Business under the new price laws; a study of the economic and legal problems arising out of the Robinson-Patman Act and the various fair trade and unfair practices laws,

"Table of cases": p. [441]-447.

Unfair practices in the meat packing industry. Report together with Minority views to accompany S. 1356, to amend the antitrust laws by vesting in the Federal Trade Commission jurisdiction to prevent monopolistic acts or practices and other unlawful restraints in commerce by certain persons engaged in commerce in meat and meat products, and for other purposes.

Mode of access: Internet.

Balancing organizational and professional commitments in professional service firms : the HR practices that matter

Due to their potential to positively influence sales quality and performance and reduce employee turnover in service organizations, HR practices targeting employee commitment have received considerable attention in the HRM literature in recent years. Parallel to this, there has been increasing focus on the nature of commitment, and in particular the existence of multiple commitment foci. In this paper, we examine how HR practices influence professionals' commitment to their organization, to their profession or to both organization and profession, in a qualitative study of three Danish financial investment firms. Our findings suggest that in professional service firms, HR practices encourage high levels of organizational commitment primarily and most often through their influence on professional commitment and that HR practices related to flexible work design are essential in creating balance between an employee's commitment to organization and commitment to their profession. Further, the findings suggest that these same HR practices may foster such high levels of professional commitment that labor turnover will increase when opportunities for pursuing professional goals afforded by work design are restricted.

A story about being engaged in research : buzzing bees, small business and Australian unfair dismissal laws

Protection for employees from unfair dismissal (UFD) has been around in Australia under various guises for 30 years or so (Chapman, 2006). Labour standards, and particularly ILO Convention 158 (Convention Concerning Termination of Employment at the Initiative of the Employer 1982), underpin the adoption of a particular form of federal statutory UFD regime which first appeared in the 1993 reforms to the Industrial Relations Act 1998 (Commonwealth). Its existence, however, has not been uncontroversial, and the meaning, operation, scope and remedies have attracted attention over time. In fact, the first reforms to the federal UFD regime were undertaken under the Keating Labor government three months after they were enacted (Chapman, ibid.). Further reforms were made by the incoming Howard Liberal-national coalition government through the Workplace Relations Act 1996 (Commonwealth) (WRA), and arguably these reforms continued down the ‘contraction’ path (ibid.).

Reasonability and the Linguistic - Division of Labor in Institutional Work

We examine institutional work from a discursive perspective and argue that reasonability, the existence of acceptable justifying reasons for beliefs and practices, is a key part of legitimation. Drawing on philosophy of language, we maintain that institutional work takes place in the context of ‘space of reasons’ determined by widely held assumptions about what is reasonable and what is not. We argue that reasonability provides the main contextual constraint of institutional work, its major outcome, and a key trigger for actors to engage in it. We draw on Hilary Putnam’s concept ‘division of linguistic labor’ to highlight the specialized distribution of knowledge and authority in defining valid ways of reasoning. In this view, individuals use institutionalized vocabularies to reason about their choices and understand their context with limited understanding of how and why these structures have become what they are. We highlight the need to understand how professions and other actors establish and maintain the criteria of reasoning in various areas of expertise through discursive institutional work.

A labor theoretic approach to information retrieval

This article synthesizes the labor theoretic approach to information retrieval. Selection power is taken as the fundamental value for information retrieval and is regarded as produced by selection labor. Selection power remains relatively constant while selection labor modulates across oral, written, and computational modes. A dynamic, stemming principally from the costs of direct human mental labor and effectively compelling the transfer of aspects of human labor to computational technology, is identified. The decision practices of major information system producers are shown to conform with the motivating forces identified in the dynamic. An enhancement of human capacities, from the increased scope of description processes, is revealed. Decision variation and decision considerations are identified. The value of the labor theoretic approach is considered in relation to pre-existing theories, real world practice, and future possibilities. Finally, the continuing intractability of information retrieval is suggested.

Human resource management practices in the multinational company: A test of system, societal, and dominance effects

Does the use of HRM practices by multinational companies (MNCs) reflect their national origins or are practices similar regardless of context? To the extent that practices are similar, is there any evidence of global best standards? The authors use the system, societal, and dominance framework to address these questions through analysis of 1,100 MNC subsidiaries in Canada, Ireland, Spain, and the United Kingdom. They argue that this framework offers a richer account than alternatives such as varieties of capitalism. The study moves beyond previous research by differentiating between system effects at the global level and dominance effects arising from the diffusion of practices from a dominant economy. It shows that both effects are present, as are some differences at the societal level. Results suggest that MNCs configure their HRM practices in response to all three forces rather than to some uniform global best practices or to their national institutional contexts.

A snapshot of management practices and nutritional recommendations used by feedlot nutritionists in Brazil

Feedlot consulting nutritionists were invited to participate in a survey of feedlot nutritional and management practices in Brazil. Thirty-one nutritionists completed the survey on a Web site that was designed for collection of survey data. The survey consisted of 94 questions that included general information (n = 10); commodity information (n = 12); and questions about the use of coproducts (n = 5), roughage source and levels (n = 5), finishing diet adaptation methods (n = 7), supplements and micronutrients (n = 8), feed mixers (n = 6), feeding management (n = 3), cattle management and type of cattle fed (n = 16), formulation practices (n = 17), information resources used for nutritional recommendations (n = 2), and 2 additional questions. One final question addressed the primary challenges associated with applying nutritional recommendations in practice. The number of animals serviced yearly by each nutritionist averaged 121,682 (minimum = 2,000; maximum = 1,500,000; mode = 120,000; total = 3,163,750). Twenty-two respondents (71%) worked with feedlots that feed less than 5,000 animals/yr. Labor, along with availability and precision of equipment, seemed to be the main challenges for the nutritionists surveyed. Most of the nutritionists surveyed used TDN as the primary energy unit for formulation. More than 50% of the clients serviced by the 31 nutritionists did not manage feed bunks to control the quantity of feed offered per pen, and 36.6% fed cattle more than 4 times daily. The NRC (1996) and Journal of Animal Science were the most used sources of information by these nutritionists. Overall, general practices and nutritional recommendations provided by the 31 nutritionists surveyed were fairly consistent. Present data should aid in development of new research, future National Research Council models, and recommendations for Brazilian feeding systems in which Bos indicus cattle predominate.

Land use policies and practices for reducing vulnerability in rural Tajikistan

Tajikistan, with 93% of its surface area taken up by mountains and 65% of its labor force employed in agriculture, is judged to be highly vulnerable to risks, including climate change risks and food insecurity risks. The article examines a set of land use policies and practices that can be used to mitigate the vulnerability of Tajikistan’s large rural population, primarily by increasing family incomes. Empirical evidence from Tajikistan and other CIS countries suggests that families with more land and higher commercialization earn higher incomes and achieve higher well-being. The recommended policy measures that are likely to increase rural family incomes accordingly advocate expansion of smallholder farms, improvement of livestock productivity, increase of farm commercialization through improvement of farm services, and greater diversification of both income sources and the product mix. The analysis relies for supporting evidence on official statistics and recent farm surveys. Examples from local initiatives promoting sustainable land management practices and demonstrating the implementation of the proposed policy measures are presented.

Toward a Global Organic Culture: Ethnographic Perspectives on Wwoofing Practices in Peru and New Zealand

In this thesis, I explore the meaning behind sustainable living among organic farmers and their families in two countries. It is based on original, ethnographic research that I conducted in New Zealand in fall 2012 and Peru in summer 2012 with support from the Department of Sociology and Anthropology Meerwarth Undergraduate Research Fund. In carrying out my research I relied on participant-observation, semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and writing ethnographic fieldnotes. Drawing on contemporary scholarship in the anthropology of food and the environment, my thesis contributes to cross-culturally understandings of sustainability and local and global foodways. Specifically, I will interpret the meaning and significance of my informants’ decision to live sustainably through their participation in wwoofing. The global network of wwoofing aims to connect volunteers interested in learning about organic farming techniques with farmers looking for labor assistance. Volunteers exchange work for food, accommodation, knowledge, and experience. As a method of farming and a subjective ideological orientation, this global movement allows travelers from all over the world to experience organic lifestyles worldwide. In my thesis, I connect my experiences of organic living in Peru and New Zealand. In comparing wwoofing practices in these two field sites, I argue that despite observable differences in organic practices, a global organic culture is emerging. Here I highlight some shared features of this global organic culture, such as food authenticity, sustainability of the earth, and a personal connection of individuals to the land. The global organic culture emphasizes a conscious awareness of what is going into one’s body and why. Using food as an expression of values and beliefs, organic farmers reconnect to the land and their food in attempts to construct an alternative identity. By focusing on food authenticity, my informants develop vast relationships with the land, which shapes their identity and creates new forms of self-enhancement.

Certified nurse midwives effects on catecholamine levels and maternal anxiety during labor

Studies of nurse midwifery care in the last twenty one years have reported excellent birth outcomes (Levy, Wilkenson and Marine, 1971; Platt et al. 1985; Stone et al. 1976). These outcomes are frequently attributed to the special support offered during labor and delivery by nurse midwives. This supportive style is thought to decrease catecholamine levels by reducing maternal anxiety. This prospective observational study evaluated catecholamine levels, anxiety levels, in-hospital costs, obstetrical practices and outcomes between low risk, term, labor and delivery primigravida patients managed by obstetrical residents (n = 55) or by certified nurse-midwives CNM (n = 59). The two groups were similar with regard to obstetrical risk factors present at admission. Each group was selected over the same period of time between March 23, 1994 and November 2, 1994. Specific catecholamines evaluated were epinephrine and norepinephrine. Obstetrical and newborn characteristics were also compared. This study did not prove that there is a decreased level in stress as indicated by lower levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine in nurse-midwife patients compared to obstetrical resident patients after adjusting for the use of epidural anesthesia. There was also no difference found in the perceived anxiety levels between the two groups. This study did confirm that nurse-midwives and obstetrical residents have different practice styles. Nurse-midwife patients had fewer augmented deliveries, fewer operative deliveries, less blood loss, fewer episiotomies and fewer third and fourth degree lacerations. The physician's choice to utilize more interventions such as continuous fetal monitoring and epidural anesthesia did not improve outcomes. The hospital cost of the nurse-midwife patients in this study was 35 percent lower than the physician patients. ^

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 700 - "Labor Under National Socialism" "Notes on a Study in News Commentators" Forschungsprojekte und Memoranden zur Umgestaltung Nachkriegs-Deutschlands, besonders zur Umerziehung (p. IX 170a - IX 172.2-8)

Neumann, Franz L.: "Labor Under National Socialism", 19.03.1942. Typoskript, 66 Blatt; Löwenthal, Leo: "Notes on a Study in News Commentators" 23.01.1943; "Notes on a Study on News Commentators". Typoskript, 34 Blatt; "Treatment of Selected New Topics in News and News Commentator Programs". Typoskript, 53 Blatt; Forschungsprojekte und Memoranden zur Umgestaltung Nachkriegs-Deutschlands, besonders zur Umerziehung, 1942-1949; 1. "Project To Survey Present German Educational Practices in the Field of Social Sciences as a Means for Democratization. Supplementary Statements" 28.02.1949; a) Teilstück, Typoskript, 1 Blatt; b)-f) Typoskripte, zum Teil mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen von Max Horkheimer, 21 Blatt; g) Eigenhändige Notizen von Max Horkheimer, 1 Blatt; h) Eigenhändige Notizen von Theodor W. Adorno, 1 Blatt; 2. Marcuse, Herbert: 2 Briefe mit Unterschrift an Max Horkheimer und Beil, ohne Ort, 1949; 1 Brief mit Unterschrift von Max Horkheimer, Pacific Palisades, 25.02.1949; 3. "German Project" a) Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 12 Blatt; b) Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen von Max Horkheimer, 12 Blatt; c) Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen von Max Horkheimer, 5 Blatt; d) Eigenhändige Notizen von Max Horkheimer, 1 Blatt; 4. Emhardt, K.H.: 1 Briefabschrift an Max Horkheimer, München, 20.06.1948, 1 Blatt; 5. "Untersuchunge über die Durchführung und das Ergebnis der politischen Säuberung an den Hochschulen der Westzone" a) Typoskript, 4 Blatt; b) Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 2 Blatt; 6. Über Antisemitismus und politische Fragen im Nachkriegsdeutschland. Auszug aus einem Brief von "F.L.", 1949, Typoskirpt, 9 Blatt; 7. "Liste of Signers of the 1933 manifesto". 1 Blatt; 8. Marcuse, Herbert: Über Probleme der Demokratisierung und des Chauvinismus im Nachkriegsdeutschland. Teilstück eines Typoskripts, 4 Blatt, mit einem eigenhändigen Brief mit Unterschrift an Leo Löwenthal, ohne Ort, 25.11.1948, 1 Blatt;

Marriage as women's old age insurance : evidence from migration and land inheritance practices in rural Tanzania

In a traditional system of exogamous and patrilocal marriage prevalent in much of Sub-Saharan Africa, when she marries, a rural woman typically leaves her kin to reside with her husband living outside her natal village. Since a village that allows a widow to inherit her late husband's land can provide her with old age security, single females living outside the village are more likely to marry into the village. Using a natural experimental setting, provided by the longitudinal household panel data drawn from rural Tanzania for the period from 1991 to 2004, during which several villages that initially banned a widow's land inheritance removed this discrimination, this study provides evidence in support of this view, whereby altering a customary land inheritance rules in a village in favor of widows increased the probability of males marrying in that village. This finding suggests that providing rural women with old age protection (e.g., insurance, livelihood protection) has remarkable spatial and temporal welfare effects by influencing their decision to marry.