Physical modeling of untrenched submarine pipeline instability

Wave-induced instability of untrenched pipeline on sandy seabed is a `wave-soil-pipeline' coupling dynamic problem. To explore the mechanism of the pipeline instability, the hydrodynamic loading with U-shaped oscillatory flow tunnel is adopted, which is quite different from the previous experiment system. Based on dimensional analysis, the critical conditions for pipeline instability are investigated by altering pipeline submerged weight, diameter, soil parameters, etc. Based on the experimental results, different linear relationships between Froude number (Fr) and non-dimensional pipeline weight (G) are obtained for two constraint conditions. Moreover, the effects of loading history on the pipeline stability are also studied. Unlike previous experiments, sand scouring during the process of pipe's losing stability is detected in the present experiments. In addition, the experiment results are compared with the previous experiments, based on Wake II model for the calculation of wave-induced forces upon pipeline. It shows that the results of two kinds of experiments are comparable, but the present experiments provide better physical insight of the wave-soil-pipeline coupling effects.

Substratos para uso em telhados verdes: Avaliação da retenção hídrica e qualidade da água de escoamento.

Telhados verdes são uma alternativa interessante para mitigar o risco de enchentes dada a enorme área de telhados não utilizada das superfícies impermeáveis nas áreas urbanas. Graças a sua capacidade de armazenagem de água, os telhados verdes podem reduzir significativamente o pico de escoamento dos eventos de maior pluviosidade. Investigações sobre a composição de substratos baseados em materiais locais e projetos adequados para regiões climáticas tropicais são menos frequentes. Vegetação e substrato são elementos de um telhado verde que precisam ser adaptados para cada microclima e não universalizados. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho de diferentes composições de substratos baseados em solo local, biomassa de coco, condicionador de solo e componentes comerciais, com a finalidade de maximizar a capacidade de retenção da água de chuva e diminuir necessidades de manutenção. Um pré-ensaio de colunas avaliou a capacidade de retenção hídrica e a relação peso seco x peso úmido de 15 composições de substrato. As composições com melhores resultados constituíram os substratos S1(15% solo + 55% coco + 30%componentes comerciais), S2 (30% solo + 40% coco + 30%componentes comerciais) e S3 (60% solo + 10% coco + 30%componentes comerciais). A caracterização físico-química dos substratos, solo e fibra de coco foi realizada. Em seguida um teste de colunas avaliou a capacidade de retenção hídrica dos substratos sob duas condições de precipitação: uma leve (8,77 mm/h); e outra mais forte (42,0 mm/h). Os resultados apontaram que os substratos S2 e S3 apresentaram melhores resultados de retenção para ambas as intensidades de precipitação. Observou-se que S1, que apresentou melhor capacidade de retenção no pré-ensaio, teve desempenho inferior aos demais o que pode ser atribuído à maior concentração de fibra de coco na sua composição e o consequente surgimento de caminhos preferenciais ao longo do perfil da coluna, por onde a água escoou mais rapidamente. Em eventos de precipitação mais leve, os substratos reteram de 60 a 100% do total aplicado. Quando se aplicou uma intensidade de precipitação mais forte, a faixa de retenção ficou entre 40% e 59%. No entanto, as variáveis analisadas para avaliar a qualidade da água de escoamento dos substratos (pH, CE, P, NO3, NH4, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cr, Co, Ni) ficaram acima dos valores comumente encontrados na literatura, indicando que as composições aqui adotadas para os substratos podem implicar em uma fonte de poluição hídrica. Os substratos para uso em telhados verdes apresentados neste estudo atenderam seu objetivo quanto à retenção hídrica, mas a qualidade da água percolada torna seu uso inviável até o momento. Verificou-se a necessidade de estudar mais profundamente a qualidade da água lixiviada por cada componente dos substratos, individualmente, a fim de identificar as fontes dos elementos que presentes em concentrações elevadas tornam-se poluentes. Pode ser considerada a remoção de algum (s) dos componentes presentes na composição para se atingir um nível satisfatório de qualidade da água de escoamento.

Effect of some environmental factors on the acute toxicity of deltamethrin to common carp: a laboratory study under aerobic condition

The toxicity of xenobiotic in aquatic ecosystems is influenced by many factors such as ambient temperature, water hardness, pond soil type, etc. In the present study, it was observed that air temperature, water hardness and soil sediment have profound influence on the toxicity of deltamethrin to common carp fry (ay. length 3.5 ± 0.5 cm, ay. weight 0.58 ± 0.25 g); 96h LC(sub)50 values for common carp at 38.07 ± 2.20°C maximum and 27.86 ± 1.22°C minimum air temperature in soft and very hard water were 0.102 and 0.495 µg lˉ¹, respectively. This value had increased significantly to 2.37 and 3.02 µg at 30.55 ± 1.21°C maximum and 26.04 ± 0.61°C minimum air temperature, respectively. When sediment was included, 96h LC(sub)50 at 38.07°C maximum temperature in very hard water was 1.808 µg 1ˉ¹ and this had increased to 8.073 µg 1ˉ¹ when tested at 30.55°C maximum temperature. Due to the 7.5°C increase in maximum and 1.7°C in minimum temperature, toxicity increased significantly. Lower toxicity in very hard water in comparison to soft water may be due to the lower solubility of deltarnethrin and high level of calcium. Adsorption reaction of deltamethrin with clay, humus, FeOOH, MnOOH and particulate organic carbon, and complexation reaction with dissolved organic carbon were responsible for the lowered toxicity in the experiment with sediment. Exposure time had no significant effect on acute toxicity of deltamethrin.

Seaweeds: utilization and product applications

Seaweeds have been used as food, medicine, fertilizers, soil conditioner and source of salt. Realizing the potentials of seaweeds, research and development thrusts have been geared towards improving and developing its product applications. Today, various applications of seaweeds have been developed and improved. The major success in the seaweed industry is the development of phycocolloids with the following specific applications: 1) agar; 2) carrageenans; and, 3) alginates.

新型土壤改良剂对冬小麦生长及养分吸收的影响

通过对冬小麦施加一种以秸秆为主要原料研制的新型土壤改良剂(简称PJG),采用田间试验,探讨其对冬小麦生长、产量、各生长期养分含量及氮、磷累积吸收量的影响。结果表明:施加PJG土壤改良剂能提高小麦地上部各生长期干物质累积量,单施可提高8.4%,与氮肥配施可提高37.8%;可增加植株地上部各器官中氮、磷含量及其累积吸收量,但对钾素影响不大。施加1 500 kg/hm2的PJG改良剂,能较对照增产1.90%,与氮肥配施效果更佳,最高增产9.96%。综合考虑,应用PJG土壤改良剂时应与适量的氮肥配施,对作物的生长和产量的提高效果更佳。

川西亚高山森林生态系统辐射传输研究

辐射传输研究是贯穿森林生态系统的纽带，太阳辐射为植物的生长发育提供光合能量、适宜的环境温度以及发育信息。一方面，气候变化使到达地面辐射能的质和量发生变化，影响到植被的生长发育，改变森林的结构，而森林结构的变化又会影响林冠内辐射能的分配和质量，这些变化会进一步影响到林下土壤温度，改变森林根系活性以及土壤营养转化的效率；连锁反应的结果有可能会使森林生态系统的生产力发生变化，改变碳素和氮素源库的调节方向，从而反馈影响地球气候系统。另一方面，人类作为生态系统的成员，必然需要森林生态系统为其提供更多的原材料和更好的生态服务功能，如何实现这些目标，就需要人类适度调整干预方式和频度，达到预期的目的。本文在建立适合于川西亚高山森林的叶面积测量技术、光照辐射模型和土壤温度变化模型的基础上，对川西亚高山地带森林生态系统的辐射传输特征进行了分析，并从森林结构的角度探讨了林分内的辐射分布以及对土壤温度的影响。主要成果如下： 1. 提出了一种照相法测量叶面积的方法。通过对摆放在平面上的叶片照相，利用投影变化，把非正射图像转化为正射图像，然后经过计算机图像处理得到每一片叶片的面积、周长、长度、宽度等信息。这种方法可使用户以任意方向和距离拍摄处于平面上的叶片，能同时处理大量的叶片，适于野外离体或活体叶片测量。叶片面积分辨率可调，分辨率可以与常用的激光叶面积仪相近甚至更高，而且叶片图像可以存档查询。 2. 提出一种模拟林内光照变化的模型。利用林冠半球照片，记录视点以上半球内的林冠构件空间分布，作为林冠子模型；天空辐射子模型采用国际照明委员会(CIE)的标准晴天和阴天以及插值模型。该模型能够模拟林下某一位点处的实时光斑变化。 3. 提出一种土壤温度变化模型。把土壤视为具有容量和阻力性质的结构，利用电阻和电容器件构建土壤能量分布模型。外界太阳辐射能经过植被以及其它一些能量分配器后进入土壤，其中有一部分转化为土壤势能，即土壤温度。土壤温度的变化类似于电池的充放电过程。在已知模型参数的情况下，可以从太阳辐射计算土壤温度的变化。在模型参数未知的情况下，通过输入和输出值推算模型的参数，而模型参数中的时间常数与土壤组成和含水量有关，这样就可以知道土壤水分的变化情况。 4. 从王朗亚高山森林典型样地林分结构的测量获得林地三维结构图、树冠形态、叶面积密度等参数，这些参数输入到Brunner (1998)开发的tRAYci 模型中计算出一段时间内林分任意位置处的光照值。与林下辐射计测量值以及半球照片计算结果的比较，该模型基本上能够满足对林分光环境了解的要求。 5. 从川西亚高山森林生产力的角度，探讨了森林生产力研究的方法以及川西地区的研究历史和成果，发现了其中的一些规律和问题，特别是在叶面积测量上，还没有使用标准的叶面积指数定义。综合来看，川西地区针叶林叶面积指数(单位土地面积上植物冠层总叶面积的一半) 应在4-5 之间。降雨丰富的华西雨屏带是川西地区森林生产力最高的地区，而向西北森林生产力逐渐降低。川西地区云冷杉林森林生产力平均约为600 gDM m-2 a-1，但是根据辐射能计算的潜在生产力则达到1800 gDM m-2 a-1。实际与潜在森林生产力的巨大差异说明其它因子对生产力的影响。 6. 王朗亚高山3 个典型森林林分中，白桦林样地(BF) 林下草本以糙野青茅、牛至、紫菀等喜阳性物种为主，林下透光度较高；冷杉林样地(FF) 林下透光度最低，以喜阴性物种水金凤、蟹甲草、囊瓣芹等为主；而云杉林样地(SF)林分林龄最大，林下透光度介于冷杉林和白桦林之间，草本层仍然以喜阴性物种东方草莓、紫花碎米芥、酢浆草等为主。冷杉林和云杉林的灌木层也很丰富，卫矛属、五加属、茶藨子属、忍冬属植物很丰富，而在白桦林则以栒摘要子属、榛子属、鹅耳枥属等植物为主。藓类植物在云杉林中最丰富，并且形成毯状层，其它两个林分则很稀少。3 个样地林分结构与林下光环境有很强的相关性，从光环境特征可以在一定程度上推测林分的结构。各样地单纯从乔木层材积推算的NPP 排列顺序为BF>FF>SF，与林下辐射透射率和林分年龄的顺序相同，暗示辐射对群落演替过程的驱动作用。 7. 用半球照相法测得BF、FF 和SF 3 个样地的有效叶面积指数以SF 样地最高，BF 最低。如果考虑针叶树叶片在小枝上的丛聚分布，利用北方针叶林的数值进行校正，则SF 样地LAI 显著增加(达到89%)，其它样地的LAI 基本不变甚至有所下降。校正后的数值与文献中地面测量的结果较相近，说明在使用半球照相法测量川西亚高山针叶林LAI 时必须加以校正。 8. 在3 个样地中，白桦、岷江冷杉和方枝柏种群为丛聚分布，紫果云杉在FF和SF 样地中基本上为随机分布。3 个物种出现丛聚分布的最短距离约为2m，在最短距离以内则为随机分布。最短距离可能与树冠大小有关，种子传播特征以及对光照的需求状况可能是造成这种分布格局类型的原因。 Radiative transfer plays a key role in forest ecosystems. Solar radiation providesenergy for photosynthesis, appropriate ambient temperature and development informationfor plants. However, quality and quantity of radiation reaching land surface are affected byweather and subsequently influence the growth and development of plants, which in turnchanges the budget of radiation in forest. Soil temperature changes with the variation ofradiation under forest canopy and influences the activity of roots and rate of nutrientturnover. Thus, any changes of radiation will induce chain reactions in the entireecosystem and display in the value of net primary productivity which will possibly shiftthe relationship between carbon source and sink at local or regional scale and feed back tothe global climate system. On the other hand, as a component of ecosystems, humanbeings of course need to demand more materials and better service from ecosystems. Forthese purpose, man must adapt their pattern and frequency of interference to ecosystems.This paper aims to research on the canopy structure, the radiation distribution and theirinfluence on soil temperature from the process of radiative transfer in subalpine forestecosystem of western Sichuan. The main results are: 1 Present a new photogrammetric method for leaf area. The main idea is to convertnon-vertically taken images of planar leaves to orthoimages through projectivetransformation. The resultant images are used to get leaf morphological parametersthrough image processing. This method enables users to take photos at almost anyorientation and distance if only the leaves are placed on same plane, and to processlarge quantity of leaves in a short time, which is suitable for field measurement. Theresolution of leaf area is adjustable to fit for special requirement. 2 A model using hemispherical photos combining with solar tracks and radiation courseis provided to simulate light variation in forest. The hemispherical photos of canopyrecord the real spatial distribution of each element of plants viewed from a point. Skyradiance is simulated with CIE standard clear sky or cloudy sky model. This modelcan be used to simulate real time light variation under canopy. 3 Present a soil temperature model. Soil could be regarded as a body of resistor andcapacitor. Some of the budget of solar radiation in soil body is transformed into soilpotential energy, the soil temperature. Variation of soil temperature is driven by solarradiation, vegetation, soil properties, etc. This model has two parameters, one of whichis time constant and is related to soil water content. The inversed model can be used tosimulate the variation of soil water. 4 By using model tRAYci developed by Brunner (1998), the 3-D distribution of light inthree subalpine forest stands of Wanglang Nature Reserve has been simulated andvalidated with value of radiometers in these stands. This model can basically satisfythe need for understanding light regimes of these stands. 5 Present some principles and questions of NPP (net primary of productivity) researchesin western Sichuan. The standard leaf area index (LAI) defined by Chen and Black(1997) has not been used in this region. Total leaf area and projected leaf area indexare still used in NPP researches which may differ around 1-fold in magnitude. Thestandard LAI which is a half of total leaf area above unit land area should be between4 and 5 for typical subalpine coniferous forest of western Sichuan concluded fromliteratures. The maximum forest NPP occurs in West China rain belt and decreasesnorthwestwards. Average NPP of spruce-fir forest in western Sichuan is about600gDM m-2 a-1, which is below the potential NPP of 1800gDM m-2 a-1 based onmeasured radiation in this region. The significant difference between potential and realNPP suggests that other factors influence the growth of stands. 6 In the three subalpine forest stands of Wanglang Nature Reserve, herbage layer ofAbstractbirch stand (BF) with age of 40 is dominated by heliophytes of Deyeuxia scabrescens,Origanum vulgare, Aster tongoloa etc.. However, both of the other two stands aredominated by shade tolerent species, such as Impatiens noli-tangere, Impatiensdicentra, Cacalia deltophylla and Pternopetalum tanakae etc. in fir stand (FF) withage of 180 and Fragaria orientalis, Cardamine tangutorum and Oxalis corniculata etc.in spruce stand (SF) with age of 330. Shrub species in the latter two stands arerelatively rich, typical dominant genera being Euonymus, Acanthopanax, Ribes andLonicera. Birch stand has relatively sparse shrubs dominated by genera of Cotoneaster,Corylus and Carpinus. Mosses are significant only in spruce stand. The canopystructure controls the light regime of stand, which influence the composition of herblayers beneath the canopy. This light regime-community structure relationship can beused to infer the herb community from canopy structure. The NPP derived from timbervolume of arbor layer of the three stands decreases from BF to SF, which is in thesame order of transmitted total radiation under canopy and age of these stands,suggesting the driving effect of radiation in the succession of community. 7 The highest effective LAI of the three stands obtained by hemispherical photos is inplot SF and lowest in plot BF. After rectification of the clumping effect of leaves onshoot, the real LAI in plot SF increases significantly (89%) and approximate to theaverage LAI of coniferous forest in western Sichuan. Therefore, the LAI obtainedfrom hemispherical photos needs rectification for clumping effect. 8 Spatial distribution pattern for Betula platyphylla, Abies faxoniana and Sabinasaltuaria is clumpy, but Picea purpurea almost random in plot FF and SF. The shortestdistance for clumpy distribution for Betula platyphylla and Sabina saltuaria is 1.5m,and 2m for Abies faxoniana. And random pattern for these trees is exhibited within thisrange which almost coincides with the diameter of crown. Seed dispersalcharacteristics and light requirement may be the reason for different spatial pattern.

新型土壤结构改良剂水分特性及其对玉米苗期的影响研究

试验采用室内研究的方法,探讨2种以环境废弃资源为主要原料的新型土壤改良剂的基本水分特性,验证其对玉米苗期的影响。试验结果表明,2种改良剂在不同溶液中溶胀度不同,PJG在蒸馏水中溶胀度最大,PFL则是在自来水中吸水能力最强。PFL的吸水速率要低于PJG,单位质量最大吸水量1.705,为PJG的46.9%。2种改良剂对玉米出苗率的影响不是很明显,但能显著地提高玉米苗期株高和叶面积,对苗期土壤水分的散失也起到了很好的抑制作用。2种改良剂都能明显提高玉米苗期水分利用效率,最优水平分别高于对照27.89%和58.99%。综合各方面结果,建议在玉米试验中使用PJG的最佳浓度为0.8%,PFL为0.05%。

土壤改良剂节水增产效应的田间试验研究

采用田间试验,探讨了施用土壤改良剂对冬小麦的产量及水肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,施加土壤改良剂能降低作物生育期耗水量,提高冬小麦的产量,增加水肥利用效率。在不灌水条件下,施加土壤改良剂1500kg/hm2,能够使冬小麦较对照增产15%,水分利用效率(WUE)提高了21.65%,磷肥利用效率(PUE)较单施磷肥增加2.92%。在灌水33.3mm的条件下,施加土壤改良剂较对照可增产28.57%,将土壤改良剂与磷肥混施增产可达到42.86%。而且,PUE较单施磷肥增加了11.11%,WUE达到25.06kg/(hm2·mm)。

土壤结构改良剂影响下的土壤水分有效性研究

以聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)与磷石膏(PG)为土壤结构改良剂,利用离心机法,测定土壤水分特征曲线,从分析土壤的吸水能力和持水能力的角度出发,研究土壤结构改良剂对土壤水分有效性的影响。研究结果表明,土壤的吸水能力、持水能力与释水能力均表现出与用量密切相关;在使用土壤结构改良剂的情况下,仍然可用van Genuchten方程很准确的模拟土壤吸力与含水率之间的关系,即可作为使用土壤结构改良剂后的土壤水分特征曲线的模拟表达式;在试验的用量范围内,土壤结构改良剂的使用不会影响植物对水分的吸收和利用。

芨芨草在黄土边坡治理中的应用效果

针对黄土高原铁路、公路、大坝及农田地埂边坡长期裸露的水土流失与生态环境问题,选择禾本科植物-芨芨草,进行了为期10年的引种、栽培、生理生态特性与水保等方面的综合开发利用研究。结果表明,芨芨草具有耐旱、耐盐碱、耐瘠薄、抗风沙和极强的固土护坡作用,采用的包衣穴播、分根栽植、基茎扦插3大栽培技术,使芨芨草植株在长期干旱裸露的边坡能快速形成密集的地上部分和发达的根系,固结土壤,防止地表径流冲刷土壤,保护了铁路、公路、大坝及农田地埂边坡的生态安全,为我国西部同类型区的边坡治理,提供了抗逆性较强的优良禾本科植物与配套的栽培技术体系。

Economics Of Poultry Farming In Kerala

Though of recent origin, commercial poultry farming has achieved momentum in Kerala because of its wide and varied potentials capability of employment creation, low investment, quick returns, lesser combination of various factors of production, enhanced productivity per unit of agricultural land, maintenance of soil fertility etc. Despite all the ancillary attributes characteristic of a thriving venture, the performance of poultry farming in Kerala was not comforting, especially in the case of small and medium size farms. This study has aimed at detailing the various components of cost and revenue in the business of poultry farming, and the adducing of empirical evidences on the nature of relationship of different variables as the gross income, current rate of productivity, extent of capacity utilisation and size of farms in terms of number of birds reared and the farms’ overall financial performance. Alongwith this a descriptive approach was made to highlight the challenges and opportunity poultry farming in Kerala, with special emphasis on its economic and financial aspects.

Björk på åkermark : - beståndsetablering eller betesbeskogning

I ett bestånd med björk, planterad 1990 på nedlagd åkermark i 3x1 m förband har en jämförande studie gjorts. Halva arealen har traditionell skogsproduktion, vilken jämförts med en del med skötsel för kombinerad betesdrift och skogsproduktion. I arbetet redovisas utnyttjad metodik vid anläggning, markbehandling, ogräsbekämpning, stängsling och djurhållning, röjning och gallring, nuvarande och beräknad total produktion, grenrensning samt skador. Tre viktiga regler som har bidragit till den lyckosamma etableringen vid beskogningen av denna betesmark är kontinuerlig ogräsbekämpning, tidig och kraftfull röjning/gallring samt stängsling.In a birch stand established in 1990 on former agricultural land in a 3x1 m spacing a comparative study was made. Half the accerage has ad a traditional silviculture while the other half has been managed aiming at future grace land combined with wood production. In this paper we describe the establishment method used, soil treatment, weed protection, fencing and animal treatment, thinning, productivity and yield, furthermore pruning and occurrence of damages. Three important rules for establishment of silvipastures are continuous weed elimination, early, forceful thinning and good fencing.

Atividade microbiana do solo em pomar de laranja em resposta ao cultivo de adubos verdes

Adubos verdes (AVs) são condicionadores do solo utilizados para a melhoria da estrutura e fertilidade do solo. Este estudo avaliou o efeito de Crotalaria spectabilis Roth (crotalária), Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp (guandu) e Brachiaria decumbens Stapf (braquiária) nas propriedades microbiológicas e bioquímicas do solo sob laranjal. As leguminosas foram plantadas nas entrelinhas do laranjal e, após 3 meses, cortadas e lançadas nas entrelinhas. A braquiária, já estabelecida, foi roçada e lançada nas entrelinhas. Após 5 meses, as amostras de solo foram coletadas na entrelinha e na linha, na profundidade de 0-20 cm. O delineamento experimental foi em parcela subdividida. Efeito significativo (p< 0,05%) da aplicação dos AV sobre as contagens de bactérias, as atividades da desidrogenase e nitrificante foram obtidas e aumentaram, em média, de 20, 39 e 190%, respectivamente. O número de fungos diminuiu de 57%. A atividade da urease e a solubilizadora, e os conteúdos de matéria orgânica e umidade não foram influenciados pela aplicação dos AVs. Dentre as plantas, respostas significativas foram obtidas decorrentes do estímulo da atividade da desidrogenase em 57% pelo guandu, da urease em 58% pela braquiária, solubilizadora em 346% pela crotalária e nitrificante em 236% pelo guandu ou braquiária em relação aos demais AVs. Estes resultados sugerem que a aplicação de AVs durante anos consecutivos pode estimular a ação dos microrganismos e melhorar a qualidade do solo.

Alterações nos atributos de fertilidade em solo adubado com composto de lixo urbano

O composto de lixo urbano é um adubo orgânico que vem sendo, com bastante freqüência, utilizado em áreas de produção de hortaliças. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação do composto de lixo urbano na fertilidade do solo, na produção de alface e no acúmulo de nutrientes nas plantas. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação, em colunas de PVC, em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos, doses de 0; 30; 60; 90 e 120 t ha-1 de composto de lixo urbano e oito repetições. As colunas receberam solo das profundidades de 0-20 (tratado com composto de lixo), 20-40 e 40-60 cm de um Argissolo, textura média, e uma muda de alface. Ao final do cultivo, colunas de quatro repetições de cada tratamento foram desmontadas e, nas demais colunas, fez-se um segundo cultivo de alface. A incorporação de composto de lixo urbano na profundidade de 0-20 cm melhorou a fertilidade do solo da própria camada em que foi aplicado e da camada de 20-40 cm, mas não alterou as características da camada de 40-60 cm. A adubação com composto de lixo urbano propiciou aumento do pH e dos teores de MO, P, K, Ca e Mg do solo, na camada de 0-20 cm, e de pH e Ca, na profundidade de 20-40 cm. A melhora da fertilidade do solo com a aplicação de composto de lixo urbano acarretou aumento de produção de alface e provocou maior acúmulo de P, K e Ca nas plantas.