La fonction d'ouverture au monde par le père et l'itinérance à l'adolescence

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Les relations d’attachement et d’activation père-enfant : effet modérateur de l’engagement paternel pour prédire le développement socio-affectif des enfants

Tout autant que la mère, le père est une figure d’attachement importante pour l’enfant. Toutefois le lien d’attachement père-enfant se formerait différemment du lien d’attachement mère-enfant. Les pères sont souvent plus engagés que les mères dans des activités ludiques, moins dans des activités de soins. Les jeux faits avec le père sont souvent plus physiques aussi, plus stimulants. En incitant son enfant au jeu de façon sensible, le père devient un tremplin pour l’exploration de son enfant et le développement de sa confiance en soi et en l’autre. C’est en tant que figure d’ouverture sur le monde que le père aurait une plus grande influence sur le développement de son enfant. C’est ce que nous apprennent les études sur l’engagement paternel. Jusqu’à maintenant peu d’auteurs ont étudié l’engagement des pères en même temps que l’attachement père-enfant, mais plusieurs proposent déjà que cette fonction d’ouverture sur le monde expliquerait la formation du lien père-enfant. La relation d’attachement père-enfant serait basée sur une relation d’activation. L’objectif de la présente thèse est précisément de mieux comprendre la nature du lien d’attachement père-enfant. Deux articles composent cette thèse. Le premier article est théorique et fait une recension de la littérature sur l’attachement père-enfant et l’engagement paternel. Le deuxième article est empirique et propose justement de vérifier l’influence de l’engagement paternel sur la formation du lien d’attachement au père. En tout 53 dyades pères-enfants ont participé à cette étude. L’engagement des pères au niveau du réconfort, de la stimulation et de la discipline a été évalué lorsque les enfants avaient entre 12 et 18 mois. À cet âge, la qualité d’attachement et de la relation d’activation ont aussi été évaluées, respectivement avec la Situation étrangère et la Situation risquée. Les deux mises en situation ont ensuite été comparées pour voir laquelle prédit mieux le développement des enfants à l’âge préscolaire, au niveau des compétences sociales, des problèmes intériorisés et des problèmes extériorisés. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que la Situation risquée prédit mieux le développement socio-affectif des enfants (compétences sociales et problèmes intériorisés). Aucun lien n’a été trouvé avec la Situation étrangère, même en tenant compte de l’engagement du père au niveau du réconfort. Ces résultats valident la théorie de la relation d’activation et l’importance de la fonction paternelle d’ouverture sur le monde. Les limites de la présente étude, ainsi que ses implications théoriques et méthodologiques, seront abordées dans la discussion du deuxième article et en conclusion de la présente thèse.

Modulation de l'apprentissage visuel par stimulation électrique transcrânienne à courant direct du cortex préfrontal

Le traitement visuel répété d’un visage inconnu entraîne une suppression de l’activité neuronale dans les régions préférentielles aux visages du cortex occipito-temporal. Cette «suppression neuronale» (SN) est un mécanisme primitif hautement impliqué dans l’apprentissage de visages, pouvant être détecté par une réduction de l’amplitude de la composante N170, un potentiel relié à l’événement (PRE), au-dessus du cortex occipito-temporal. Le cortex préfrontal dorsolatéral (CPDL) influence le traitement et l’encodage visuel, mais sa contribution à la SN de la N170 demeure inconnue. Nous avons utilisé la stimulation électrique transcrânienne à courant direct (SETCD) pour moduler l’excitabilité corticale du CPDL de 14 adultes sains lors de l’apprentissage de visages inconnus. Trois conditions de stimulation étaient utilisées: inhibition à droite, excitation à droite et placebo. Pendant l’apprentissage, l’EEG était enregistré afin d’évaluer la SN de la P100, la N170 et la P300. Trois jours suivant l’apprentissage, une tâche de reconnaissance était administrée où les performances en pourcentage de bonnes réponses et temps de réaction (TR) étaient enregistrées. Les résultats indiquent que la condition d’excitation à droite a facilité la SN de la N170 et a augmentée l’amplitude de la P300, entraînant une reconnaissance des visages plus rapide à long-terme. À l’inverse, la condition d’inhibition à droite a causé une augmentation de l’amplitude de la N170 et des TR plus lents, sans affecter la P300. Ces résultats sont les premiers à démontrer que la modulation d’excitabilité du CPDL puisse influencer l’encodage visuel de visages inconnus, soulignant l’importance du CPDL dans les mécanismes d’apprentissage de base.

Effets motivationnels des cannabinoïdes dans un modèle animal de la schizophrénie

Depuis quelques décennies, la consommation de cannabis et son usage thérapeutique sont le sujet de nombreux débats. Le cannabis est la drogue illicite la plus consommée au monde et cette consommation se trouve dix fois plus élevée chez les patients atteints de schizophrénie que dans la population générale. L’hypothèse d’une automédication initialement proposée afin d’expliquer la consommation élevée de cannabis chez les patients atteints de schizophrénie est maintenant remise en question. En effet, les rapports indiquant une aggravation des symptômes plutôt qu’une amélioration suite à une consommation à long terme sont de plus en plus nombreux. Sachant que le cannabis peut induire des effets soit plaisants soit aversifs, la question se pose à savoir si une prédominance de la valence motivationnelle positive ou une diminution de la valence négative du cannabis peut expliquer la consommation élevée parmi les individus ayant un diagnostic de schizophrénie? Bien qu’un grand nombre de recherches pré-cliniques aient été menées chez l’animal normal pour évaluer l’effet motivationnel du Δ9-tétrahydrocannabinol (THC) et autres cannabinoïdes synthétiques, aucune n’a abordé cette problématique dans un modèle animal de la schizophrénie. Cette lacune nous a donc amené à étudier la valence motivationnelle du THC et de l’agoniste cannabinoïde WIN55,212-2 (WIN) dans un modèle animal de la schizophrénie: la lésion néonatale de l’hippocampe ventral (NVHL). Dans le premier article, nous présentons les résultats de quatre expériences. Une première avait pour objectif de déterminer si la procédure expérimentale que nous avons utilisée permettait de reproduire des signes distinctifs du modèle animal de la schizophrénie. Par la suite, nous avons évalué i) l’effet d’une dose de WIN sur l’activité locomotrice spontanée et ii) la valence motivationnelle du THC (0.5 mg/kg, i.p) et du WIN (1 mg/kg, i.p) chez les rats adolescents (jour post-natal 28-40, PD28-40) et adultes (PD56) au moyen du paradigme de préférence de place conditionnée (PPC). Tel qu’attendu, la réponse locomotrice à l’amphétamine (0.75 et 1.5 mg/kg) chez les rats NVHL adultes était supérieure à celle des rats contrôles (test distinctif du modèle). Le THC a induit une tendance aversive chez les rats contrôles adultes. Enfin, le WIN a stimulé l’activité locomotrice et induit une aversion significative chez les rats adultes NVHL. Dans un deuxième article, nous avons évalué la valence motivationnelle du THC (0.5 mg/kg), du WIN (1 et 3 mg/kg) et l’effet de l’amphétamine au moyen du paradigme d’autostimulation électrique intracérébrale (ASI). Les résultats montrent que : i) l’effet amplificateur de l’amphétamine sur l’ASI était de plus courte durée chez les rats NVHL; ii) le THC produit une légère atténuation de la récompense chez les rats contrôles tandis que le WIN a produit une atténuation plus prononcée de la récompense chez les rats NVHL, un effet qui a été bloqué par l’antagoniste aux récepteurs CB1, le AM251 (3 mg/kg). Pour la première fois les résultats suggèrent une altération du système endocannabinoïde dans un modèle animal de la schizophrénie. Ils indiquent qu’une exposition aigüe conduit à une prédominance de la valence négative. Bien qu’en apparente contradiction avec les études cliniques, ces résultats soulignent l’importance du contexte socio-environnemental pour expliquer les effets du cannabis chez les patients. De plus ils encouragent les futures études à évaluer cette valence sur un modèle d’exposition chronique.

Les effets de la stimulation électrique transcrânienne à courant direct appliquée au cortex somatosensoriel primaire sur la perception vibrotactile

La stimulation électrique transcrânienne à courant direct (tDCS) est une technique non invasive de neuromodulation qui modifie l’excitabilité corticale via deux grosses électrodes de surface. Les effets dépendent de la polarité du courant, anodique = augmentation de l’excitabilité corticale et cathodique = diminution. Chez l’humain, il n’existe pas de consensus sur des effets de la tDCS appliquée au cortex somatosensoriel primaire (S1) sur la perception somesthésique. Nous avons étudié la perception vibrotactile (20 Hz, amplitudes variées) sur le majeur avant, pendant et après la tDCS appliquée au S1 controlatéral (anodale, a; cathodale, c; sham, s). Notre hypothèse « shift-gain » a prédit une diminution des seuils de détection et de discrimination pour la tDCS-a (déplacement vers la gauche de la courbe stimulus-réponse et une augmentation de sa pente). On attendait les effets opposés avec la tDCS-c, soit une augmentation des seuils (déplacement à droite et diminution de la pente). Chez la majorité des participants, des diminutions des seuils ont été observées pendant et immédiatement suivant la tDCS-a (1 mA, 20 min) en comparaison à la stimulation sham. Les effets n’étaient plus présents 30 min plus tard. Une diminution du seuil de discrimination a également été observée pendant, mais non après la tDCS-c (aucun effet pour détection). Nos résultats supportent notre hypothèse, uniquement pour la tDCS-a. Une suite logique serait d’étudier si des séances répétées de tDCS-a mènent à des améliorations durables sur la perception tactile. Ceci serait bénéfique pour la réadaptation sensorielle (ex. suite à un accident vasculaire cérébral).

Adrenergic and muscarinic receptor subtypes functional regulation during diabetogenesis: Effect of curcumin and vitamin D3 pre-treatment

In the present study, the initial phase was directed to confirm the effects of curcumin and vitamin D3 in preventing or delaying diabetes onset by studying the blood glucose and insulin levels in the pre-treated and diabetic groups. Behavioural studies were conducted to evaluate the cognitive and motor function in experimental rats. The major focus of the study was to understand the cellular and neuronal mechanisms that ensure the prophylactic capability of curcumin and vitamin D3. To elucidate the mechanisms involved in conferring the antidiabetogenesis effect, we examined the DNA and protein profiles using radioactive incorporation studies for DNA synthesis, DNA methylation and protein synthesis. Furthermore the gene expression studies of Akt-1, Pax, Pdx-1, Neuro D1, insulin like growth factor-1 and NF-κB were done to monitor pancreatic beta cell proliferation and differentiation. The antioxidant and antiapoptotic actions of curcumin and vitamin D3 were examined by studying the expression of antioxidant enzymes - SOD and GPx, and apoptotic mediators like Bax, caspase 3, caspase 8 and TNF-α. In order to understand the signalling pathways involved in curcumin and vitamin D3 action, the second messengers, cAMP, cGMP and IP3 were studied along with the expression of vitamin D receptor in the pancreas. The neuronal regulation of pancreatic beta cell maintenance, proliferation and insulin release was studied by assessing the adrenergic and muscarinic receptor functional regulation in the pancreas, brain stem, hippocampus and hypothalamus. The receptor number and binding affinity of total muscarinic, muscarinic M1, muscarinic M3, total adrenergic, α adrenergic and β adrenergic receptor subtypes were studied in pancreas, brain stem and hippocampus of experimental rats. The mRNA expression of muscarinic and adrenergic receptor subtypes were determined using Real Time PCR. Immunohistochemistry studies using confocal microscope were carried out to confirm receptor density and gene expression results. Cell signalling alterations in the pancreas and brain regions associated with diabetogenesis and antidiabetogenesis were assessed by examining the gene expression profiles of vitamin D receptor, CREB, phospholipase C, insulin receptor and GLUT. This study will establish the anti-diabetogenesis activity of curcumin and vitamin D3 pre-treatment and will attempt to understand the cellular, molecular and neuronal control mechanism in the onset of diabetes.Administration of MLD-STZ to curcumin and vitamin D3 pre-treated rats induced only an incidental prediabetic condition. Curcumin and vitamin D3 pretreated groups injected with MLD-STZ exhibited improved circulating insulin levels and behavioural responses when compared to MLD-STZ induced diabetic group. Activation of beta cell compensatory response induces an increase in pancreatic insulin output and beta cell mass expansion in the pre-treated group. Cell signalling proteins that regulate pancreatic beta cell survival, insulin release, proliferation and differentiation showed a significant increase in curcumin and vitamin D3 pre-treated rats. Marked decline in α2 adrenergic receptor function in pancreas helps to relent sympathetic inhibition of insulin release. Neuronal stimulation of hyperglycemia induced beta cell compensatory response is mediated by escalated signalling through β adrenergic, muscarinic M1 and M3 receptors. Pre-treatment mediated functional regulation of adrenergic and cholinergic receptors, key cell signalling proteins and second messengers improves pancreatic glucose sensing, insulin gene expression, insulin secretion, cell survival and beta cell mass expansion in pancreas. Curcumin and vitamin D3 pre-treatment induced modulation of adrenergic and cholinergic signalling in brain stem, hippocampus and hypothalamus promotes insulin secretion, beta cell compensatory response, insulin sensitivity and energy balance to resist diabetogenesis. Pre-treatment improved second messenger levels and the gene expression of intracellular signalling molecules in brain stem, hippocampus and hypothalamus, to retain a functional neuronal response to hyperglycemia. Curcumin and vitamin D3 protect pancreas and brain regions from oxidative stress by their indigenous antioxidant properties and by their ability to stimulate cellular free radical defence system. The present study demonstrates the role of adrenergic and muscarinic receptor subtypes functional regulation in curcumin and vitamin D3 mediated anti-diabetogenesis. This will have immense clinical significance in developing effective strategies to delay or prevent the onset of diabetes.

Pre-B-cell transcription factor 1 and steroidogenic factor 1 synergistically regulate adrenocortical growth and steroidogenesis

variety of transcription factors including Wilms tumor gene (Wt-1), steroidogenic factor 1 (Sf-1), dosage-sensitive sex reversal, adrenal hypoplasia congenita on the X-chromosome, Gene 1 (Dax-1), and pre-B-cell transcription factor 1 (Pbx1) have been defined as necessary for regular adrenocortical development. However, the role of Pbx1 for adrenal growth and function in the adult organism together with the molecular relationship between Pbx1 and these other transcription factors have not been characterized. We demonstrate that Pbx haploinsufficiency (Pbx1(+/-)) in mice is accompanied by a significant lower adrenal weight in adult animals compared with wild-type controls. Accordingly, baseline proliferating cell nuclear antigen levels are lower in Pbx1(+/-) mice, and unilateral adrenalectomy results in impaired contralateral compensatory adrenal growth, indicating a lower proliferative potential in the context of Pbx1 haploinsufficiency. In accordance with the key role of IGFs in adrenocortical proliferation and development, real-time RT-PCR demonstrates significant lower expression levels of the IGF-I receptor, and up-regulation of IGF binding protein-2. Functionally, Pbx1(+/-) mice display a blunted corticosterone response after ACTH stimulation coincident with lower adrenal expression of the ACTH receptor (melanocortin 2 receptor, Mc2-r). Mechanistically, in vitro studies reveal that Pbx1 and Sf-1 synergistically stimulates Mc2-r promoter activity. Moreover, Sf-1 directly activates the Pbx1 promoter activity in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, these studies provide evidence for a role of Pbx1 in the maintenance of a functional adrenal cortex mediated by synergistic actions of Pbx1 and Sf-1 in the transcriptional regulation of the critical effector of adrenocortical differentiation, the ACTH receptor.

Mechanisms of G protein activation via the D-2 dopamine receptor: evidence for persistent receptor/G protein interaction after agonist stimulation

Background and purpose: The aim of this report is to study mechanisms of G protein activation by agonists. Experimental approach: The association and dissociation of guanosine 5'-O-(3-[S-35] thio) triphosphate ([S-35] GTP gamma S) binding at G proteins in membranes of CHO cells stably transfected with the human dopamine D-2short receptor was studied in the presence of a range of agonists. Key results: Binding of [S-35] GTPgS was dissociable in the absence of agonist and dissociation was accelerated both in rate and extent by dopamine, an effect which was blocked by the dopamine D-2 receptor antagonist raclopride and by suramin, which inhibits receptor/G protein interaction. A range of agonists of varying efficacy increased the rate of dissociation of [S-35] GTPgS binding, with the more efficacious agonists resulting in faster dissociation. Agonists were able to dissociate about 70% of the pre-bound [S-35] GTPgS, leaving a component which may not be accessible to the agonist-bound receptor. The dissociable component of the [S-35] GTPgS binding was reduced with longer association times and increased [S-35] GTPgS concentrations. Conclusions and implications: These data are consistent with [S-35] GTPgS binding being initially to receptor-linked G proteins and then to G proteins which have separated from the agonist bound receptor. Under the conditions used typically for [S-35] GTPgS binding assays, therefore, much of the agonist-receptor complex remains in proximity to G proteins after they have been activated by agonist.

Maternal antenatal anxiety, postnatal stroking and emotional problems in children: outcomes predicted from pre and postnatal programming hypotheses

Background Mothers' self-reported stroking of their infants over the first weeks of life modifies the association between prenatal depression and physiological and emotional reactivity at 7 months, consistent with animal studies of the effects of tactile stimulation. We now investigate whether the effects of maternal stroking persist to 2.5 years. Given animal and human evidence for sex differences in the effects of prenatal stress we compare associations in boys and girls. Method From a general population sample of 1233 first-time mothers recruited at 20 weeks gestation we drew a random sample of 316 for assessment at 32 weeks, stratified by reported inter-partner psychological abuse, a risk indicator for child development. Of these mothers, 243 reported at 5 and 9 weeks how often they stroked their infants, and completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) at 2.5 years post-delivery. Results There was a significant interaction between prenatal anxiety and maternal stroking in the prediction of CBCL internalizing (p = 0.001) and anxious/depressed scores (p < 0.001). The effects were stronger in females than males, and the three-way interaction prenatal anxiety × maternal stroking × sex of infant was significant for internalizing symptoms (p = 0.003). The interactions arose from an association between prenatal anxiety and internalizing symptoms only in the presence of low maternal stroking. Conclusions The findings are consistent with stable epigenetic effects, many sex specific, reported in animal studies. While epigenetic mechanisms may be underlying the associations, it remains to be established whether stroking affects gene expression in humans.

Towards the main sequence: detailed analysis of weak line and post-T Tauri stars

A detailed study was performed for a sample of low-mass pre-main-sequence (PMS) stars, previously identified as weak-line T Tauri stars, which are compared to members of the Tucanae and Horologium Associations. Aiming to verify if there is any pattern of abundances when comparing the young stars at different phases, we selected objects in the range from 1 to 100 Myr, which covers most of PMS evolution. High-resolution optical spectra were acquired at European Southern Observatory and Observatorio do Pico dos Dias. The stellar fundamental parameters effective temperature and gravity were calculated by excitation and ionization equilibria of iron absorption lines. Chemical abundances were obtained via equivalent width calculations and spectral synthesis for 44 per cent of the sample, which shows metallicities within 0.5 dex solar. A classification was developed based on equivalent width of Li I 6708 angstrom and Ha lines and spectral types of the studied stars. This classification allowed a separation of the sample into categories that correspond to different evolutive stages in the PMS. The position of these stars in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram was also inspected in order to estimate their ages and masses. Among the studied objects, it was verified that our sample actually contains seven weak-line T Tauri stars, three are Classical T Tauri, 12 are Fe/Ge PMS stars and 21 are post-T Tauri or young main-sequence stars. An estimation of circumstellar luminosity was obtained using a disc model to reproduce the observed spectral energy distribution. Most of the stars show low levels of circumstellar emission, corresponding to less than 30 per cent of the total emission.

SIMULATIONS OF WINDS OF WEAK-LINED T TAURI STARS. II. THE EFFECTS OF A TILTED MAGNETOSPHERE AND PLANETARY INTERACTIONS

Based on our previous work, we investigate here the effects on the wind and magnetospheric structures of weak-lined T Tauri stars due to a misalignment between the axis of rotation of the star and its magnetic dipole moment vector. In such a configuration, the system loses the axisymmetry presented in the aligned case, requiring a fully three-dimensional (3D) approach. We perform 3D numerical magnetohydrodynamic simulations of stellar winds and study the effects caused by different model parameters, namely the misalignment angle theta(t), the stellar period of rotation, the plasma-beta, and the heating index.. Our simulations take into account the interplay between the wind and the stellar magnetic field during the time evolution. The system reaches a periodic behavior with the same rotational period of the star. We show that the magnetic field lines present an oscillatory pattern. Furthermore, we obtain that by increasing theta(t), the wind velocity increases, especially in the case of strong magnetic field and relatively rapid stellar rotation. Our 3D, time-dependent wind models allow us to study the interaction of a magnetized wind with a magnetized extrasolar planet. Such interaction gives rise to reconnection, generating electrons that propagate along the planet`s magnetic field lines and produce electron cyclotron radiation at radio wavelengths. The power released in the interaction depends on the planet`s magnetic field intensity, its orbital radius, and on the stellar wind local characteristics. We find that a close-in Jupiter-like planet orbiting at 0.05 AU presents a radio power that is similar to 5 orders of magnitude larger than the one observed in Jupiter, which suggests that the stellar wind from a young star has the potential to generate strong planetary radio emission that could be detected in the near future with LOFAR. This radio power varies according to the phase of rotation of the star. For three selected simulations, we find a variation of the radio power of a factor 1.3-3.7, depending on theta(t). Moreover, we extend the investigation done in Vidotto et al. and analyze whether winds from misaligned stellar magnetospheres could cause a significant effect on planetary migration. Compared to the aligned case, we show that the timescale tau(w) for an appreciable radial motion of the planet is shorter for larger misalignment angles. While for the aligned case tau(w) similar or equal to 100 Myr, for a stellar magnetosphere tilted by theta(t) = 30 degrees, tau(w) ranges from similar to 40 to 70 Myr for a planet located at a radius of 0.05 AU. Further reduction on tau(w) might occur for even larger misalignment angles and/or different wind parameters.

SIMULATIONS OF WINDS OF WEAK-LINED T TAURI STARS: THE MAGNETIC FIELD GEOMETRY AND THE INFLUENCE OF THE WIND ON GIANT PLANET MIGRATION

By means of numerical simulations, we investigate magnetized stellar winds of pre-main-sequence stars. In particular, we analyze under which circumstances these stars will present elongated magnetic features (e.g., helmet streamers, slingshot prominences, etc). We focus on weak-lined T Tauri stars, as the presence of the tenuous accretion disk is not expected to have strong influence on the structure of the stellar wind. We show that the plasma-beta parameter (the ratio of thermal to magnetic energy densities) is a decisive factor in defining the magnetic configuration of the stellar wind. Using initial parameters within the observed range for these stars, we show that the coronal magnetic field configuration can vary between a dipole-like configuration and a configuration with strong collimated polar lines and closed streamers at the equator (multicomponent configuration for the magnetic field). We show that elongated magnetic features will only be present if the plasma-beta parameter at the coronal base is beta(0) << 1. Using our self-consistent three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics model, we estimate for these stellar winds the timescale of planet migration due to drag forces exerted by the stellar wind on a hot-Jupiter. In contrast to the findings of Lovelace et al., who estimated such timescales using the Weber and Davis model, our model suggests that the stellar wind of these multicomponent coronae are not expected to have significant influence on hot-Jupiters migration. Further simulations are necessary to investigate this result under more intense surface magnetic field strengths (similar to 2-3 kG) and higher coronal base densities, as well as in a tilted stellar magnetosphere.

ß- adrenergic stimulation of skeletal muscle HSL can be overridden by AMPK signaling

Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), an important regulatory enzyme for triacylglycerol hydrolysis within skeletal muscle, is controlled by β-adrenergic signaling as well as intrinsic factors related to contraction and energy turnover. In the current study, we tested the capacity of 5′AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) to suppress β-adrenergic stimulation of HSL activity. Eight male subjects completed 60 min of cycle exercise at 70% VO2 peak on two occasions: either with normal (CON) or low (LG) pre-exercise muscle glycogen content, which is known to enhance exercise-induced AMPK activity. Muscle samples were obtained before and immediately after exercise. Pre-exercise glycogen averaged 375 ± 35 and 163 ± 27 mmol·kg–1 dm for CON and LG, respectively. AMPK α-2 was not different between trials at rest and was increased (3.7-fold, P<0.05) by exercise during LG only. HSL activity did not differ between trials at rest and increased (0 min: 1.67 ± 0.13; 60 min: 2.60 ± 0.26 mmol·min–1·kg–1 dm) in CON. The exercise-induced increase in HSL activity was attenuated by AMPK α-2 activation in LG. The attenuated HSL activity during LG occurred despite higher plasma epinephrine levels (60 min: CON, 1.96 ± 0.29 vs LG, 4.25 ± 0.60 nM, P<0.05) compared with CON. Despite the attenuated HSL activity in LG, IMTG was decreased by exercise (0 min: 27.1 ± 2.0; 60 min: 22.5 ± 2.0 mmol.kg–1 dm, P<0.05), whereas no net reduction occurred in CON. To confirm the apparent effect of AMPK on HSL activity, we performed experiments in muscle cell culture. The epineprine-induced increase in HSL activity was totally attenuated (P<0.05) by AICAR administration in L6 myotubes. These data provide new evidence indicating that AMPK is a major regulator of skeletal muscle HSL activity that can override β-adrenergic stimulation. However, the increased IMTG degradation in LG suggests factors other than HSL activity are important for IMTG degradation.

Efficacy of neuromuscular electrical stimulation in improving ankle kinetics during walking in children with cerebral palsy

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) applied to the triceps surae muscle is claimed to be effective in improving gait in children with cerebral palsy. The main aim of this study was to determine the effect of NMES on the triceps surae muscle in improving the gait and function of children with cerebral palsy. Twelve children with spastic diplegia or hemiplegia were recruited and randomly assigned to the two experimental groups. The period of the study was 8 weeks (2-4-2 week design). The initial 2 weeks was the control period, in which usual treatment was given to both groups of patients with a pre- and post-treatment assessment. The middle 4 weeks was the experimental period, in which the Treadmill+NMES group received NMES plus treadmill walking training and the Treadmill group underwent treadmill walking training only. Assessment was performed at 2-week intervals. The final 2 weeks was the carryover period, in which treatment to be tested was stopped and reassessment performed again at the end of week 8. An additional treatment and post-treatment assessment were given at weeks 2, 4 and 6 to test for the immediate effect of treatment. Altogether, eight repeated measures with three-dimensional gait analysis and five clinical measurements using the gross motor function measure (GMFM) were performed. Kinetic changes in ankle moment quotient (AMQ) and ankle power quotient (APQ) were not significant either immediately or cumulatively in both groups. Improvement in trend was observed in both groups immediately but not cumulatively. Using the GMFM, functional changes were detected in standing (GMST, p < 0.001) and in walking (GMWK, p = 0.003) using a 'time' comparison. Significant interaction was also detected in GMWK using 'treatment by time' (p = 0.035). The difference between the two groups was not significant on 'treatment' comparison of both GMST and GMWK. Both groups showed improvement in GMST and GMWK cumulatively but there was no difference between the two groups. The effects in both groups could be carried over to 2 weeks after interventions stopped. Both the Treadmill+NMES and Treadmill groups showed improvement in functional outcomes. The trend in the changes of the GMFM score suggested that improvements were greater in the Treadmill+NMES group. There was also a trend showing some immediate improvement in AMQ and APQ.

Growth of pre-service teachers’ knowledge and teaching ideas about decimals and fractions : The case of Vivi

This paper discussed and analysed the growth of one pre-service teachers’ knowledge about decimals and fractions during a teaching experiment. Evidence of her progress is based on responses to written test and interview questions. This case shows with probing questions and appropriate teaching ideas, it is possible for a pre-service teacher with initially weak and fragmented knowledge about decimals and fractions to develop a meaningful knowledge about decimals and fractions. The stronger conceptual base provided by use of a concrete representation of decimals enabled Vivi to move away from reliance on memorised facts and rules and towards conceptually based explanations of ideas.