European summer temperatures since Roman times

The spatial context is critical when assessing present-day climate anomalies, attributing them to potential forcings and making statements regarding their frequency and severity in a long-term perspective. Recent international initiatives have expanded the number of high-quality proxy-records and developed new statistical reconstruction methods. These advances allow more rigorous regional past temperature reconstructions and, in turn, the possibility of evaluating climate models on policy-relevant, spatio-temporal scales. Here we provide a new proxy-based, annually-resolved, spatial reconstruction of the European summer (June–August) temperature fields back to 755 CE based on Bayesian hierarchical modelling (BHM), together with estimates of the European mean temperature variation since 138 BCE based on BHM and composite-plus-scaling (CPS). Our reconstructions compare well with independent instrumental and proxy-based temperature estimates, but suggest a larger amplitude in summer temperature variability than previously reported. Both CPS and BHM reconstructions indicate that the mean 20th century European summer temperature was not significantly different from some earlier centuries, including the 1st, 2nd, 8th and 10th centuries CE. The 1st century (in BHM also the 10th century) may even have been slightly warmer than the 20th century, but the difference is not statistically significant. Comparing each 50 yr period with the 1951–2000 period reveals a similar pattern. Recent summers, however, have been unusually warm in the context of the last two millennia and there are no 30 yr periods in either reconstruction that exceed the mean average European summer temperature of the last 3 decades (1986–2015 CE). A comparison with an ensemble of climate model simulations suggests that the reconstructed European summer temperature variability over the period 850–2000 CE reflects changes in both internal variability and external forcing on multi-decadal time-scales. For pan-European temperatures we find slightly better agreement between the reconstruction and the model simulations with high-end estimates for total solar irradiance. Temperature differences between the medieval period, the recent period and the Little Ice Age are larger in the reconstructions than the simulations. This may indicate inflated variability of the reconstructions, a lack of sensitivity and processes to changes in external forcing on the simulated European climate and/or an underestimation of internal variability on centennial and longer time scales.

¿Fue Ovidio un poeta latino de la Edad de Plata?

Este artículo busca establecer cómo las características más sobresalientes de las Metamorfosis de Ovidio, consideradas por muchos estudiosos como el modelo por excelencia de los poetas latinos del siglo I d.C. no resultan tan influyentes en la praxis poética de los autores neronianos y flavianos. Aun considerando los numerosos paralelismos formales y estilísticos existentes en estos autores, tal como el uso de la paradoja, la sobreexplicitación visual y la acumulación de detalles, resulta claro que el propósito y el uso de los diferentes topoi literarios que estos poetas hacen son completamente distintos. Un análisis de los motivos de la nekya y la tempestad en Ovidio, Lucano, Silio Itálico, Valerio Flaco y Estacio muestra cuánto más a menudo los poetas latinos del siglo I d.C. recurren a la obra de Virgilio que a la de Ovidio

¿Fue Ovidio un poeta latino de la Edad de Plata?

Este artículo busca establecer cómo las características más sobresalientes de las Metamorfosis de Ovidio, consideradas por muchos estudiosos como el modelo por excelencia de los poetas latinos del siglo I d.C. no resultan tan influyentes en la praxis poética de los autores neronianos y flavianos. Aun considerando los numerosos paralelismos formales y estilísticos existentes en estos autores, tal como el uso de la paradoja, la sobreexplicitación visual y la acumulación de detalles, resulta claro que el propósito y el uso de los diferentes topoi literarios que estos poetas hacen son completamente distintos. Un análisis de los motivos de la nekya y la tempestad en Ovidio, Lucano, Silio Itálico, Valerio Flaco y Estacio muestra cuánto más a menudo los poetas latinos del siglo I d.C. recurren a la obra de Virgilio que a la de Ovidio

¿Fue Ovidio un poeta latino de la Edad de Plata?

Este artículo busca establecer cómo las características más sobresalientes de las Metamorfosis de Ovidio, consideradas por muchos estudiosos como el modelo por excelencia de los poetas latinos del siglo I d.C. no resultan tan influyentes en la praxis poética de los autores neronianos y flavianos. Aun considerando los numerosos paralelismos formales y estilísticos existentes en estos autores, tal como el uso de la paradoja, la sobreexplicitación visual y la acumulación de detalles, resulta claro que el propósito y el uso de los diferentes topoi literarios que estos poetas hacen son completamente distintos. Un análisis de los motivos de la nekya y la tempestad en Ovidio, Lucano, Silio Itálico, Valerio Flaco y Estacio muestra cuánto más a menudo los poetas latinos del siglo I d.C. recurren a la obra de Virgilio que a la de Ovidio

L’assentament ibèric del Cabeçó de Mariola (Alfafara, Alacant; Bocairent, València): plantejaments i primers resultats de la recerca

S’hi presenten les recerques realitzades a l’assentament fortificat ibèric del Cabeçó de Mariola (Alfafara, Alacant; Bocairent, València). S’hi han realitzat prospeccions superficials, geofísica i sondejos arqueològics assistits amb tecnologies geoespacials, a més de la inserció del lloc en el seu entorn territorial mitjançant els SIG. Els resultats mostren una àmplia seqüència d’ocupació, datada entre els segles IX i I aC, d’un important centre fortificat que controla un pas estratègic per a les comunicacions comarcals. Durant el període Ibèric tardà, en els segles II-I, presenta una intensa reestructuració de l’habitatge i les fortificacions que acabarà amb una violenta destrucció en el primer terç del s. I aC.

Testimony, 1733

Young's testimony regarding an altercation he witnessed between Israel Chittenden, Benjamin House, John Hyland, and John Lindsey in or near the town of Scituate in September 1732. Heard before justice of the peace John Cushing in September 1732, and before John Winslow in Plymouth County Court of Assize, April 28, 1733. Signed by both.

Notes of proceedings and cases determined in the high court of errors and appeals, the court of chancery, and the orphans court of the state of Delaware, 1792-1832

Contains summaries of cases heard by the Delaware Supreme Court and the Delaware Appeals Court in the counties of Sussex, Kent, and Newcastle covering a variety of legal topics. Supposedly based on Wilson's Red Book.

Docket and fees book / 1791-1797

Records of cases heard in the Massachusetts Court of Common Pleas (Middlesex Co.) in Cambridge, Mass., and the New Hampshire Inferior Court of Common Pleas (Hillsborough Co.) in Amherst, N.H and matters brought before justices of the peace. Records identify the litigants, with some notes on fees and settlements; many of the cases concern debts. Justices of the peace include: Israel Atherton (Lancaster, Mass.); Samuel Dana (Amherst, N.H.); Joshua Longley (Shirley, Mass.); Nathaniel Paine (Worcester, Mass.); James Prescott (Westford, Mass.); Jeremiah Stiles (Keene, N.H.); William Swan (Groton, Mass.); Sampson Tuttle (Littleton, Mass.); and Henry Woods (Pepperell, Mass.).

Lawyer's case book containing notes of cases adjudged and determined in the courts of Delaware, 1793-1796

Lawyer's case book containing notes on cases before the Delaware Supreme Court and Delaware Court of Common Pleas. Contains information on the cases and judgements.

Capt. Weeks his answers to interogatorys on oath ... ca. 1738

Weeks (of Greenland, N.H.) was accused of concealing and embezzling items from his late son's estate. Document is signed: William Parker reg.

[ Warrant for the arrest of Samuel Gray for debt], 1769

A warrant for the arrest and sale of all assets of Gray who was found to owe another merchant Alexander Hill in a recent trial. Also includes appraisal of property by Fairfield and Salter and statement by Sheriff Cudworth.

Grant, 1778, November 18

Grant of 38 acres of land in Culpeper County, Virginia, by Thomas, lord Fairfax, baron Cameron, "proprietor of the northern neck of Virginia," to Philip Pendleton. Issued in Frederick County, Virginia.

[ Bond of James Vansant and Richard Vanhorne], 1753

Bond signed by William Buckley, justice of the peace for Bucks County, Pennsylvania.

The examination of John Owen late of New Jersey brought before me Jeremiah Langhorne ..., 1725

Title from first line of text.