Evaluation of Fentanyl Disposition and Effects in Newborn Piglets as an Experimental Model for Human Neonates

Background: Fentanyl is widely used off-label in NICU. Our aim was to investigate its cerebral, cardiovascular and pulmonary effects as well as pharmacokinetics in an experimental model for neonates. Methods: Fentanyl (5 mu g/kg bolus immediately followed by a 90 minute infusion of 3 mu g/kg/h) was administered to six mechanically ventilated newborn piglets. Cardiovascular, ventilation, pulmonary and oxygenation indexes as well as brain activity were monitored from T = 0 up to the end of experiments (T = 225-300 min). Also plasma samples for quantification of fentanyl were drawn. Results: A "reliable degree of sedation" was observed up to T = 210-240 min, consistent with the selected dosing regimen and the observed fentanyl plasma levels. Unlike cardiovascular parameters, which were unmodified except for an increasing trend in heart rate, some of the ventilation and oxygenation indexes as well as brain activity were significantly altered. The pulmonary and brain effects of fentanyl were mostly recovered from T = 210 min to the end of experiment. Conclusion: The newborn piglet was shown to be a suitable experimental model for studying fentanyl disposition as well as respiratory and cardiovascular effects in human neonates. Therefore, it could be extremely useful for further investigating the drug behaviour under pathophysiological conditions.

Inibidores PCSK9

Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências Farmacêuticas

Human growth hormone and the temptations of biomedical enhancement

It is likely that humans have sought enhancements for themselves or their children for as long as they have recognised that improvements in individuals are a possibility. One genre of self-improvement in modern society can be called 'biomedical enhancements'. These include drugs, surgery and other medical interventions aimed at improving the mind, body or performance. This paper uses the case of human growth hormone (hGH) to examine the social nature of enhancements. Synthetic hGH was developed in 1985 by the pharmaceutical industry and was approved by the FDA for very specific uses, particularly treatment of growth hormone deficiency. However, it has also been promoted for a number of 'off label' uses, most of which can be deemed enhancements. Drugs approved for one treatment pave the way for use as enhancements for other problems. Claims have been made for hGH as a treatment for idiopathic shortness, as an anti-ageing agent and to improve athletic performance. Using the hGH case, we are able to distinguish three faces of biomedical enhancement: normalisation, repair and performance edge. Given deeply ingrained social and individual goals in American society, the temptations of biomedical enhancements provide inducement for individuals and groups to modify their situation. We examine the temptations of enhancement in terms of issues such as unnaturalness, fairness, risk and permanence, and shifting social meanings. In our conclusions, we outline the potentials and pitfalls of biomedical enhancement.

Psychotropic prescribing patterns among adolescents in Northern Ireland presenting with psychotic symptoms during a 5-year period

Objective: To report new prescriptions of psychotropic medications among adolescents presenting with new onset psychotic symptoms during a 5-year period.
Methods: The Northern Ireland Early Onset Psychosis Study is a naturalistic longitudinal observational study of patients with an early onset first psychotic episode. All patients aged <18 years presenting to specialist mental health services across Northern Ireland with new onset psychotic symptoms between 2001 and 2006 were recruited (n = 113). Clinical case notes were analysed retrospectively for details of subsequent treatment with psychotropic medications.
Results: A total of 100 patients (88.5%) were prescribed some form of psychotropic medication. Over three-quarters of patients received an antipsychotic as their first medication. Risperidone (45.8%), olanzapine (24.0%) and chlorpromazine (12.5%) were the most commonly prescribed first-line antipsychotic medications. Of a total of 160 antipsychotic prescriptions,81 (50.6%) were off-label. Prescriptions were most likely to have been deemed off-label owing to medications not being licensed in under-18s (71.6% of off-label prescriptions) but other reasons were medications being used outsidelicensed age ranges (23.5%) and outside licensed indications (4.9%).
Conclusions: This is the first study examining psychotropic prescribing patterns in a complete sample of all children and adolescents presenting with early onset psychotic episodes in a single geographical area. The observation of risperidoneas the most commonly prescribed antipsychotic was in keeping with previous studies in child and adolescent populations. Rates of off-label prescribing were lower than previously observed although our study was the first to investigateoff-label prescribing solely in children and adolescents presenting with psychotic symptoms.

Corneal complications associated with topical ophthalmic use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.

PURPOSE:

To explore the potential association between adverse corneal events and the use of topical nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

SETTING:

Practice-based reports.

METHODS:

A detailed case-reporting form and request for medical records were sent to all practices reporting cases of corneal or conjunctival pathology in association with the use of topical NSAIDs to the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. Cases were classified as "mild," "moderate," or "severe" according to predetermined clinical criteria.

RESULTS:

Records of 140 eyes (129 patients) were reviewed; 51 cases (36.4%) were mild, 55 (39.3%) moderate, and 34 (24.3%) severe. An association with a specific topical NSAID was confirmed in 117 cases (81.8%). Most confirmed cases (53.8%) involved generic diclofenac (Falcon). Cases associated with brand diclofenac (Voltaren, CIBA Vision) and ketorolac (Acular, Allergan) were more likely to have ocular comorbidity and to have received significantly higher total doses of NSAIDs. Neither "off-label" use nor use of any specific agent was associated with severe compared to mild or moderate disease. However, patients with more severe adverse events were more likely to have a history of diabetes, previous surgery in the affected eye, and surgery other than cataract. Cases not occurring in the perioperative period had significantly worse outcomes, had significantly more ocular comorbidities, and received nearly 3 times the dose of NSAIDs.

CONCLUSIONS:

While topical NSAIDs as a class may be associated with severe adverse events, such events appeared to require potentiation in the form of high total doses, ocular comorbidities, or both with Acular and Voltaren. Severe adverse events might have been more likely to occur at lower doses and in routine postoperative settings with generic diclofenac.

From embryonic stem cells to sensory hair cells : a programming approach

Tese de doutoramento, Ciências Biomédicas (Biologia do Desenvolvimento), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina, 2014

Profils d'utilisation d'antipsychotiques en conditions réelles dans la population de personnes âgées démentes vivant à domicile : impact des interventions de communication de risque

Les antipsychotiques (APs) sont fréquemment prescrits pour les troubles comportementaux associés à la démence. Or, ces produits ont fait l'objet de trois mises en garde (2002, 2004, 2005) en raison d'une augmentation du risque d'événement cérébrovasculaire et de décès. L’objectif de ce mémoire est d’évaluer l'utilisation d’APs dans la population de personnes âgées démentes vivant à domicile, et de déterminer l’effet des mises en garde sur les profils observés. Une cohorte rétrospective de 10,969 personnes âgées démentes ayant débuté un traitement par AP entre le 1er janvier 2000 et le 31 décembre 2009 fut identifiée à partir des banques de données de la Régie de l'assurance maladie du Québec (RAMQ). Des séries chronologiques segmentées ont permis de quantifier l’effet des mises en garde sur l'utilisation d’APs. L'effet de la mise en garde de 2005 sur les caractéristiques des patients traités ainsi que sur les profils d'utilisation (dose et durée) a été évalué, respectivement par des modèles de régression logistique et de régression linéaire multivariés. Le taux délivrance d'APs atypiques a augmenté au cours du temps jusqu'à la mise en garde de 2005 pour ensuite diminuer de 8.96% (IC 95% : -11.91% – -6.02%). L'analyse par produit a révélé la même tendance pour la rispéridone, le seul AP approuvé au Canada pour les personnes âgées démentes. En revanche, le taux de délivrance de quétiapine, qui est hors-indication, a continué d'augmenter. Le taux d'initiation de traitement par APs a cependant diminué au cours du temps pour tous les produits. Les mises en garde ne semblent pas être associées avec un changement dans les caractéristiques des patients traités, ni avec les doses et durées d’utilisation. Le manque d'efficacité des mises en garde est probablement en partie lié à l'absence d'alternatives thérapeutiques pour le traitement des troubles psychologiques et comportementaux chez les patients atteints de démence.

Manejo de cardiomiopatia chagasica : revisión sistemática (1996-2010)

La cardiomiopatía chagásica es la más importante y severa manifestación de la enfermedad crónica, los pacientes pueden cursar con falla cardiaca, arritmias, bloqueos cardiacos, tromboembolismo y muerte súbita. El diagnóstico es tardío, debido a que se confunden con cardiopatías de otra etiología y el manejo se realiza con base en guías y protocolos dirigidos hacia el tratamiento de falla cardiaca de origen no chagásico. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática y tuvo como objetivo responder a las siguientes Preguntas clínicas: PREGUNTA 1. ¿El manejo actual para la cardiomiopatía chagásica (betabloqueadores, IECA, ARA II, Diuréticos, Inhibidores de la fosfodiesterasa, Estatinas, antiagragantes plaquetarios) que es extrapolado del manejo de falla cardiaca de origen no chagásico tiene impacto en la calidad de vida, sobrevida, seguridad, estancia hospitalaria y disminución del número de hospitalizaciones, mejoría de síntomas, de los pacientes adultos con cardiopatía chagásica?. PREGUNTA 2. ¿En pacientes con cardiomiopatía chagásica el uso de fármacos tripanocidas mejora la sobrevida, calidad de vida, estancia hospitalaria, disminución del número de hospitalizaciones, y resolución de síntomas? PREGUNTA 3. ¿En pacientes con cardiomiopatía chagásica el uso de cardiodesfibriladores mejora la sobrevida, calidad de vida, estancia hospitalaria, disminución del número de hospitalizaciones, y resolución de síntomas? PREGUNTA 4. ¿En pacientes con cardiomiopatía chagásica el uso de marcapasos mejora la sobrevida, calidad de vida, estancia hospitalaria, disminución del número de hospitalizaciones, y resolución de síntomas? PREGUNTA 5. ¿En pacientes con cardiomiopatía chagásica el uso de trasplante de corazón mejora la sobrevida, calidad de vida, estancia hospitalaria, disminución del número de hospitalizaciones, y resolución de síntomas? Se realizaron búsquedas en: MEDLINE, Colaboración Cochrane, Trip database, y otras importantes bases de datos desde 1996 hasta 2010, limitando la búsqueda. Los estudios se seleccionaron de acuerdo a criterios de pertinencia PICO y se evaluó la calidad, usando la metodología recomendada en Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Resultados: Se encontraron 21 estudios, que incluyen revisiones sistemáticas, ensayos clínicos controlados y aleatorizados, ensayos clínicos, cohortes y, casos y controles. Estos estudios cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Discusión: En esta revisión sistemática se presenta un consolidado de la evidencia disponible acerca de la eficacia de las siguientes intervenciones: Betabloqueadores, IECAS, PDE, Digoxina, nitroderivados, cardiodesfibriladores, marcapasos y trasplante de corazón, en pacientes con cardiopatía chagásica; los estudios encontrados en su mayoría son de baja evidencia.

Asociación entre degeneración macular relacionada con la edad y la hipertensión arterial Bogotá 2014

Estudio Casos y Controles 1:1 que busca la relación entre la DMRE e HTA. Se estudian otras variables. Muestra de 400 pacientes, edad promedio 66,9 años +/-9,2 años. HTA y DM OR 2,315 y OR 4,626. Oclusión vascular OR 13,549 (IC 95% 3,023-60,724).

La terapia del autismo : una alternativa a las técnicas operantes : el sistema de comunicación total.

Describir el síndrome del autismo, enfocado desde el punto de vista de su diagnóstico y centrado fundamentalmente en su tratamiento, exponiendo el sistema de comunicación total como alternativa a los métodos operantes. Estudio acerca del tratamiento y diagnóstico del autismo. El trabajo esta dividido en tres partes fundamentales que son: definición general, los principales trastornos del comportamiento y el tratamiento. En la primera parte se determina qué es el autismo, distinguiendo varios subapartados que comprenden la historia, la definición y la medición, el diagnóstico diferencias y las distintas teorías etiológicas dentro de las cuales hay dos posturas enfrentadas, la de aquellos que defienden que el autismo es causado por una anomalía orgánica y la de los teóricos psicodinámicos que afirman que es debido a la interacción anómala del entorno. La segunda parte del trabajo está dedicada a los principales trastornos del comportamiento que son los que en definitiva nos permiten distinguir el autismo de otros síndromes infantiles. La tercera parte es la central de este trabajo, en ella se habla del tratamiento, partiendo del uso de los fármacos utilizados como terapias de apoyo para luego exponer dos enfoques de tratamiento. El primero es el de las técnicas operantes y el segundo es el de comunicación total. Este programa trata de ir más allá de la enseñanza de un lenguaje receptivo, intenta lograr que los niños autistas utilicen el lenguaje para comunicarse e interactuar con su entorno. 1) Existe una necesidad clara de determinar cuidadosamente cuáles son las alteraciones propias de este síndrome para diferenciarlas del retraso mental al que va generalmente unido. Es necesario también, realizar un diagnóstico diferencial que nos permita distinguirlo de otras enfermedades que presentan manifestaciones semejantes. 2) El tratamiento de los niños autistas presenta múltiples posibilidades de elección, dada la difusión que han tenido muchas teorías explicativas del síndrome. 3) El uso de agentes psicoactivos debe hacerse de una forma controlada, no administrándolos durante largos periodos de tiempo, controlando los posibles efectos secundarios, etc. En general el uso de fármacos facilita el aprendizaje de destrezas que permiten la integración social. 4) Los métodos operantes parten de que la conducta autista es la respuesta a un condicionamiento imperfecto de los estímulos y contingencias del medio. Para realizar el desarrollo del tratamiento tienen en cuenta las dificultades de integración que exige que el terapeuta tenga un valor positivo para el niño. 5) El sistema de comunicación total creado por Schaeffer en 1980 se plantea como objetivo el establecimiento de pautas comunicativas adecuadas y funcionales, espontáneas. Se realiza a través de los signos y el habla. 6) El entrenamiento de la comunicación total consta de sesiones individuales de enseñanza de signos correspondientes a objetos deseados por los niños. Cada sesión consta de un máximo de veinticinco ensayos. El procedimiento es el encadenamiento hacia atrás.

Alterações dermatológicas em pacientes transplantados pediátricos

Com o advento dos transplantes surgiu um novo grupo de doenças. Em especial na Dermatologia, além do comportamento atípico de dermatoses já conhecidas, doenças próprias dos transplantes estão sendo estudadas. A população pediátrica vem sendo tratada como uma extensão da população adulta, mas é necessário esclarecer as peculiaridades desta faixa etária. Foi realizado um estudo de coorte prospectivo incluindo pacientes de ambos os sexos com idade até 17 anos que realizaram transplante renal, hepático, ou de medula óssea durante o ano de 2003 em Porto Alegre/Brasil. Foram realizados exames dermatológicos periódicos até o 6º mês após o procedimento e a sua análise foi descrita através da Densidade de Incidência (DI = nº de alterações dermatológicas / nº pacientes-mês X 100). Foram examinados 39 pacientes: 20 transplantes renais, 11 de medula óssea (10 autólogos e 1 alogênico) e 8 hepáticos. As principais alterações dermatológicas foram decorrentes do uso de fármacos (DI=87,18). Individualmente, o transplante renal também apresentou maior densidade de incidência nas alterações por fármacos (DI=104,06); já o transplante de medula óssea nas alterações dos anexos cutâneos (DI=85,37) e o transplante hepático nas alterações vasculares (DI=94,93). Concluiu-se que as alterações dermatológicas em pacientes transplantados pediátricos são freqüentes e com características próprias, tanto quanto ao aspecto clínico como em relação à época de surgimento. Estratégias próprias para esta faixa etária são necessárias para diminuir as co-morbidades e garantir a qualidade de vida das crianças transplantadas, principalmente considerando seu maior tempo de sobrevida.

Efeitos da sinalização via creb sobre a sobrevivência e diferenciação meuronal

The cortical development requires a precise process of proliferation, migration, survival and differentiation of newly formed neurons to finally achieve the development of a functional network. Different kinases, such as PKA, CaMKII, MAPK and PI3K, phosphorylate the transcription factors CREB, and thus activate it, inducing CREB-dependent gene expression. In order to identify the involvement of such signaling pathways mediated by CREB over neuronal differentiation and survival, in vitro experiments of cell culture were conducted using pharmacological kinase inhibitors and genetic techniques to express different forms of CREB (A-CREB and CREB-FY) in cortical neurons. Inhibition of PKA and CaMKII decreased the length of neuronal processes (neurites); whereas inhibition of MAPK did not affect the length, but increased the number of neurites. Blockade of PI3K do not appear to alter neuronal morphology, nor the soma size changed with the kinase blockades. CREB activation (CREB-FY) along with MAPK and PI3K blockades presented a negative side effect over neuritic growth and the expression of A-CREB leaded to a significant decrease in neuronal survival after 60h in vitro and mimicked some of the effects on neuronal morphology observed with PKA and CaMKII blockade. In summary the signaling through CREB influences the morphology of cortical neurons, particularly when phosphorylated by PKA, and CREB signaling is also important for survival of immature neurons prior to the establishment of fully functional synaptic contacts. Our data contribute to understanding the role of CREB signaling, activated by different routes, on survival and neuronal differentiation and may be valuable in the development of regenerative strategies in different neurological diseases

Efeitos antinociceptivos e sedativos da buprenorfina, da acepromazina ou da associação buprenorfina e acepromazina em gatos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

A randomized and controlled trial about the use of oral isotretinoin for photoaging

Topical retinoids are used to treat photoaging; oral isotretinoin is gold standard for acne; off label indications, including photoaging, have been reported with insufficient evidence of efficacy. This is a randomized controlled phase II trial with clinical and histological assessment to evaluate efficacy and safety of oral isotretinoin for photoaging. Study population was comprised of 32 menopausal or sterilized women, aged 40-55, divided in 2 groups: A (21) received 20mg isotretinoin, 3 times per week, nightly moisturizer, and daily sunscreen, for three months; B (11) just moisturizer/sunscreen. Main outcome measures were: overall clinical assessment; profilometry, corneometer and elasticity tests in periocular regions and left forearm; before/after biopsies from left forearm in patients of B and in 10 randomly selected of A. Microscopic blinded evaluation of epidermal thickness, dermal elastosis, new collagen, p53 epidermal expression was performed by quantitative digital image analysis. All data were submitted to statistical analysis. Clinical evaluation showed slight improvement; profilometry, corneometer and skin elasticity tests presented significant difference in pre/post values (P = 0.001 to 0.028), but no differences between A/B. Histological findings and p53 expression were comparable between groups before treatment (P > 0.1); microscopic analysis showed no differences between groups for most variables, after treatment. Slight but significant difference between A/B for p53 with major reduction post isotretinoin [0.66±0.31 vs. 0.94±0.34 respectively (P = 0.04) was observed. There were minor side effects and no significant laboratory test alterations. We concluded that no significant clinical, microscopic changes but p53 epidermal expression reduction were observed. The role of ultra-violet induced p53 mutation in skin carcinogenesis reinforces retinoids chemoprevention. Oral isotretinoin seemed safe but not effective to treat photoaging. Caution should be considered for women prone to pregnancy. Further controlled studies are necessary. © 2010 The International Society of Dermatology.

Efeitos do maleato de timolol, do levobunolol e da apraclonidina sobre a pressão intra-ocular, o diâmetro pupilar, a frequência cardíaca e a pressão sanguínea em cães da raça Beagle

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)