Avaliação da cratilia (Cratylia argentea) em cultivos adensados ou em consórcio com o capim urocloa (Urochloa mosambicensis).

2016

Effect of seasons on enteric methane emissions from cattle grazing Urochloa brizantha.

Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of seasons under a tropical climate on forage quality, aswell the effect of an Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu grazing system on enteric methane (CH4) emissions fromNellore cattle in the Southeast region of Brazil. Sixteen Nellore steers (18 months old and initial weight 318.0 ± 116.59 kg of LW; final weight 469 ± 98.50 kg of LW) were used for a trial period of 10 months, with four collection periods in winter (August), spring (December), summer (February) and autumn (May). Each collection period consisted of 28 days, corresponding to the representative month of each season where the last six days were designed for methane data collection. Animals were randomly distributed within 16 experimental plots, distributed in four random blocks over four trial periods. CH4 emissions were determined using the sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer gas technique measured by gas chromatography and fluxes of CH4 calculated. The forage quality was characterized by higher CP and IVDMD and lower lignin contents in spring, differing specially from winter forage. Average CH4 emissions were between 102.49 and 220.91 g d-1 (37.4 to 80.6 kg ani-1 yr-1); 16.89 and 30.20 g kg-1 DMI; 1.35 and 2.90 Mcal ani-1 d-1; 0.18 and 0.57 g kg-1 ADG-1 and 5.05 and 8.76% of GE. Emissions in terms of CO2 equivalents were between 4.68 and 14.22 g CO2-eq-1 g-1 ADG. Variations in CH4 emissions were related to seasonal effect on the forage quality and variations in dry matter intake.

The superior re-sprouting performance of exotic grass species under different environmental conditions: the study case of Paspalum atratum (Swallen) and Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich. - Stapf.).

2016

Avaliação do serviço ambiental do besouro coprófago Digitonthophagus gazella na produção de forragem de Urochloa brizantha cv. BRS Piatã.

2016

Identificação de deficiência de nutrientes em Urochloa brizantha cv. BRS Paiaguás.

2016

A new African streak virus species from Nigeria

The African streak viruses (AfSVs) are a diverse group of mastrevirus species (family Geminiviridae) that infect a wide variety of annual and perennial grass species across the African continent and its nearby Indian Ocean islands. Six AfSV species (of which maize streak virus is the best known) have been described. Here we report the full genome sequences of eight isolates of a seventh AfSV species: Urochloa streak virus (USV), sampled from various locations in Nigeria. Despite there being good evidence of recombination in many other AfSV species, we found no convincing evidence that any of the USV sequences were either inter- or intra-species recombinants. The USV isolates, all of which appear to be variants of the same strain (their genome sequences are all more than 98% identical), share less than 69% nucleotide sequence identity with other currently described AfSV species. © 2008 Springer-Verlag.

A survey of management and economic impact of weeds in dryland cotton cropping systems of subtropical Australia

In dryland cotton cropping systems, the main weeds and effectiveness of management practices were identified, and the economic impact of weeds was estimated using information collected in a postal and a field survey of Southern Queensland and northern New South Wales. Forty-eight completed questionnaires were returned, and 32 paddocks were monitored in early and late summer for weed species and density. The main problem weeds were bladder ketmia (Hibiscus trionum), common sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus), barnyard grasses (Echinochloa spp.), liverseed grass (Urochloa panicoides) and black bindweed (Fallopia convolvulus), but the relative importance of these differed with crops, fallows and crop rotations. The weed flora was diverse with 54 genera identified in the field survey. Control of weed growth in rotational crops and fallows depended largely on herbicides, particularly glyphosate in fallow and atrazine in sorghum, although effective control was not consistently achieved. Weed control in dryland cotton involved numerous combinations of selective herbicides, several non-selective herbicides, inter-row cultivation and some manual chipping. Despite this, residual weeds were found at 38-59% of initial densities in about 3-quarters of the survey paddocks. The on-farm financial costs of weeds ranged from $148 to 224/ha.year depending on the rotation, resulting in an estimated annual economic cost of $19.6 million. The approach of managing weed populations across the whole cropping system needs wider adoption to reduce the weed pressure in dryland cotton and the economic impact of weeds in the long term. Strategies that optimise herbicide performance and minimise return of weed seed to the soil are needed. Data from the surveys provide direction for research to improve weed management in this cropping system. The economic framework provides a valuable measure of evaluating likely future returns from technologies or weed management improvements.

Survey of weed flora and management relative to cropping practices in the north-eastern grain region of Australia

The main weeds and weed management practices undertaken in broad acre dryland cropping areas of north-eastern Australia have been identified. The information was collected in a comprehensive postal survey of both growers and agronomists from Dubbo in New South Wales (NSW) through to Clermont in central Queensland, where 237 surveys were returned. A very diverse weed flora of 105 weeds from 91 genera was identified for the three cropping zones within the region (central Queensland, southern Queensland and northern NSW). Twenty-three weeds were common to all cropping zones. The major common weeds were Sonchus oleraceus, Rapistrum rugosum, Echinochloa spp. and Urochloa panicoides. The main weeds were identified for both summer and winter fallows, and sorghum, wheat and chickpea crops for each of the zones, with some commonality as well as floral uniqueness recorded. More genera were recorded in the fallows than in crops, and those in summer fallows exceeded the number in winter. Across the region, weed management relied heavily on herbicides. In fallows, glyphosate and mixes with glyphosate were very common, although the importance of the glyphosate mix partner differed among the cropping zones. Use and importance of pre-emergence herbicides in-crop varied considerably among the zones. In wheat, more graminicides were used in northern NSW than in southern Queensland, and virtually none were used in central Queensland, reflecting the differences in winter grass weed flora across the region. Atrazine was the major herbicide used in sorghum, although metolachlor was also used predominantly in northern NSW. Fallow and inter-row cultivation were used more often in the southern areas of the region. Grazing of fallows was more prominent in northern NSW. High crop seeding rates were not commonly recorded indicating that growers are not using crop competition as a tool for weed management. Although many management practices were recorded overall, few growers were using integrated weed management, and herbicide resistance has been and continues to be an issue for the region.

Can competition with pasture be used to manipulate bellyache bush (Jatropha gossypiifolia L.) population biology?

Bellyache bush (Jatropha gossypiifolia L.) is an invasive weed that poses economic and environmental problems in northern Australia. Competition between pasture and bellyache bush was examined in North Queensland using combinations of five pasture treatments (uncut (control); cut as low, medium, and high pasture; and no pasture) and four bellyache bush densities (0, 2, 6 and 12plantsm(-2)) in a buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) dominated pasture. The pasture treatments were applied approximately once per year but no treatments were applied directly to the bellyache bush plants. Measurements of bellyache bush flowering, seed formation, and mortality were undertaken over a 9-year period, along with monitoring the pasture basal cover and plant species diversity. Maximum flowering rates of bellyache bush occurred after 9 years (97%) in plots containing no pasture, with the lowest rates of 9% in uncut control plots. Earliest flowering (322 days after planting) and seed formation (411 days) also occurred in plots with no pasture compared with all other pasture treatments (range 1314-1393 days for seed formation to occur). No seeds were produced in uncut plots. At the end of 9 years, mortality rates of bellyache bush plants initially planted averaged 73% for treatments with some pasture compared with 55% under the no-pasture treatment. The percentage of herbaceous plant basal cover in uncut plots was increased 5-fold after 9 years, much greater than the average 2% increase recorded across the low, medium, and high pasture treatments. The number of herbaceous species in uncut plots remained largely unchanged, whereas there was an average reduction of 46% in the cut pasture treatments. Buffel grass remained the species with the greatest basal cover across all cut pasture treatments, followed by sabi grass (Urochloa mosambicensis (Hack.) Dandy) and then red Natal grass (Melinis repens (Willd.) Ziska). These results suggest that grazing strategies that maintain a healthy and competitive pasture layer may contribute to reducing the rate of spread of bellyache bush and complement traditional control techniques such as the use of herbicides.

Perennial pastures for marginal farming country in southern Queensland. 2. Potential new grass cultivar evaluation

Trials in the Condamine-Balonne basin, Australia, compared 11 promising perennial pasture grass accessions (4 Bothriochloa, 2 Cenchrus, 2 Urochloa and 1 each of Digitaria, Eragrostis and Panicum species) against the best similar commercial cultivars on the basis of ease of establishment from seed, persistence once established, forage yield and ease of seed production. Accessions sown at a site were determined by prior experience with them on a range of soils. High quality seed was relatively easy to produce for both Urochloa species and for Eragrostis curvula CPI 30374 but problematic for the Bothriochloa spp. Once established, all accessions persisted for 3–5 years and most were well grazed, but adequate establishment was sometimes a problem with Panicum stapfianum and Bothriochloa ewartiana. The dry matter yield ratings of the non-commercial lines were similar to those of the commercial equivalents of the same species. While agronomically valuable, none of the promising new grasses was considered worthy of commercialization at this point because their strengths did not warrant the setting up of a seed-production business in competition with current commercial enterprises. Long-standing cultivars such as Gayndah buffel and Nixon sabi grass continued to exhibit their superior pasture qualities.

Anais...

FERTILIDADE E ADUBAÇÃO: Ação do lodo de esgoto e do nitrogênio no rendimento e teor de óleo do girassol; Produtividade do girassol em resposta à aplicação de boro foliar, calcário e gesso; Produção de girassol em resposta à utilização de boro e a adubação nitrogenada de cobertura fisiologia vegetal; Qualidade fisiológica de aquênios das cultivares de girassol Helio 250, Helio 251 e Tera 866 HO; Matéria seca e área foliar de girassol em diferentes arranjos espaciais de plantas; Crescimento do girassol no sistema integração lavoura-pecuária; Avaliação do girassol consorciado com forrageiras no sistema ILP; Taxa de crescimento da cultura do girassol em sistema plantio direto; Parâmetros fisiológicos e de crescimento em cultivares de girassol submetidas ao estresse hídrico em condições controladas; Elementos inorgânicos em sementes de girassol; Exploração dos teores dos compostos fenólicos e outros nutrientes em diferentes genótipos de girassol (Helianthus annuus L.). FITOSSANIDADE: Supressão do crescimento de plantas voluntárias de soja na cultura do girassol; Inibição temporária do crescimento de plantas voluntárias de soja na cultura do girassol;Avaliação da eficácia agronômica do produto sphere max no controle da mancha de Alternaria (Alternaria helianthi) na cultura do girassol (Helianthus annus L.) em Paulínia/SP; Reação de genótipos de girassol à mancha de alternaria (Alternariaster helianthi) em condições de campo, nas safras 2013/2014 e 2014/2015; Reação de genótipos de girassol à podridão branca (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) em condições de campo, na safrinha 2014; Severidade de mancha de alternaria em genótipos de girassol no Cerrado do Distrito Federal. MANEJO CULTURAL: Características agronômicas de genótipos de girassol. Emergência, floração e maturação de genótipos de girassol; Altura e características de produção de genótipos de girassol; Curvatura e diâmetro de caule de genótipos de girassol; Influência da densidade de semeadura nas características agronômicas de cultivares de Girassol; Produtividade de girassol safrinha e matéria seca DE Urochloa ruziziensis em sucessão a soja no sistema integração lavoura-pecuária; Características biométricas e produção de matéria seca de girassol safrinha em sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária. MELHORAMENTO GENÉTICO: avaliação do teor e produtividade de óleo em genótipos de girassol; Desempenho agronômico de genótipos de girassol na safra 2013/2014 em Guarapuava-PR; Rendimento de grãos e componentes primários de rendimento de híbridos de girassol em Campo Novo de Parecis, na segunda safra do verão de 2015; Avaliação de genótipos de girassol (Helianthus annuus L.) em Campo Novo do Parecis ? MT; Comportamento de genótipos de girassol no norte de Minas Gerais; Desempenho de genótipos de girassol no Cerrado do leste maranhense, ano agrícola 2013/2014; Desempenho morfoagronômico de genótipos de girassol cultivados na Chapada do Araripe, Pernambuco; Competição de genótipos de girassol em Três de Maio, RS, safra 2014; Caracteres agronômicos de híbridos de girassol em Campo Novo do Parecis, na segunda safra de verão de 2015; Avaliação de genótipos de girassol em ambiente de sequeiro e irrigado no Distrito Federal; Caracterização morfoagronômica e avaliação de parâmetros genéticos de girassol em três núcleos rurais do Distrito Federal; Comportamento temporal de genótipos de girassol no Cerrado do Distrito Federal em safrinha de 2014 e 2015; Efeito temporal sobre características morfoagronômicas de genótipos de girassol no Cerrado do Distrito Federal em safrinha de 2013 e 2014; Estimativa de parâmetros genéticos, correlações fenotípicas e ambientais no girassol do Cerrado do Distrito Federal; Qualidade de sementes de girassol na safrinha do distrito federal; Avaliação de genótipos de girassol em Mato Grosso, na safrinha de 2014. SÓCIO-ECONOMIA: Gestão da cadeia de suprimentos do girassol de Campo Novo do Parecis, Mato Grosso ? 2014; Avaliação do ciclo de vida do sistema de produção soja-girassol no Cerrado brasileiro.

Efectos de la relación entre hongos micorrícicos arbusculares y gramíneas forrajeras bajo defoliación y distinto suministro de fósforo

La asociación entre raíces de plantas y hongos micorrícicos arbusculares (HMA) incrementa la absorción de fósforo. Sin embargo, la defoliación puede influenciar el balance de la simbiosis y la recuperación de las plantas. El objetivo de esta tesis fue estudiar el efecto de la simbiosis micorrícica y el suministro de fósforo, sobre el crecimiento y la recuperación post-defoliación de gramíneas forrajeras cultivadas. Para esto, en primer lugar, se caracterizó la respuesta micorrícica de seis especies de gramíneas (tres templadas (C3) : i) Dactylis glomerata, ii) Elymus elongatus y iii) Schedonorus arundinaceus; y tres tropicales (C4) : iv) Paspalum dilatatum, v) Panicum coloratum y vi) Urochloa brizantha) creciendo en déficit nutricional. En estas condiciones, las gramíneas tropicales presentaron mayor respuesta micorrícica que las templadas. En segundo lugar, se estudió el rol de las micorrizas y el suministro de fósforo sobre el crecimiento y la nutrición de E. elongatus y U. brizantha, dos especies con respuestas micorrícicas contrastantes. Al aumentar el suministro de fósforo, en E. elongatus (especie con menor respuesta micorrícic) ) y U. brizantha (especie con mayor respuesta micorrícica) el cambio en la producción de biomasa, entre plantas inoculadas y no-inoculadas, disminuyó. Sin embargo, mostraron diferencias en la eficiencia en el uso del fósforo: U. brizantha hizo un mayor aprovechamiento del fósforo que E. elongatus. Por último, se caracterizaron respuestas de recuperación post-defoliación bajo distinto suministro de fósforo. En E. elongatus en alto fósforo, hubo un efecto parasítico de la micorriza sobre la recuperación post-defoliación. Por el contrario, en U. brizantha no se detectó un compromiso entre defoliación y micorrizas. La información generada en esta tesis servirá de base para mejorar el conocimiento de aspectos básicos de la relación entre hongos micorrícicos arbusculares y gramíneas forrajeras, como también, para establecer pautas de conservación de las relaciones simbióticas en sistemas pastoriles.

Acúmulo de nutrientes por vassourinha-de-botão (Spermacoce verticillata), planta daninha de pastagens na Amazônia.

Este trabalho teve por objetivos estimar a capacidade de extração de nutrientes por plantas de vassourinha-de-botão coletadas em pastagem de capim-braquiária (Urochloa spp.) cultivada em terra firme do Amazonas e propor ações de manejo para reduzir a interferência dessa espécie em pastagens cultivadas em terra firme do Amazonas.

Fuels of the future : the challenge of new fuel types

Landscape disturbances associated with human activities result in many changes in vegetation structure and floristics. These changes include invasion of native vegetation by both introduced and native species, which leads to the development of 'new' vegetation types. These new vegetation types are often associated with greatly increased fuel loads, and increased levels of fire hazard. Two of these 'new' fuel types are dense thickets of woody weeds, such as Coyote Bush (Baccharis pilularis) and swards of exotic grasses with very high fuel loads, such as Buffel Grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) and Para Grass (Urochloa mutica). The 'new' fuel types which can now be recognized have significant implications for the accuracy of fire behaviour prediction and modelling. For example, modelling fire behaviour in areas invaded by exotic grasses in Australia is problematic, as current grassland fire behaviour models do not allow for the input ofthe high fuel loads associated with these invasive grasses. In forest, McArthur Forest Fire Danger Meters may not be appropriate for forests with significant levels of elevated fuels. Two case studies from southeastern Australia are discussed: the invasion of native vegetation in the urban interface by the woody shrub Burgan (Kunzea ericoides) and invasion of native grasslands by Phalaris (Phalaris aquatica).

Aluminum tolerance on genotypes of signal grass

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)