Berry production, shoot growth and biomass of E. hermaphroditum, V. vitis-idaea and V. myrtillis at Abisco ANS

Extreme weather events can have strong negative impacts on species survival and community structure when surpassing lethal thresholds. Extreme, short-lived, winter warming events in the Arctic rapidly melt snow and expose ecosystems to unseasonably warm air (for instance, 2-10 °C for 2-14 days) but upon return to normal winter climate exposes the ecosystem to much colder temperatures due to the loss of insulating snow. Single events have been shown to reduce plant reproduction and increase shoot mortality, but impacts of multiple events are little understood as are the broader impacts on community structure, growth, carbon balance, and nutrient cycling. To address these issues, we simulated week-long extreme winter warming events - using infrared heating lamps and soil warming cables - for 3 consecutive years in a sub-Arctic heathland dominated by the dwarf shrubs Empetrum hermaphroditum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea (both evergreen) and Vaccinium myrtillus (deciduous). During the growing seasons after the second and third winter event, spring bud burst was delayed by up to a week for E. hermaphroditum and V. myrtillus, and berry production reduced by 11-75% and 52-95% for E. hermaphroditum and V. myrtillus, respectively. Greater shoot mortality occurred in E. hermaphroditum (up to 52%), V. vitis-idaea (51%), and V. myrtillus (80%). Root growth was reduced by more than 25% but soil nutrient availability remained unaffected. Gross primary productivity was reduced by more than 50% in the summer following the third simulation. Overall, the extent of damage was considerable, and critically plant responses were opposite in direction to the increased growth seen in long-term summer warming simulations and the 'greening' seen for some arctic regions. Given the Arctic is warming more in winter than summer, and extreme events are predicted to become more frequent, this generates large uncertainty in our current understanding of arctic ecosystem responses to climate change.

London, England, 1890 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Central London. It was published by G.W. Bacon & Co. in 1890. Scale [ca. 1:15,840]. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to British National Grid coordinate system (British National Grid, Airy Spheroid OSGB (1936) Datum). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, industry locations (e.g. mills, factories, etc.), docks, parks, cemeteries, city district boundaries, and more. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Seattle, Washington, 1890 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Whitney's map of Seattle and environs, Washington, compiled from official records by O.P. Anderson and Co., engineers and draughtsmen, 1890. It was published by W.H. Whitney in 1890. Scale [ca. 1:30,600]. Covers portions of Seattle and surrounding cities. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Washington State Plane North Coordinate System HARN NAD83 (in Feet) (Fipszone 4601). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads, ferry lines, drainage, names of selected landowners, and more. Includes insets of the Seattle region and the state of Washington, and Union Pacific Railroad Co. logo. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Ferrocarril central boliviano : de Oruro, Corocoro, La Paz, Huarina, Achacachi, Sotlaya, Ancoraimes, Carabuco, Escoma, Huaicho : ferri-boat a Puno, vía ancha de W.H. Christy, motivos que justifican su plantificación, desarrollo de las provincias del norte de Bolivia.

Presentation copy to Fernando Quiroga from Augusto Stumpf.

Engineering news.

Mode of access: Internet.

Geschichte von England,

The "Register" (containing index to v.6-10 only) form a separate volume, with special t.-p. and series t.-p. added.

Sochinenïia.

"Prilozhenïe k zhurnalu 'Niva' na 1901 g."

Obras malacológicas /

Pagination: pt. 1: ix, 632 pages; pt. 2: v, 400 pages; atlas: 170 plates

Vida y persecuciones de Federico, baron de Trenck /

Tít. del v. II : Vida de Federico, Baron de Trenck : escrita por él mismo: con un compendio histórico de la de Francisco Baron de Trenck, su primo ... y aventuras de Alexandro Schell.

Obras de Luiz de Camões; precedidas de um ensaio biographico no qual se relatam alguns factos não conhecidos da sua vida, augmentadas com algumas composições ineditas do poeta, pelo visconde de Juromenha.

v. l. Vida de Luiz de Camões. Elogios dedicados a I. de Camões por alguns escriptores. Traducções dos Lusiadas o outras obras de

Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute.

Includes section "A survey of literature on the manufacture and properties of iron and steel, and kindred subjects" (title varies)

... History of California ...

According to W. A. Morris, v. 1-5 were written by H. L. Oak, and v. 6-7 chiefly by William Nemos and Mrs. F. F. Victor. cf. Quarterly of the Oregon historical society, v. 4, p. 287-364.

The earlier English water-colour painters /

"Of this edition on large paper 100 copies are printed, with proofs of the plates."

Kirchengeschichte auf der Grundlage akademischer Vorlesungen /

1. Theil: 3. Aufl.; 3. Theil, 2. Abtheilung, 2. Hälfte: 2. durchgesehene Aufl.