number of bat passes between different habitat types. This dissertation presents the first evaluation of the spacial and seasonal variation patterns in the activity of insectivorous bats in the Brazilian biome Pampa, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Since bat activity can vary according to habitat type, time of year and climatic conditions, the following hypotheses were tested: 1. bat activity varies between different types of habitat; 2. bat activity varies seasonally; 3. bat activity is influenced by temperature, humidity and wind speed. The acoustic samples were taken along fixed transects of 1500 meters, which were monitored monthly from April 2009 to March 2010. Five habitat types were sampled: eucalypts, stream, riparian forest, wetland and grassland. In each sample, the number of bat passes was obtained by using an ultrasound detector Pettersson D230. A total of 1183 bat passes were registered. Greater bat activity levels was observed along large eucalypts (1.93 bat passes/3min) and along a stream (1.61 bat passes/3 min). A riparian forest (0.94 bat passes/3 min) and a wetland area (0.61 bat passes/3 min) exhibited statistically equal levels of activity. Bat passes were fewer in grassland areas (0,16 bat passes/3 min). Bat activity was not correlated with abiotic factors. However, bat activity was significantly low in the colder season, winter, and was similar in autumn, spring and summer. The observed preference for vegetation borders and water courses agrees with reports from other countries and is attributed predominantly to the high prey abundance in these types of environments. Additionally, low activity in the winter is probably a response to the reduced availability of insects, and to lower temperatures. Our results indicate which areas of arboreal vegetation and water courses should be priorities for the conservation of bats and that alterations of these habitat types might negatively influence bat activity in the region

Hantaviruses as emergent zoonoses

Hantaviruses belong to the Bunyaviridae family, which consists of vector-borne viruses. These viruses can provoke two infection types: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) - which occurs in the Old World - and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) - an emergent zoonosis that can be found in many countries of the western hemisphere. Rodents are hantavirus reservoirs and each species seems to host a different virus type. Humans acquire the infection by inhaling contaminated aerosol particles eliminated by infected animals. The factors involved in the emergence of hantavirus infections in the human population include ecological modifications and changes in human activities. The most important risk factor is contact between man and rodents, as a result of agricultural, forestry or military activities. Rodent control remains the primary strategy for preventing hantavirus diseases, including via health education and hygienic habits.

Diversidade de morcegos (Mammalia, Chiroptera) em remanescentes florestais do município de Fênix, noroeste do Paraná, Brasil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Moscas ectoparasitas (Diptera, Streblidae e Nycteribiidae) em morcegos (Mammalia, Chiroptera) em área de Floresta com Araucária no Estado do Paraná, sul do Brasil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Predação de morcegos (Phyllostomidae) pela cuíca d’água Chironectes minimus (Zimmermann, 1780) (Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae) e uma breve revisão de predação em Chiroptera

Bats are predated for some of vertebrates and invertebrates. Some opportunistic species preys these animals' prisoners in nests during procedures of capture in field. This study records the predation of Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758) and Sturnira lilium (E. Geoffroy, 1810) for Chironectes minimus (Zimmermann, 1780) on riparian forest of the brook Talhadinho belonging of the São Paulo, São Paulo, Southeast Brazil, and also presents a lifting previous of mammalian what they present the same one behavior opportunistic predatory, discussing measures simple to avoid this type of predation.

Influência do dossel na atividade de morcegos (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) em três fragmentos no estado de São Paulo

The moonlight's influence on bats activity patterns have been documented for some species. Usually, bats react to increased illumination by reducing the use of open spaces or restricting foraging activity. This study aimed to test lunar cycle influence on frequency of Phyllostomidae bats in three fragments, located in northwestern São Paulo State, analyze the capture rate in the different phases of the cycle and correlate the results with canopy structure of each remaining. This study was based on the on the assumption that the influence of light on the behavior of bats is lower in shaded areas. The decrease in species richness in relation to the moon phase was significant in the least shaded area. In environments with more closed canopy, the rate of capture of bats was homogeneous along the four phases of the moon. The results indicated that local wealth cannot be sampled effectively if the catches are restricted to any period of the lunar cycle for fruit and nectar, and in more shaded environments the effects of lunar phobia is apparently null.

Morcegos cavernícolas da região do Distrito Federal, centro-oeste do Brasil (Mammalia, Chiroptera)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Frugivoria em morcegos (Mammalia, Chiroptera) no Parque Estadual Intervales, sudeste do Brasil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)