606 resultados para YAMADA
Resumo:
The genus Sebastes consists of over 100 fish species, all of which are viviparous and long-lived. Previous studies have presented schemes on the reproductive biology of a single targeted species of the genus Sebastes, but all appear to possess a similar reproductive biology as evidenced by this and other studies. This atlas stages major events during spermatogenesis, oogenesis, and embryogenesis, including atresia, in six species of Sebastes (S. alutus, S. elongatus, S. helvomaculatus, S. polyspinis, S. proriger, and S. zacentrus). Our study suggests that the male reproductive cycle of Sebastes is characterized by 11 phases of testicular development, with 10 stages of sperm development and 1 stage of spermatozoa atresia. Ovarian development was divided into 12 phases, with 10 stages of oocyte development, 1 stage of embryonic development, and 1 stage of oocyte atresia. Embryonic development up to parturition was divided into 33 stages following the research of Yamada and Kusakari (1991). Reproductive development of all six species examined followed the developmental classifications listed above which may apply to all species of Sebastes regardless of the number of broods produced annually. Multiple brooders vary in that not all ova are fertilized and progress to embryos; a proportion of ova are arrested at the pre-vitellogenic stage. Reproductive stage examples shown in this atlas use S. elongates for spermatic development, S. proriger for oocyte development, and S. alutus for embryological development, because opportunistic sampling only permitted complete analysis of each respective developmental phase for those species. The results of this study and the proposed reproductive phases complement the recommended scheme submitted by Brown-Peterson et al. (2011), who call for a standardization of terminology for describing reproductive development of fishes.
Resumo:
光合膜上包含有捕光并将光能转化为化学能所必需的四类跨膜蛋白复合体,即PSII、PSI、Cytb6f和ATP合成酶,其中PSI利用吸收的光能诱导电子从膜内侧的PC传递至相对一侧的铁氧还蛋白,被还原的铁氧还蛋白在FNR(Fd-NADP+氧化还原酶)的作用下生成NADPH,因此关于PSI的研究是光合作用研究领域中的重大问题。为了进一步阐明PSI的结构和功能,本论文分别研究了热对PSI的影响和光诱导的PSI核心复合物(CPI)的积累过程: 1.以菠菜PSI颗粒为材料研究了热处理对PSI复合物的降解和失活作用; 2.以衣藻叶绿素暗合成突变体y-1为材料研究了类囊体膜形成过程(即光诱导的转绿过程)中PSI中CPI的变化。另外,由于膜脂在光合作用中具有重要的功能,本论文还研究了y-1突变体转绿过程中光合膜脂、脂肪酸的变化。 一.应用光谱学、氧电极和变性电泳等技术研究了高温(25oC~80oC)对PSI结构和功能的影响,主要结果如下: 1. 在热处理过程中,683nm组分(主要归属于LHCI)的吸收峰强度有显著的下降并发生峰位蓝移现象,显示该组分对热处理最敏感,首先遭到破坏。 2. 77K荧光显示随着处理温度的升高,728 nm处的峰强和峰位均发生了明显的变化,F728-F720和F680的比率下降,说明热处理抑制了LHCI 680向LHCI 730以及反应中心的能量传递。 3. SDS-PAGE显示PSI核心蛋白PsaA/B亚基以及LHCI亚基在热处理情况下发生了不同程度的降解和聚合。为了能够显著地观察到热处理对PSI多肽降解的影响,实验采用了更高的温度处理方法,结果显示,90oC、100oC时PsaA/B亚基完全降解,而LHCI亚基仍有少量存在,说明PSI核心蛋白PsaA/B比LHCI亚基具有更高的热敏感性。 4. 推测热处理情况下可能发生的机制是,捕光天线首先从PSI反应中心分离,随后发生了反应中心光化学反应的抑制,直至最后多肽的严重降解。 5. 利用红外光谱技术(FT-IR)对PSI蛋白二级结构的研究显示,PSI颗粒在60oC以上时发生了明显的蛋白构象变化,且随着温度的升高蛋白构象的变化越来越大,表明PSI蛋白具有较高的热稳定性和热变性温度,PSI蛋白酰胺I带(1700~1600 cm-1)二级结构的解析表明热处理过程中二级结构的主要变化是α-helical的下降和β-sheet的增加。 6. 利用CD光谱技术研究了热处理对PSI色素微环境的影响,结果表明热处理破坏了PSI色素蛋白复合物中色素的蛋白微环境,归属于LHCI的Chlb(645 nm处组分)在较低的温度处理条件下(25~60oC)蛋白微环境即发生破坏;随着处理温度的升高(70和80 oC),478 nm处(主要归属于LHCI的Chlb)和498 nm(归属于类胡萝卜素)处的CD信号强度快速下降,说明在高温条件下LHCI比核心复合物更敏感。 7. 研究发现,PSI的摄氧活性随着处理温度的升高而显著下降,70oC时几乎完全失去摄氧能力,表明70oC时PSI复合物受到了严重的破坏,这可能是由于热处理过程中色素的蛋白微环境以及蛋白结构尤其是PSI核心蛋白PsaA/B中跨膜α-helix的构象发生了严重的变化。 二.主要运用温和电泳和蛋白印迹技术检测了暗培养4天(脱绿)的y-1突变体在光照诱发的转绿过程中PSI的核心色素蛋白复合物(CPI)及其叶绿素脱辅基蛋白PsaA/B的变化。 1. 暗培养4天的衣藻脱绿细胞中,PSI的主要色素蛋白复合物-CPI完全缺失,然而核心多肽PsaA/B仍有一定量的积累,同时检测不到P700的含量。 2. 当脱绿的y-1细胞转移至光照下时,伴随着叶绿素的合成,色素蛋白复合物CPI和PsaA/B脱辅基蛋白的合成也逐渐达到正常水平,说明叶绿素和PsaA/B蛋白进行组装并形成了具有功能的PSI反应中心,P700含量也得到了恢复。 3. 实验证明了光照是形成光合系统色素蛋白复合物的重要前提。同时发现,叶绿体基因编码的PSI核心多肽PsaA/B能够在暗条件下合成。而根据资料(Berends et al.,1987)报道,在豌豆、大麦的黄化体中不能合成PsaA/B蛋白,这可能是由于在脱绿的y-1细胞中叶绿体仍然具有相对完整的大小和形状,而在叶绿体的被膜上定位着多种与光合作用相关的酶系统。 三. 利用薄层层析及气相色谱分析技术对转绿期间y-1突变体光合膜脂和脂肪酸组成的含量变化进行了分析。结果表明: 1. 光照能够促进各种脂的积累并影响脂的组成,同时有利于脂肪酸脱饱和酶的激活。MGDG中脂肪酸不饱和程度明显升高,表现为16:0及18:1的下降,以及16:4,18:2和18:3(9,12,15)等的升高,说明光照促进了MGDG sn-2位的16:0脱饱和为16:4以及sn-1位的18:1脱饱和为18:3,也说明MGDG是脂肪酸脱饱和的重要底物。 2. 已有的资料(Ohnishi和Yamada,1980;1983)指出PG及其sn-2位的16:1(3t)的合成是光依赖的,而本实验中,在衣藻的黄化细胞中含有相当量的PG及其特有的16:1(3t)(22.80%),且转绿过程中变化并不十分显著。这可能是由于黄化的y-1细胞中叶绿体的形状并没有发生很大变化,说明叶绿体被膜上的相应酶系统才是PG合成的必需因素。 3. 相比于脱绿的y-1细胞,光照12小时后,各种脂中18:2的百分含量有显著的增加,这来源于18:2是脂肪酸脱饱和的重要中间产物。
Resumo:
A mille-feuille structured amorphous selenium (a-Se)-arsenic selenide (As2Se3) multi-layered thin film and a mixed amorphous Se-As2Se3 film is compared from a durability perspective and photo-electric perspective. The former is durable to incident laser induced degradation after numerous laser scans and does not crystallise till 105 of annealing, both of which are improved properties from the mixed evaporated film. In terms of photo-electric properties, the ratio between the photocurrent and the dark current improved whereas the increase of the dark current was higher than that of As2Se3 due to the unique current path developed within the mille-feuille structure. Implementing this structure into various amorphous semiconductors may open up a new possibility towards structure-sensitive amorphous photoconductors. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.
Resumo:
We investigate two-photon excited fluorescence from CdSe quantum dots with a center-emitting wavelength of 655 nm on SiN photonic crystals. We find that two-photon excited fluorescence is enhanced by more than 1 order of magnitude in the vertical direction when a photonic crystal is used compared to the fluorescence spectra in the absence of photonic crystals. The spectrum of two-photon excited fluorescence from quantum dots on SiN photonic crystal is observed to shift to blue compared to that from quantum dots on SiN without photonic crystals. (C) 2010 Optical Society of America