The phenanthroimidazole-based dizinc(II) complex as a fluorescent probe for the pyrophosphate ion as generated in polymerase chain reactions and pyrosequencing

A highly selective and sensitive phenanthroimidazole tagged Mannich base type dizinc(II) fluorescent probe (R-Zn2+) has been developed for the pyrophosphate ion (PPi) with a very low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.25 ppm; this also assesses PPi from DNA polymerization chain reaction (PCR).

Electrochemical exfoliation of graphite to produce graphene using tetrasodium pyrophosphate

An electrochemical exfoliation based synthetic methodology to produce graphene is provided. An eco-friendly and non-toxic tetrasodium pyrophosphate solution in which the pyrophosphate anion acts as an intercalating ion was used as the electroactive media. Five different ion intercalation potentials were used. Characterization by microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and UV-Visible spectroscopic techniques confirmed that all the potentials produced nano to micrometer sized graphene sheets. No trace of graphene oxide was detected. It was observed that (i) an increase in the intercalation potential increased the graphene yield and (ii) the defect density of graphene did not change significantly with a change in the intercalation potential.

Synthesis of Hollow Nanotubes of Zn2SiO4 or SiO2: Mechanistic Understanding and Uranium Adsorption Behavior

We report a facile synthesis of Zn2SiO4 nanotubes using a two-step process consisting of a wet-chemical synthesis of core-shell ZnO@SiO2 nanorods followed by thermal annealing. While annealing in air leads to the formation of hollow Zn2SiO4, annealing under reducing atmosphere leads to the formation of SiO2 nanotubes. We rationalize the formation of the silicate phase at temperatures much lower than the temperatures reported in the literature based on the porous nature of the silica shell on the ZnO nanorods. We present results from in situ transmission electron microscopy experiments to clearly show void nucleation at the interface between ZnO and the silica shell and the growth of the silicate phase by the Kirkendall effect. The porous nature of the silica shell is also responsible for the etching of the ZnO leading to the formation of silica nanotubes under reducing conditions. Both the hollow silica and silicate nanotubes exhibit good uranium sorption at different ranges of pH making them possible candidates for nuclear waste management.

Sputtering of uranium

Sputtering yields for uranium metal under bombardment by 13 - 120 keV protons and by 20 - 120 keV He+ are presented. Angular distributions of the material sputtered by these ions are also given. Sputtering yields for 40 and 80 keV Ar+ were measured as well.

The technique employed to make these measurements was the detection of fission tracks in mica produced by ^(235)U sputtered onto collector foils which were subsequently exposed to a high fluence of thermal neutrons. The technique is extremely sensitive and allowed the measurement of sputtering yields less than 10^(-4) atoms per ion. It also made possible a detailed study of the emission of chunks from the uranium targets during sputtering. Mass distributions of chunks emitted during bombardment by 40 - 120 keV protons and by 80 keV argon are presented.

Comparisons are made between the experimental results and those predicted by the Sigmund theory of sputtering.

The energy spectra of uranium atoms sputtered from uranium metal and uranium dioxide targets

The energy spectra of ²³⁵U atoms sputtered from a 93% enriched ²³⁵U metal foil and a hot pressed ²³⁵U0₂ pellet by an 80 keV ⁴⁰Ar⁺ beam have been measured in the range 1 eV to 1 keV. The measurements were made using a mechanical time-of-flight spectrometer in conjunction with the fission track technique for detecting ²³⁵U. The design and construction of this spectrometer are discussed in detail, and its operation is mathematically analyzed.

The results of the experiment are discussed in the context of the random collision cascade model of sputtering. The spectrum obtained by the sputtering of the ²³⁵U metal target was found to be well described by the functional form E(E+E_b)^-2.77, where E_b = 5.4 eV. The ²³⁵U0₂ target produced a spectrum that peaked at a lower energy (~ 2 eV) and decreased somewhat more rapidly for E ≳ 100 eV.

Investigations into electronic stopping regime sputtering of uranium tetrafluoride

Yields were measured for ²³⁵U sputtered from UF₄ by ¹⁶O, ¹⁹F, and ³⁵Cl over the energy range ~.12 to 1.5 MeV/ amu sing a charge equilibrated beam in the stripped beam arrangement for all the incident ions and in the transmission arrangement for ¹⁹F and ³⁵Cl. In addition, yields were measured for ¹⁹F incident in a wide range of discrete charge states. The angular dependence of all the measured yields were consistent with cosʋ. The stripped beam and transmission data were well fit by the form (Az²eqln(BƐ)/Ɛ)⁴ (where Ɛ was the ion energy in MeV/amu and z_eq(Ɛ) was taken from Zeigler(80). The fitted values of B for the various sets of data were consistent with a constant B₀, equal to 36.3 ± 2.7, independent of incident ion. The fitted values of A show no consistent variation with incident ion although a difference can be noted between the stripped beam and transmission values, the transmission values being higher.

The incident charge data were well fit by the assumptions that the sputtering yield depended locally on a power of the incident ion charge and that the sputtering from the surface is exponentially correlated to conditions in the bulk. The equilibrated sputtering yields derived from these data are in agreement with the stripped beam yields.

In addition, to aid in the understanding of these data, the data of Hakansson(80,81a,81b) were examined and contrasted with the UF₄ results. The thermal models of Seiberling(80) and Watson(81) were discussed and compared to the data.

Raman spectra of undoped and uranium doped CaF2 single crystals

Raman scattering experiments for nominally pure and uranium doped CaF2 single crystals were presented. In all crystals, the Raman active T_(2g) vibration mode of CaF2 was observed, whose frequency shift and full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) broadening correspond well with defects and impurities in CaF2 lattice. Additional Raman peaks develop in nominally pure CaF2 with high etch pits density and U^(6+):CaF2 crystals. Part of additional Raman peaks in the experimental results, which are assumed due to vibration modes from F- interstitials and vacancies, are in well agreement with the theoretical predications by employing the Green-function formulation.