Efeito dos reguladores de crescimento vegetal nas características agronômicas do algodoeiro e no controle de insetos

The experiment was carried out in 1993/94, in Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, Brazil, to verify the efficiency of plant growth regulators on agronomic characteristics of cotton and as pest control technique. The experimental design was a complete randomized block with four replications and seven treatments: 1) control; 2) ethephon + cyclanilide (720 + 90 g/ha a.i.); 3) ethephon + cyclanilide (960 + 120 g/ha a.i.); 4) ethephon + cyclanilide (1200 + 150 g/ha a.i.); 5) ethephon (960 g/ha a.i.); 6) ethephon (1200 g/ha a.i.) and 7) cyclanilide 150 g/ha a.i.). Results suggest that plant growth regulators can reduce harvest time in 15 days, contributing significantly to decreased late-season squares and immature bolls that serve as feeding and oviposition sites to boll weevils and pink bollworm.

Seleção de isolados de beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. para o controle de sitophilus zeamais (Mots.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Sitophilus zeamais (Mots.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is considered a major pest of maize, responsible for reducing grain quality and making the corn inappropriate for industrial use and human consumption. S. zeamais has been controlled exclusively with chemical products. The objective of this research was to select isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. to control S. zeamais. Beetles were immersed in conidia suspensions of each isolate for five seconds and placed in a gerbox container with maize grains. In pathogenicity tests, the isolates that caused the highest mortality to the maize weevil were ESALQ-447 (68.0%), CCA-UFES/ Bb-36 (57.3%) and CCA-UFES/Bb-31 (51.3%). ESALQ-447 was the most virulent, with an LC50 of 1.7 × 107 conidia/ml and shows promise for controlling maize weevils. These isolates of B. bassiana can be used as effective substitutes for conventional chemical control, normally carried out with phosphine. Further tests should be performed under field and semi-field conditions to develop an appropriate strategy for the use of this entomopathogen to manage S. zeamais.

A comunidade de Curculionidae (Coleoptera) de inflorescências da palmeira Euterpe longebracteata Barb. Rodr. em uma área de transição Amazônia-Cerrado, Mato Grosso, Brasil

Foi realizado o estudo da comunidade de Curculionidae de inflorescências da palmeira Euterpe longebracteata em Áreas de Preservação Permanente, degradadas e preservadas, na Fazenda Tanguro, Mato Grosso, Brasil, com o objetivo de fornecer subsídios às políticas de manejo e recuperação das áreas. Os curculionídeos representaram o componente mais importante da fauna associada às inflorescências de Euterpe longebracteata, com riqueza de 23 espécies, frequência de 97% nas amostras e abundância de 10.000 exemplares (ou 90% da abundância total). As espécies Phyllotrox sp. 18, Phyllotrox sp. 19, Erirhininae gen.n.Asp.1 , Erirhininae gen.n.Esp.1 e Bondariella sp.n.3 representaram mais de 98% da abundância, foram consideradas dominantes nas inflorescências de E. longebracteata e, portanto, especificamente associadas à palmeira, podendo atuar como as espécies polinizadoras efetivas de E. longebracteata na área. Apesar das diferenças entre APPs preservadas e degradadas, as populações de E. longebracteata e a composição de espécies de Curculionidae não apresentaram correlação com o nível de degradação das APPs. A riqueza de Curculionidae também não apresentou correlação com a cobertura do dossel, distância da amostra à borda, tamanho das inflorescências e o número de flores por inflorescências de E. longebracteata. A influência do período de coleta sobre a abundância da maioria das espécies dominantes foi considerada indício de flutuação populacional e sucessão ecológica. Enquanto que Phyllotrox sp. 19, parece apresentar padrão de distribuição agregada. As espécies Phyllotrox sp.18 e Erirhininae gen.n.Asp.1 foram consideradas com tendo abundância mais sensível a degradação das APPs. A palmeira Euterpe longebracteata apresenta potencial de uso na recuperação das áreas degradadas da Fazenda Tanguro, pois suas populações e suas espécies de prováveis Curculionidae polinizadores apresentaram tolerância à degradação observada.

O gênero microstrates lacordaire (Curculionidae : Baridinae): sistemática, filogenia e evolução da associação com palmeiras hospedeiras

A revisão e análise filogenética do gênero Microstrates são apresentadas com base em caracteres descobertos durante o estudo e naqueles já utilizados na literatura. Foram reconhecidas onze espécies, que podem ser identificadas pela chave apresentada. Duas espécies novas são descritas: Microstrates almiri, sp. n., Caxiuanã, PA e M. piririma sp. n., Monte Alegre, PA. Microstrates bipunctatus Hustache, 1951 é considerada sinônimo de M. cocois Bondar, 1941. O estudo das relações filogenéticas das espécies de Microstrates resultou na seguinte hipótese, expressa parenteticamente como: ((m. cocoscampestris (M. abbreviatus (M. rufus, M. cucullus, M. bondari)))). Pela primeira vez são apresentadas as palmeiras hospedeiras de M.almiri sp. n., M. piririma sp. n. e M. rufus Hustache, 1951. As espécies M. almiri sp. n. e M. piririma sp. n., coletadas no estado do Pará, representam o primeiro registro do gênero para a região Amazônica. Todas as espécies são redescritas e as estruturas mais importantes para a identificação estão ilustradas. A coleta de curculionídeos em diferentes espécies de palmeiras nos estados do Pará e amazonas corroborou a hipótese de associação exclusiva de Microstrates com as palmeiras dos gêneros syagrus, Butia e Cocos, e que cada espécie de Syagrus e Butia hospeda apenas uma única espécie de Microstrates. A sobreposição e otimização (Farris, 1970) dos gêneros de palmeiras hospedeiras sobre o cladograma de Microstrates mostra a seguinte hipótese: a associação com o gênero Syagrus é plesiomórfica, com o gênero Butia é apomórfica e com o coqueiro (cocos nucifera) é devida a eventos de colonização.

Oportunidades de aprender sobre pesquisa na iniciação científica júnior de uma bolsista no Clube de Ciências da UFPA

Após constatar o sucesso da iniciação científica na graduação, recentemente, as agências de fomento estenderam o financiamento de bolsas para a Iniciação Científica Junior (ICJ). Ainda são pouco conhecidas as especificidades do processo de ensino e aprendizagem neste contexto. Neste sentido, o objetivo da presente dissertação foi realizar um estudo de caso, acompanhando uma díade orientadora-bolsista de ICJ ao longo de um ano, caracterizando as principais oportunidades de aprender e produzir sentidos subjetivos sobre a pesquisa e sobre a natureza da atividade científica. A professora-orientadora e a estudante do ensino fundamental, participavam do Clube de Ciências da Universidade Federal do Pará e tinham um projeto de pesquisa aprovado e subsidiado financeiramente pela Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa no Estado do Pará (FAPESPA). O objetivo do projeto era estudar o uso de inseticidas naturais para o controle da proliferação de gorgulhos no milho. Constituí meus dados através de entrevistas com as participantes, filmagens dos encontros de orientação e eventos científicos, relatórios técnicos que enviaram à FAPESPA e diário mantido pela bolsista. Triangulando as informações obtidas, descrevi as principais atividades da ICJ, levando em conta os sentidos que elas tiveram para a bolsista. Com base nessa descrição, caracterizei as principais oportunidades que a estudante teve de aprender ou produzir sentido subjetivo sobre pesquisa e ciência. Identifiquei traços de crescimento pessoal e de relacionamento interpessoal; desenvolvimento das capacidades de ler, discutir, argumentar, relatar e falar em público, além da ampliação do conhecimento sobre a prática experimental. Nesta experiência, a bolsista teve a oportunidade de significar o conhecimento científico como uma construção coletiva, contextualizada e em processo, que implica em problematizações de conhecimentos anteriores e cujas decisões precisam ser justificadas. Entretanto, como o conhecimento produzido em sua pesquisa não foi derivado nem suficientemente interpretado a partir de modelos teóricos, a experiência oportunizou a bolsista conceber a produção do conhecimento científico em uma perspectiva empírico-indutivista.

Description of immature stages of Phelypera schuppeli (Boheman, 1834) with comments on natural history (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Hyperinae)

Immatures of the Phelypera schuppeli (Boheman, 1834) (Curculionidae; Hyperinae; Cepurini) are described, illustrated and compared with available descriptions of larvae and pupae of Hyperini. Immatures and adults from midwest (Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul; Pirenopolis, Goias) and southeast Brazil (Bauru, Sao Paulo) were found on leaves of the host plant, Pachira aquatica Aubl. (Malvaceae, formerly Bombacaceae), a tree used as an ornamental plant in many Brazilian frost-free cities. Larvae of P. schuppeli are exophytic, brightly colored, eruciform and possess abdominal ambulatory ampullae, resembling larvae of Lepidoptera. Mature larvae can spin globular lattice-like cocoons where pupation takes place. Data in the field and under laboratory conditions confirmed previously published biological observations on P. schuppeli. Additional information about defensive behaviors, process of cocoon construction and natural enemies, such as the larval predator Supputius cinticeps (Stal, 1860) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and the prepupal and pupal parasitoid Jaliscoa nudipennis Boucek, 1993 (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), are reported.

Patterns of functional enzyme activity in fungus farming ambrosia beetles

Introduction In wood-dwelling fungus-farming weevils, the so-called ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae), wood in the excavated tunnels is used as a medium for cultivating fungi by the combined action of digging larvae (which create more space for the fungi to grow) and of adults sowing and pruning the fungus. The beetles are obligately dependent on the fungus that provides essential vitamins, amino acids and sterols. However, to what extent microbial enzymes support fungus farming in ambrosia beetles is unknown. Here we measure (i) 13 plant cell-wall degrading enzymes in the fungus garden microbial consortium of the ambrosia beetle Xyleborinus saxesenii, including its primary fungal symbionts, in three compartments of laboratory maintained nests, at different time points after gallery foundation and (ii) four specific enzymes that may be either insect or microbially derived in X. saxesenii adult and larval individuals. Results We discovered that the activity of cellulases in ambrosia fungus gardens is relatively small compared to the activities of other cellulolytic enzymes. Enzyme activity in all compartments of the garden was mainly directed towards hemicellulose carbohydrates such as xylan, glucomannan and callose. Hemicellulolytic enzyme activity within the brood chamber increased with gallery age, whereas irrespective of the age of the gallery, the highest overall enzyme activity were detected in the gallery dump material expelled by the beetles. Interestingly endo-β-1,3(4)-glucanase activity capable of callose degradation was identified in whole-body extracts of both larvae and adult X. saxesenii, whereas endo-β-1,4-xylanase activity was exclusively detected in larvae. Conclusion Similar to closely related fungi associated with bark beetles in phloem, the microbial symbionts of ambrosia beetles hardly degrade cellulose. Instead, their enzyme activity is directed mainly towards comparatively more easily accessible hemicellulose components of the ray-parenchyma cells in the wood xylem. Furthermore, the detection of xylanolytic enzymes exclusively in larvae (which feed on fungus colonized wood) and not in adults (which feed only on fungi) indicates that only larvae (pre-) digest plant cell wall structures. This implies that in X. saxesenii and likely also in many other ambrosia beetles, adults and larvae do not compete for the same food within their nests - in contrast, larvae increase colony fitness by facilitating enzymatic wood degradation and fungus cultivation.

Association of cone thermogenesis and volatiles with pollinator specificity in Macrozamia cycads

Cone traits (volatile components and thermogenesis) of three cycad species in the genus Macrozamia were examined for differences related to their specific insect pollinators, the weevil, Tranes spp., or the thrips, Cycadothrips chadwicki. Linalool (>80% of emissions) dominated cone volatile components of M. machinii (Tranes-pollinated) and beta-myrcene was a minor component (

Pollination ecology of the Australian cycad Lepidozamia peroffskyana (Zamiaceae)

Experiments carried out to investigate the reproductive ecology of the Australian cycad Lepidozamia peroffskyana (Regal, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1857, 1: 184) revealed that this species is pollinated exclusively by host-specific Tranes weevils (Pascoe 1875). The weevils carry out their life cycle within the tissues of the male cones but also visit the female cones in large numbers. Female cones from which insects ( but not wind) were excluded had a pollination rate that was essentially zero. In contrast, female cones from which wind ( but not insects) were excluded had a pollination rate comparable with naturally pollinated cones. Assessment of Tranes weevil pollen load indicated that they are effective pollen-carriers. No other potential insect pollinators were observed on cones of L. peroffskyana. Sampling of airborne loads of cycad pollen indicated that wind-dispersed grains were not consistently recorded beyond a 2-m radius surrounding pollen-shedding male cones. The airborne load of cycad pollen in the vicinity of pollination-receptive female cones was minimal, and the spatial distribution of the coning population indicated that receptive female cones did not usually occur close enough to pollen-shedding male cones for airborne transfer of pollen to explain observed natural rates of seed set. These multiple lines of evidence suggest that wind-once considered the only pollination vector for cycads and other gymnosperms-plays only a minimal role in the pollination of L. peroffskyana, if any at all. The global diversity of insects associated with cycads suggests that some lineages of pollinating beetles may have been associated with cycad cones since Mesozoic times.

Pollination of Australian Macrozamia cycads (Zamiaceae): Effectiveness and behavior of specialist vectors in a dependent mutualism

Complementary field and laboratory tests confirmed and quantified the pollination abilities of Tranes sp. weevils and Cycadothrips chadwicki thrips, specialist insects of their respective cycad hosts, Macrozamia machinii and M. lucida. No agamospermous seeds were produced when both wind and insects were excluded from female cones; and the exclusion of wind-vectored pollen alone did not eliminate seed set, because insects were able to reach the cone. Based on enclosure pollination tests, each weevil pollinates an average 26.2 ovules per cone and each thrips 2.4 ovules per cone. These pollinators visited similar numbers of ovules per cone in fluorescent dye tests that traced insect movement through cones. Fluorescent dye granules deposited by Cycadothrips were concentrated around the micropyle of each visited ovule, the site of pollen droplet release, where pollen must be deposited to achieve pollination. In contrast, Tranes weevils left dye scattered on different areas of each visited ovule, indicating that chance plays a greater role in this system. Each weevil and 25 thrips delivered 6.2 and 5.2 pollen grains, respectively, on average, to each visited ovule per cone, based on examination of dissected pollen canals. In sum, the pollination potential of 25 Cycadothrips approximates that of one Tranes weevil.

Impact of dead and sunken water hyacinth on biotic communities, the aquatic environment and socioeconomic activities

The mobile water hyacinth, which was produced in growth zones, especially Murchison bay, was mainly exported to three sheltered storage bays (Thruston, Hannington and Waiya). Between 1996 and May 1998, the mobile form of water hyacinth occupied about 800 ha in Thruston bay, 750 ha in Hannington bay and 140 ha in Waiya bay). Biological control weevils and other factors, including localised nutrient depletion, weakened the weed that was confined to the bays and it sunk around October 1998. The settling to the bottom of such huge quantities of organic matter its subsequent decomposition and the debris from this mass was likely to have environmental impacts on biotic communities (e.g. fish and invertebrate), physico-chemical conditions (water quality), and on socio-economic activities (e.g. at fish landings, water abstraction, and hydro-power generation points). Sunken water hyacinth debris could also affect nutrient levels in the water column and lead to reduction in the content of dissolved oxygen. The changes in nutrient dynamics and oxygen levels could affect algal productivity, invertebrate composition and fish communities. Socio-economic impacts of dead sunken weed were expected from debris deposited along the shoreline especially at fish landings, water abstraction and hydropower generation points. Therefore, environmental impact assessment studies were carried out between 1998 and 2002 in selected representative zones of Lake Victoria to identify the effects of the sunken water hyacinth biomass.

Reforestation challenges in Scandinavia

In the keynote, major reforestation challenges in Scandinavia will be highlighted. The following countries make up Scandinavia: Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Denmark. For Iceland, with only a forest cover of 2%, a major reforestation challenge is the deforestation and overgrazing in combination with land degradation and extensive soil erosion. The challenges include the conflicts with livestock farmers. For centuries the commons were used for sheep and horse grazing. However, more and more of farmer grazing land have been fenced up, allowing the regeneration of birch and plantations of other species to increase. With a forest cover of 37% and 69% respectively, for decades a major reforestation challenge in Norway and Sweden has been the risk of seedling damages from the pine weevil. Unprotected seedlings can have a survival rate of less than 25% after being planted. Pine weevils feed on the bark of planted young seedlings at regeneration sites. If the seedling is girdled, it will not survive. In Sweden, and soon in Norway, pesticides have been forbidden. In the keynote, new methods and technology will be presented based on non-chemical protection. In Finland, with a forest cover of 75%, a major reforestation challenge is linked to the forest structure. The structure of Finnish forestry includes many private forests in combination with small regeneration sites. This implies a situation where logistics and methods for lifting and field storage provide a major challenge in order to preserve seedling quality until the planting date. Due to this situation, new logistic systems and technologies are being developed in Finland, including new seedling cultivation programs (including cultivation under Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)) to match the access of fresh planting stock to different planting dates. In Denmark, with a forest cover of 13%, a major reforestation challenge is the possibility of future plantations based on a wide range of relevant species. For this to become a realistic option, new methods and technology have to be developed in reforestation activities that support this possibility. These methods and technology should make it possible to not be limited to certain species due to problems and restrictions during field establishment. This due to the prospect of establishing stable, healthy, and productive stands of various forest species that can be adapted to future climate change.