Análise do desempenho de um queimador infravermelho funcionando com gás liquefeito de petróleo e glicerina

The use of infrared burners in industrial applications has many advantages in terms of technical-operational, for example, uniformity in the heat supply in the form of radiation and convection, with greater control of emissions due to the passage of exhaust gases through a macro-porous ceramic bed. This paper presents an infrared burner commercial, which was adapted an experimental ejector, capable of promoting a mixture of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and glycerin. By varying the percentage of dual-fuel, it was evaluated the performance of the infrared burner by performing an energy balance and atmospheric emissions. It was introduced a temperature controller with thermocouple modulating two-stage (low heat / high heat), using solenoid valves for each fuel. The infrared burner has been tested and tests by varying the amount of glycerin inserted by a gravity feed system. The method of thermodynamic analysis to estimate the load was used an aluminum plate located at the exit of combustion gases and the distribution of temperatures measured by a data acquisition system which recorded real-time measurements of the thermocouples attached. The burner had a stable combustion at levels of 15, 20 and 25% of adding glycerin in mass ratio of LPG gas, increasing the supply of heat to the plate. According to data obtained showed that there was an improvement in the efficiency of the 1st Law of infrared burner with increasing addition of glycerin. The emission levels of greenhouse gases produced by combustion (CO, NOx, SO2 and HC) met the environmental limits set by resolution No. 382/2006 of CONAMA

Estudo e especificação de um sistema de instrumentação para unidades de elevação de petróleo utilizando tecnologia sem fio

Wireless sensor networks are reality nowadays. The growing necessity of connectivity between existing industrial plant equipments pushes the research and development of several technologies. The IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN comes as a low-cost and powersaving viable solution, which are important concerns while making decisions on remote sensoring projects. This study intends to propose a wireless communication system which makes possible the monitoring of analogic and/or digital variables (i. e., the pressure studied) involved on the artificial methods for oil and gas lifting. The main issues are: To develop a software based on SMAC Standard in order to create a wireless network to monitoring analogic and/or digital variables; To evaluate the communication link based on the number of lost packets tested in different environments (indoor and outdoor) and To propose an instrumentation system consisting of wireless devices

Uso de técnicas de Geoprocessamento e Sensoriamento Remoto no levantamento e integração de dados necessários a gestão ambiental dos campos de extração de óleo e gás do Canto do Amaro e Alto da Pedra no município de Mossoró - RN

The objective of this work is to identify, to chart and to explain the evolution of the soil occupation and the envirionment vulnerability of the areas of Canto do Amaro and Alto da Pedra, in the city of Mossoró-RN, having as base analyzes it multiweather of images of orbital remote sensors, the accomplishment of extensive integrated works of field to a Geographic Information System (GIS). With the use of inserted techniques of it analyzes space inserted in a (GIS), and related with the interpretation and analyzes of products that comes from the Remote Sensoriamento (RS.), make possible resulted significant to reach the objectives of this works. Having as support for the management of the information, the data set gotten of the most varied sources and stored in digital environment, it comes to constitute the geographic data base of this research. The previous knowledge of the spectral behavior of the natural or artificial targets, and the use of algorithms of Processing of Digital images (DIP), it facilitates the interpretation task sufficiently and searchs of new information on the spectral level. Use as background these data, was generated a varied thematic cartography was: Maps of Geology, Geomorfológicals Units soils, Vegetation and Use and Occupation of the soil. The crossing in environment SIG, of the above-mentioned maps, generated the maps of Natural and Vulnerability envirionmental of the petroliferous fields of I Canto do Amaro and Alto da Pedra-RN, working in an ambient centered in the management of waters and solid residuos, as well as the analysis of the spatial data, making possible then a more complex analysis of the studied area

Controlador de demanda e fator de potência de baixo custo para unidades consumidoras de energia elétrica

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Avaliação bacteriológica de águas minerais sem gás e gaseificadas artificialmente comercializadas em garrafs individuais

Pós-graduação em Alimentos e Nutrição - FCFAR

Modelo de campo de gás não convencional do tipo indireto: caso Elsinore, Oeste do Texas, EUA

Pós-graduação em Geologia Regional - IGCE

Análise experimental das emissões de uma microturbina a gás utilizando biodiesel

O trabalho apresenta um estudo experimental com a utilização de biodiesel, diesel, suas misturas e Gás Natural em uma microturbina à gás. O estudo tem como principal objetivo entender as emissões. O aparato experimental foi construído inteiramente com o propósito de realizar ensaios com gás natural e adaptações na linha de abastecimento foram realizadas para o fornecimento do combustível líquido, não tendo sido realizadas modificações na câmara de combustão. Os experimentos foram realizados para as rotações de 45.000rpm, 50.000rpm, 55.000rpm e 60.000rpm. Pelas dificuldades experimentais encontradas para o entendimento do processo de combustão e emissões geradas, um procedimento complementar para a estimativa das emissões é apresentado, resolvendo-se e estimando-se a composição das emissões através do software ComGas V1.0 para cálculo de combustão no equilibrio. Como contribuição, são apresentados dados experimentais de CO, CO₂, O₂, temperatura de exaustão dos gases, além das vazões mássicas, vazões molares, caracterização energética dos combustíveis e misturas.

UNIDADES DE ALIMENTAÇÃO ININTERRUPTAS E OS REGIMES DE NEUTRO – CASO DE ESTUDO

As unidades de alimentação ininterruptas, UPS’s, desempenham na atualidade um papel fundamental na alimentação de cargas críticas nas instalações elétricas. Na cada vez mais premente necessidade de garantir qualidade e continuidade de energia levou a que este tipo de equipamentos se tenha desenvolvido e aperfeiçoado do ponto de vista tecnológico. A alimentação das instalações elétricas proveniente da rede de distribuição de energia contém ou está sujeita a micro interrupções, interrupções, sobretensões, conteúdo harmónico indesejável, não garantindo os níveis exigidos por alguns dos sistemas elétricos atuais colocando em causa a cadeia de valor de muitas empresas. O nível de disponibilidade e qualidade de potência está diretamente relacionado e produz efeitos diretos na continuidade das operações. Fatores como a produtividade, qualidade de produtos e serviços, capacidade concorrencial, segurança de bens e pessoas são imprescindíveis. Os sistemas de UPS’s de elevada potência com unidades de alimentação ligadas em paralelo garantindo redundância no fornecimento de energia às cargas constituem hoje a solução para o tipo de problemas referido. Contudo, a sua inserção nas instalações elétricas obriga a cuidados específicos, nomeadamente no que se refere ao regime de neutro da instalação, o qual condiciona de forma determinante a proteção de circuitos de distribuição e de pessoas. Em Portugal o regime de neutro adotado, de uma forma generalizada, regime de terras separadas (é o regime TT), no qual a proteção de pessoas é assegurada pela colocação de dispositivos de corrente residual diferencial. Solução que no caso das configurações de paralelos redundantes de UPS’s de elevada potência não garante um normal funcionamento destes sistemas concebidos para fundamentalmente funcionarem em regime TN (regime de Terra pelo Neutro). No presente trabalho apresenta-se no caso de estudo uma situação típica de instalação na qual se registam problemas de conflitos de neutro na saída de UPS’s que obrigam à alteração do tipo de dispositivo de proteção nas entradas das máquinas e circuito de bypass. São, ainda, apresentadas propostas de solução.

Estudo da absorção das espécies pesadas do gás natural em octanol: efeitos da temperatura e vazão

In the oil industry, natural gas is a vital component of the world energy supply and an important source of hydrocarbons. It is one of the cleanest, safest and most relevant of all energy sources, and helps to meet the world's growing demand for clean energy in the future. With the growing share of natural gas in the Brazil energy matrix, the main purpose of its use has been the supply of electricity by thermal power generation. In the current production process, as in a Natural Gas Processing Unit (NGPU), natural gas undergoes various separation units aimed at producing liquefied natural gas and fuel gas. The latter should be specified to meet the thermal machines specifications. In the case of remote wells, the process of absorption of heavy components aims the match of fuel gas application and thereby is an alternative to increase the energy matrix. Currently, due to the high demand for this raw gas, research and development techniques aimed at adjusting natural gas are studied. Conventional methods employed today, such as physical absorption, show good results. The objective of this dissertation is to evaluate the removal of heavy components of natural gas by absorption. In this research it was used as the absorbent octyl alcohol (1-octanol). The influence of temperature (5 and 40 °C) and flowrate (25 and 50 ml/min) on the absorption process was studied. Absorption capacity expressed by the amount absorbed and kinetic parameters, expressed by the mass transfer coefficient, were evaluated. As expected from the literature, it was observed that the absorption of heavy hydrocarbon fraction is favored by lowering the temperature. Moreover, both temperature and flowrate favors mass transfer (kinetic effect). The absorption kinetics for removal of heavy components was monitored by chromatographic analysis and the experimental results demonstrated a high percentage of recovery of heavy components. Furthermore, it was observed that the use of octyl alcohol as absorbent was feasible for the requested separation process.

Estudo da absorção das espécies pesadas do gás natural em octanol: efeitos da temperatura e vazão

In the oil industry, natural gas is a vital component of the world energy supply and an important source of hydrocarbons. It is one of the cleanest, safest and most relevant of all energy sources, and helps to meet the world's growing demand for clean energy in the future. With the growing share of natural gas in the Brazil energy matrix, the main purpose of its use has been the supply of electricity by thermal power generation. In the current production process, as in a Natural Gas Processing Unit (NGPU), natural gas undergoes various separation units aimed at producing liquefied natural gas and fuel gas. The latter should be specified to meet the thermal machines specifications. In the case of remote wells, the process of absorption of heavy components aims the match of fuel gas application and thereby is an alternative to increase the energy matrix. Currently, due to the high demand for this raw gas, research and development techniques aimed at adjusting natural gas are studied. Conventional methods employed today, such as physical absorption, show good results. The objective of this dissertation is to evaluate the removal of heavy components of natural gas by absorption. In this research it was used as the absorbent octyl alcohol (1-octanol). The influence of temperature (5 and 40 °C) and flowrate (25 and 50 ml/min) on the absorption process was studied. Absorption capacity expressed by the amount absorbed and kinetic parameters, expressed by the mass transfer coefficient, were evaluated. As expected from the literature, it was observed that the absorption of heavy hydrocarbon fraction is favored by lowering the temperature. Moreover, both temperature and flowrate favors mass transfer (kinetic effect). The absorption kinetics for removal of heavy components was monitored by chromatographic analysis and the experimental results demonstrated a high percentage of recovery of heavy components. Furthermore, it was observed that the use of octyl alcohol as absorbent was feasible for the requested separation process.

A relevância geoestratégica da Turquia para a segurança energética da União Europeia : o caso do gás natural

Nos próximos anos a União Europeia terá crescentes necessidades de importação de gás natural, existindo uma preocupação com os riscos inerentes à dependência face ao gás russo, especialmente nos países do centro e leste europeu. Esses riscos foram evidenciados pelas crises e conflitos que opuseram a Rússia à Ucrânia e à Geórgia e mostraram à União Europeia a necessidade de encontrar alternativas que diminuíssem a sua vulnerabilidade. As alternativas possíveis passam por incrementar a produção de shale gas, aumentar a importação do Gás Natural Liquefeito e diversificar os fornecedores. A União Europeia tem apostado num corredor meridional de gás, cujo objetivo é obter fornecimento do Médio Oriente, do Cáucaso do Sul e da Ásia Central. Esta opção europeia faz ressurgir a importância geoestratégica da Turquia. No artigo propomo-nos discutir a estratégia europeia para diminuir a sua vulnerabilidade energética no abastecimento de gás natural e as vantagens que poderão resultar do reforço da relação com a Turquia nesta área.

Análise do desempenho de um queimador infravermelho funcionando com gás liquefeito de petróleo e glicerina

The use of infrared burners in industrial applications has many advantages in terms of technical-operational, for example, uniformity in the heat supply in the form of radiation and convection, with greater control of emissions due to the passage of exhaust gases through a macro-porous ceramic bed. This paper presents an infrared burner commercial, which was adapted an experimental ejector, capable of promoting a mixture of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and glycerin. By varying the percentage of dual-fuel, it was evaluated the performance of the infrared burner by performing an energy balance and atmospheric emissions. It was introduced a temperature controller with thermocouple modulating two-stage (low heat / high heat), using solenoid valves for each fuel. The infrared burner has been tested and tests by varying the amount of glycerin inserted by a gravity feed system. The method of thermodynamic analysis to estimate the load was used an aluminum plate located at the exit of combustion gases and the distribution of temperatures measured by a data acquisition system which recorded real-time measurements of the thermocouples attached. The burner had a stable combustion at levels of 15, 20 and 25% of adding glycerin in mass ratio of LPG gas, increasing the supply of heat to the plate. According to data obtained showed that there was an improvement in the efficiency of the 1st Law of infrared burner with increasing addition of glycerin. The emission levels of greenhouse gases produced by combustion (CO, NOx, SO2 and HC) met the environmental limits set by resolution No. 382/2006 of CONAMA

Long-term Efficacy And Safety Of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate In Hiv-1-infected Adolescents Failing Antiretroviral Therapy: The Final Results Of Study Gs-us-104-0321.

Reports of long-term tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) treatment in HIV-infected adolescents are limited. We present final results from the open-label (OL) TDF extension following the randomized, placebo (PBO)-controlled, double-blind phase of GS-US-104-0321 (Study 321). HIV-infected 12- to 17-year-olds treated with TDF 300 mg or PBO with an optimized background regimen (OBR) for 24-48 weeks subsequently received OL TDF plus OBR in a single arm study extension. HIV-1 RNA and safety, including bone mineral density (BMD), was assessed in all TDF recipients. Eighty-one subjects received TDF (median duration 96 weeks). No subject died or discontinued OL TDF for safety/tolerability. At week 144, proportions with HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL were 30.4% (7 of 23 subjects with baseline HIV-1 RNA >1000 c/mL initially randomized to TDF), 41.7% (5 of 12 subjects with HIV-1 RNA <1000 c/mL who switched PBO to TDF) and 0% (0 of 2 subjects failed randomized PBO plus OBR with HIV-1 RNA >1000 c/mL and switched PBO to TDF). Viral resistance to TDF occurred in 1 subject. At week 144, median decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate was 38.1 mL/min/1.73 m (n = 25). Increases in median spine (+12.70%, n = 26) and total body less head BMD (+4.32%, n = 26) and height-age adjusted Z-scores (n = 21; +0.457 for spine, +0.152 for total body less head) were observed at week 144. Five of 81 subjects (6%) had persistent >4% BMD decreases from baseline. Some subjects had virologic responses to TDF plus OBR, and TDF resistance was rare. TDF was well tolerated and can be considered for treatment of HIV-infected adolescents.

Determinação rápida de fármacos básicos em plasma por cromatografia a gás com detector de nitrogênio e fósforo

A simple and fast method for determination of 40 basic drugs in human plasma employing gas-chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection was developed and validated. Drugs were extracted from 800 µL of plasma with 250 µL of butyl acetate at basic pH. Aliquots of the organic extract were directly injected on a column with methylsilicone stationary phase. Total chromatographic run time was 25 min. All compounds were detected in concentrations ranging from therapeutic to toxic levels, with intermediate precision CV% below 11.2 and accuracy in the range of 92-114%.