Atividade da fração enriquecida em fenólicos de Buchenavia tomentosa e de algumas substâncias isoladas antes e após encapsulação com beta-ciclodextrina em Candida albicans

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

The distribution of Fasciola hepatica in Queensland, Australia, and the potential impact of introduced snail intermediate hosts

A survey was conducted to establish the distribution of the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, in the state of Queensland, Australia, and to evaluate the impact of the introduced snail intermediate hosts, Pseudosuccinia columella and Austropeplea viridis. Serum samples from a total of 5103 homebred cattle in 142 beef herds distributed throughout the state and 523 pooled milk samples from dairy herds from the state's major dairying regions were tested for antibodies to F. hepatica by ELISA. Snails were collected on infected properties around the limits of the F. hepatica distribution. F. hepatica infection was detected in 44 dairy herds and two beef herds. The distribution of infected herds indicates that F. hepatica is established only in southeast Queensland. The distribution there was patchy but the parasite was more widespread than suggested by an earlier survey. The predominant intermediate host species found along the northern limit of the distribution was P. columella. We conclude that the introduction of P. columella and A. viridis has not yet had a major impact on the distribution of F. hepatica in Queensland. However, the presence of P. columella, which is much more adaptable to tropical habitats than the native intermediate host, Austropeplea tomentosa, at the northern limit of the F. hepatica distribution suggests that there is potential for the parasite to expand its range.

Evaluating the efficacy of the EZ-Ject herbicide system in Queensland, Australia

The EZ-Ject herbicide system was evaluated as a stem injection method for controlling woody weeds in a range of situations where traditional chemical application methods have limited scope. The equipment was trialled on three Queensland weed species; pond apple (Annona glabra), velvety tree pear (Opuntia tomentosa) and yellow oleander (Cascabela thevetia); at five different cartridge densities (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4) and with two herbicides (glyphosate and imazapyr). Cartridges filled with imazapyr were significantly more effective at controlling the three woody weed species than those filled with glyphosate. Injecting plants with three imazapyr cartridges resulted in plant kills ranging from 93 to 100%, compared with glyphosate kills of 17 to 100%. Pond apple was the most susceptible species, requiring one imazapyr cartridge or two glyphosate cartridges to kill 97 and 92% of the treated plants. Plant mortality increased as the number of cartridges injected increased. Mortality did not differ significantly for treatments receiving three and four imazapyr cartridges, as these cartridge densities met the criterion of injecting one cartridge per 10-cm basal circumference, a criterion recommended by the manufacturers for treating large plants (>6.35 cm in diameter at breast height). The cost of treating a weed infestation of 1500 plants ha–1 with three cartridges per tree is $1070 ha–1, with labour costs accounting for 16% of the total. The high chemical costs would preclude this technique from broad-scale use, but the method could have application for treating woody weeds in sensitive, high conservation areas.

The leaf-feeding geometrid Isturgia disputaria (Guenee)-A potential biological control agent for prickly acacia, Vachellia nilotica subsp. indica (Benth.) Kyal. & Boatwr. (Mimosaceae) in Australia

Prickly acacia (Vachellia nilotica subsp. indica), a native multipurpose tree in India, is a weed of National significance, and a target for biological control in Australia. Based on plant genetic and climatic similarities, native range surveys for identifying potential biological control agents for prickly acacia were conducted in India during 2008-2011. In the survey leaf-feeding geometrid, Isturgia disputaria Guenee (syn. Tephrina pulinda), widespread in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka States, was prioritized as a potential biological control agent based on field host range, damage potential and no choice test on non target plant species. Though the field host range study exhibited that V. nilotica ssp. indica and V. nilotica ssp. tomentosa were the primary hosts for successful development of the insect, I. disputaria, replicated no - choice larval feeding and development tests conducted on cut foliage and live plants of nine non-target acacia test plant species in India revealed the larval feeding and development on three of the nine non-target acacia species, V. tortilis, V. planiferons and V. leucophloea in addition to the V. nilotica ssp. indica and V. nilotica ssp. tomentosa. However, the proportion of larvae developing into adults was higher on V. nilotica subsp. indica and V. nilotica subsp. tomentosa, with 90% and 80% of the larvae completing development, respectively. In contrast, the larval mortality was higher on V. tortilis (70%), V. leucophloea (90%) and V. planiferons (70%). The no-choice test results support the earlier host specificity test results of I. disputaria from Pakistan, Kenya and under quarantine in Australia. Contrasting results between field host range and host use pattern under no-choice conditions are discussed.

Antipredator behaviour of Baltic planktivores

Predation is an important source of mortality for most aquatic animals. Thus, the ability to avoid being eaten brings substantial fitness benefits to individuals. Predator detection abilities and antipredator behaviour were examined in various planktivores, i.e. the littoral mysids Neomysis integer and Praunus flexuosus, three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus larvae, pelagic mysids Mysis mixta and M. relicta, and the predatory cladoceran Cercopagis pengoi, with cues from their respective predators European perch Perca fluviatilis and Baltic herring Clupea harengus membras. The use of different aquatic macrophytes as predation refuges by the littoral planktivores was also examined. All pelagic planktivores and stickleback larvae were able to detect the presence of their predator by chemical cues alone. The littoral mysids N. integer and P. flexuosus responded only when chemical and visual predator cues were combined. The responses of stickleback larvae were stronger to the combined cues than the chemical cue alone. A common antipredator behaviour in all of the planktivores studied was decreased ingestion rate in response to predator cues. N. integer and stickleback larvae also decreased their swimming activity. Pelagic mysids and C. pengoi altered their prey selectivity patterns in response to predator cues. The effects of predator cues on the swarming behaviour of N. integer were examined. Swarming brings clear antipredator advantages to N. integer, since when they feed in a swarm, they do not significantly decrease their feeding rate. However, the swarming behaviour of N. integer was not affected by predation risk, but was instead a fixed strategy. Despite the presence or absence of predator cues, N. integer individuals attempted to associate with a swarm and preferred larger to smaller swarms. In studies with aquatic macrophytes, stickleback larvae and P. flexuosus utilized vegetation as a predation refuge, spending more time within vegetation when under predation threat. The two macroalgal species studied, bladderwrack Fucus vesiculosus and stonewort Chara tomentosa, were preferred by P. flexuosus, whereas Eurasian watermilfoil Myriophyllum spicatum was strongly avoided by N. integer and stickleback larvae. In fact, when in dense patches in aquaria, M. spicatum caused acute and high mortality (> 70%) in littoral mysids, but not in sticklebacks, whereas C. tomentosa and northern watermilfoil M. sibiricum did not. In contrast, only 2-4% mortality in N. integer was observed with intact and broken stems of M. spicatum in field experiments. The distribution of littoral mysids in different vegetations, however, suggests that N. integer avoids areas vegetated by M. spicatum.

Vegetation structure and floristic composition of a tropical dry deciduous forest in Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka, India

A permanent 2 ha (200 m x 100 m) plot was established for long-term monitoring of plant diversity and dynamics in a tropical dry deciduous forest of Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka, southern India. Enumeration of all woody plants >= 1 cm DBH (diameter at breast height) yielded a total of 1766 individuals that belonged to 46 species, 37 genera and 24 families. Combretaceae was the most abundant family in the forest with a family importance value of 68.3. Plant density varied from 20 - 90 individuals with an average 35 individuals/quadrat (20 m x 20 m). Randia dumetorum, with 466 individuals (representing 26.7 % of the total density 2 ha(-1)) with species importance value of 36.25, was the dominant species in the plot. The total basal area of the plot was 18.09 m(2) ha(-1) with a mean of 0.72 m(2) quadrat(-1). The highest basal area of the plot was contributed by Combretaceae (12.93 m(2) 2 ha(-1)) at family level and Terminalia tomentosa (5.58 m(2) 2 ha(-1)) at species level. The lowest diameter class (1-10 cm) had the highest density (1054 individuals 2 ha(-1)), but basal area was highest in the 80 - 90 cm diameter class (5.03m(2) 2 ha(-1)). Most of the species exhibited random or aggregated distribution over the plot. This study provides a baseline information on the dry forests of Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary.

Diversidade e padrões estruturais da vegetação halófila-psamófila das restingas do Rio de Janeiro

As restingas do Estado do Rio de Janeiro são áreas de sedimentação predominantemente quaternária, descontínuas geograficamente, formadas em função das mudanças paleoclimáticas, flutuações do nível do mar e transporte longitudinal de sedimentos. A diversidade e a estrutura da vegetação halófila-psamófila presente nestas restingas são os principais focos deste estudo, onde foram analisadas a similaridade florística, as formas de vida e síndrome de dispersão, o padrão de riqueza e diversidade, a distribuição das espécies e os parâmetros de cobertura vegetal, serrapilheira, solo desnudo e salinidade da água do mar. Foram amostradas nove áreas de restinga, a saber, Praia do Sul, Marambaia, Grumari, Marapendi, Maricá, Massambaba, Barra de São João, Jurubatiba e São João da Barra. Foram encontradas 90 espécies, distribuídas em 33 famílias, 69 gêneros, sendo as famílias de maior riqueza específica: Asteraceae (10), Poaceae (9 espécies), Fabaceae (9) e Rubiaceae (6). Foi registrada uma baixa riqueza de espécies nas áreas avaliadas, variando de 25 a 48. Somente 11 espécies ocorreram em todas as áreas (Alternanthera maritima, Blutaparon portulacoides, Canavalia rosea, Cereus fernambucensis, Euphorbia hyssopifolia, Ipomoea imperati, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Panicum racemosum, Remirea maritima, Sporobolus virginicus, Stenotaphrum secundatum), e 12 são dominantes, em uma ou mais áreas (Allagoptera arenaria, Alternanthera maritima, Blutaparon portulacoides, Canavalia rosea, Ipomoea imperati, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Mollugo verticillata, Panicum racemosum, Remirea maritima, Spermacoce capitata, Sporobolus virginicus, Stenotaphrum secundatum), existindo um grande número de espécies raras. O índice de diversidade de Shannon variou de 1,49 a 2,40, e a equabilidade de Pielou de 0,82 a 0,60. O agrupamento formou dois grandes grupos, sendo o primeiro constituído por Barra de São João, Praia do Sul, Marambaia, Grumari e Marapendi, e o segundo por Jurubatiba, São João da Barra, Maricá e Massambaba. As áreas mais similares floristicamente foram Maricá e Massambaba (58%), Grumari e Marapendi (56%), e Barra de São João e Praia do Sul (50%). A vegetação apresenta uma flora característica, com diferença na composição entre as áreas, e similaridade entre áreas geograficamente mais próximas. Um terço das espécies identificadas são caméfitos (34,56%), seguida por fanerófitos (20,98%), geófitos (16,04%), hemicriptófitos (12,34%), terófitos (13,58%) e duas lianas. Na dispersão predomina a autocoria (41,97%), anemocoria (33,33%) e zoocoria (24,69%). O tamanho das áreas perpendicularmente ao mar não está relacionado com aumento da riqueza, nem apresenta o padrão de aumento com o distanciamento do mar. Existem diferenças da riqueza e da diversidade entre as áreas, não havendo uma homogeneidade ao longo do litoral. Há uma zonação, com espécies distribuídas próximas ao mar (Allagoptera arenaria, Alternanthera maritima, Blutaparon portulacoides, Canavalia rosea, Cassytha filiformis, Cereus fernambucensis, Hydrocotyle bonariensis, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Schinus terebinthifolia, Sophora tomentosa, Stenotaphrum secundatum, Cyrtocymura scorpioides), e ao longo do gradiente perpendicular ao mar (Chamaecrista flexuosa, Euphorbia hyssopifolia, Ipomoea imperati, Mollugo verticillata, Panicum racemosum, Paspalum maritimum, Remirea maritima, Sporobolus virginicus). O modelo de série logarítmica é o que melhor representa a vegetação, independente da diversidade ou riqueza. A cobertura vegetal variou entre as áreas. A serrapilheira e o solo desnudo estão estreitamente relacionados com a cobertura vegetal, havendo variação entre as áreas.

玄参科毛泡桐花对称性基因的分离和表达研究

花两侧对称性的获得是由多次独立的进化事件而完成。在被子植物进化过程中，花两侧对称性在植物的适应辐射过程中有重要意义。在模式植物金鱼草中，CYCLOIDEA（CYC）是控制花对称性的关键基因。近年来，CYC 基因的同源基因已经在多个类群中被分离出来，并开展了CYC 类基因的分子进化及其与花对称性表型进化相关关系的研究。 泡桐属是模式植物金鱼草的一个近缘类群，我们从泡桐属的毛泡桐中分离出了CYC基因的两个同源基因，分别命名为PtCYC1 和PtCYC2 。组织特异性RT-PCR显示他们的表达模式发生了明显的分化。 毛泡桐中PtCYC1 基因的表达模式与 CYC 基因在金鱼草中和 McCYC 基因在M. confertiflora 中的表达模式存在明显的差异但是和RgCYC 在地黄（Rehmannia）中的表达模式十分相似。PtCYC1 基因在近轴区域的强烈表达可能与毛泡桐近轴雄蕊的缺失有关。 尽管PtCYC1和M. confertiflora 中的McCYC 基因均从近轴雄蕊延伸到了两侧雄蕊，但PtCYC1 基因的后期表达较弱。因此，毛泡桐中的两侧雄蕊的发育并没有像M. confertiflora 中的两侧雄蕊受到强烈的抑制而成为退化雄蕊，仅仅使得两侧雄蕊短于两个远轴雄蕊从而在毛泡桐中形成二强雄蕊。地黄属和泡桐属两侧对称花的显著特征是缺乏近轴雄蕊。PtCYC1 和RgCYC基因的表达模式的高度一致显示出近轴雄蕊的缺失可能和CYC类基因的强烈表达有关。十分有趣的是毛泡桐中PtCYC2 基因在各个区域均没有表达。对于PtCYC2 基因是否还有其他方面的功能还有待于进一步探讨。

农杆菌对毛白杨的转化及完整转化植株的获得

本文报道农杆菌转化毛白杨的高效遗传转化系统的建立。所用农杆菌菌株为：1.发根农杆菌R1000，含有Ri质粒pRiA4b。2.发根农杆菌R1000(pTVK85)，是菌株R1000中除含有pRiA4b外，并兼容一个带有超致病区(Supervirulent region)的质粒pTVK85。3.根癌农杆菌C58C1(pBZ693)，其质粒pBZ693是改建过的Ti质粒，载有T-DNA的基因1和基因2。将毛白杨外植体分别与上述菌株在MS+0.5ppm激动素培养基上先培养2天后，转移至MS+500ppm氨噻肟头胞霉素的培养基上。一个星期后即有根从外植体上产生。根癌农杆菌诱导的根形态明显与发根农杆菌诱导的根不同。R1000(pTVK85)诱导生根的外植体可占供试外植体总数的59%。转化的根有的可自发地形成不定芽或愈伤组织。通过培养基中激素的调整，可使转化的根系统100%再生出不定芽，并可由这些不定芽得到完整植株。转化植株的各克隆之间表型差异很大。有的地上部形态正常，仅根系与未转化植株有所不同。有的节间短、叶片多、顶端优势弱、根系发达而多发枝、多根毛。但所有转化植株皆无皱叶现象，其叶片形态与正常植株无异。普遍地有根生于植株的培养基平面以上部分的现象。取三个克隆的植株进行Southern杂交，其中两个为杂交阳性，表明确已被转化;另一个克隆为杂交阴性。

北京市土壤--植物系统重金属硫的分布迁移相互间关系和主成份分析

本文选择了北京市香山北京植物园、北京动物园、长安街和北京化工厂4个功能区和国槐（Sophora japonica (L) Beauv)、毛白杨 (populus tomentosa Carr)、丁香(Syringa Oblata)、野牛草(Buohloe dactyloides (Nutt) Engelm)4种植物;采集植物样品105个、土壤样品40个;测定了各样品的镍(Ni)、锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、铬 (Cr)、硫(S)7种元素含量;通过对样品元素含量的直观分析、回归分析、主成份分析(PCA)，得出以下结论：各样品各元素含量的最高值或异常值多出现在化工厂内，其次是长安街、动物园、北京植物园无;各功能区各样品各元素含量大小顺序多是：化工厂><长安街>动物园><北京植物园：表明化工厂内土壤、植物受污染的程度较重，其次是长安街，动物园稍轻，北京植物园则较洁净。土壤中7种元素分布特征是：S > Zn > Pb > Cr > Cu > Ni > Cd;植物中7种元素分布特征是：S > Zn >< Cu > Pb > Cr >< Ni >< Cd。7种植物样品对S、Zn、Cu、 Cd具较大的富集系数;对Ni、Pb、Cr具较小的富集系数;说明前者比后者在土壤—植系统中较易迁移。7种植物样品对S均具积累效应;毛白杨叶对zn，毛白杨叶、枝、国槐皮对Cd，野牛草对Cu也都具积累效应。国槐各器官元素含量分配是：皮含量>叶含量>枝含量;毛白杨各器官元素含量分配是：叶含量>枝含量;表明植物各器官中，枝元素含量较低。对元素含量回归分析，发现植物各器官元素含量间具显著性正相关系;植物中元素含量与土壤中元素含量绝大多数呈正相关。前者说明植物各器官生长发育的正相关性;后者说明土壤条件与植物生长发育的正相关性。对元素含量的主成份分析和样品排序，揭示出采自同一功能区的样品大都可形成一集团，但尚存在交叉、重叠和过渡的样品;化工厂集团多处在排序图Z1轴左边，长安街集团多处在Z2轴上方，北京植物园集团多处在Z1轴右边或Z2轴下方。可明确得出，化工厂土壤、植物污染较重（元素含量较高），其次是长安街;动物园污染稍轻，北京植物园较洁净的结论。还可知，化工厂、长安街某些样点污染较轻;而北京植物园、动物园某些样点污染较重。

贵州喀斯特森林优势木本植物水力结构特征

水力结构就是植物在特定的自然环境条件下，为适应生存竞争的需要所形成的不同形态结构和水分运输供给策略，它对于植物物种的分布、抗逆能力等方面起关键性作用。喀斯特常绿阔叶林生长的特有植物种类以其独特的形态解剖特征和生理适应性，很好的适应了喀斯特地区独特的水分和土壤环境，以维持自身的生存和最适生长。植物的水分关系是喀斯特地区特有植物种类适应环境的核心生理生态学问题之一。贵州喀斯特地区石漠化正日益加剧，因此，对贵州植物水力结构和环境适应性进行研究具有重要的意义。 目前，国内外学者在“冲洗法”中使用的不同冲洗溶质可能对植物木质部水力结构的测定结果等产生较大影响，因此本文首先研究了三种溶质的冲洗溶液对毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)和油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)枝条的水力导度和抵抗空穴化能力的影响。实验结果表明: 相对于去离子水，用0.01 M 的草酸和0.03 M KCl溶液作为冲洗溶液，均导致毛白杨木质部导管和油松管胞的水力导度测定值的增大。KCl导致毛白杨和油松木质部抵抗空穴化能力的测定值提高，草酸导致杨树抵抗空穴化能力测定值增强但导致油松抗空穴化能力测定值显著(P<0.01)减弱。小枝水平上，毛白杨和油松的水分运输效率和抗空穴化能力之间没有显著相关性。另外，在截枝实验中发现毛白杨小枝木质部水力导度随长度增加变化不大，而油松枝条的木质部水力导度有逐渐增大的趋势。以上的实验结果表明不同溶质下毛白杨和油松枝条的木质部水力导度和抵抗空穴化能力不同，草酸和KCl可能对木质部管道系统及纹孔处的果胶等产生作用，从而使毛白杨和油松的水力结构发生变化。毛白杨与油松水力结构在去离子水、草酸和KCl的作用下的不同结果及两物种截枝试验下水力导度的不同变化趋势，表明导管运输系统和管胞运输系统可能具有不同的水分运输影响因素。 在贵州花江、普定、荔波等地选择当地森林中39种优势木本植物作为研究对象，对其枝条的水力结构进行研究，结果表明: 该地区优势木本植物的水力结构与其他森林类型相比，其木质部抗栓塞化能力介于热带雨林和热带干热森林之间，而水力导度高于各森林类型的平均值。在石漠化程度不同的地区，植物总体的水力导度和水分运输的安全性没有呈现出明显的规律，但是同种植物在较为干旱的严重石漠化地区，其木质部安全性较高，植物在周围环境的影响下木质部水力结构朝着更适应周围环境的方向发展。 贵州喀斯特地区常绿植物和落叶植物的水力结构差异较为明显(P<0.05)。落叶树种主要在夏季生长，其最大水力导度较高，而冬季依靠落叶等方式度过不利的生长环境，因此其木质部安全性较常绿树种更为脆弱。总体而言，贵州喀斯特森林优势木本植物的在水力导度与安全性之间存在权衡关系，说明在大尺度水平上随着水力导度的提高即水分运输效率的提高，植物木质部抗空穴化的能力降低。

钩藤和蹄叶橐吾的化学成分研究

本论文由三章组成。第一、二章分别报道钩藤、蹄叶橐吾的化学成分研究工作。从两种药用植物中共分离和鉴定了37 个化合物，其中有1 组6 个新的骨架相似的鞘糖脂类同系物及5 个新的倍半萜类化合物。第三章概述了艾里莫芬烷内酯类化合物的研究进展。 第一章报道钩藤(Uncaria rhynchophylla)带钩茎枝乙醇提取物的化学成分。采用正、反相硅胶柱层析等分离方法，运用NMR、MS 等波谱技术共分离鉴定得到22 个化合物，分属于五环三萜类化合物、鞘糖脂类化合物等，其中有1 组6个新的鞘糖脂类化合物同系物，另外有7 个化合物首次从该植物中分离得到。 第二章报道蹄叶橐吾(Ligularia fischeri)根部乙醇提取物化学成分的分离纯化和结构鉴定。通过正、反相硅胶柱层析等分离纯化和MS、NMR 等波谱解析，共分离鉴定得到18 个化合物，其中5 个是新化合物。它们的结构分别确定为3β-acetyl-6β, 8α, 10β-trihydroxyeremophila-7(11)-en-8, 12-olide (23), 3β-acetyl-8β,10β-dihydroxy-6β-(2-methylbutyryloxy)-eremophilenolide (24), 3β-acetyl-6β, 10β-dihydroxyeremophila-7(11), 8(9)-dien-8, 12-olide (25), 3β-acetyl-6β, 10β-dihydroxyeremophila- 7(11), 8(9)-dien-8, 12-olide (26), (3aR, 4R, 5S, 7aS)-2-acetyl-7ahydroxy-3a, 4, 5, 6, 7, 7a-hexahydro-1H-inden-5-yl acetate (27)。这5 个化合物经体外生物活性测试，结果表明化合物23 具有抑制酪氨酸磷酸酯酶的活性, 其IC50 值为1.30 μg/ml。 第三章概述了近二十年来艾里莫芬烷内酯类化合物的研究进展，包括其结构及药理活性两个方面，列举了从23 种植物中分到的114 个艾里莫芬烷内酯类化合物，同时也对其主要生物活性进行了总结。 This dissertation consists of three chapters. The first and second chapters elaborate the phytochemical investigation of Uncaria rhynchophylla and Ligularia fischeri. Thirty-seven compounds, including six new ones, were isolated and identified by spectroscopic methods and X-ray diffraction experiments. The third chapter is a review on the study progress of Eremophilanolides. The first chapter focus on the isolation and identification of chemical constituents from Uncaria rhynchophylla. Twenty-two compounds were isolated from the roots of U. rhynchophylla by repeat column chromatography over normal and reversed phase silica gel. Those compounds mainly belonged pentacyclic triterpenoids and sphingolipids. Among them, a series homologues of six sphingolipids were new compounds and seven compounds were firstly reported in this plant. The second chapter is about the phytochemical investigation of L. fischeri. Eighteen compounds were isolated and identified. Among them, four new erem-ophilanolides and a new dinoreremophilane derivative were characterized as 3β-acetyl-6β, 8α, 10β-trihydroxyeremophila-7(11)-en-8, 12-olide (23), 3β-acetyl-8β, 10β-dihydroxy-6β-(2-methylbutyryloxy)-eremophilenolide (24), 3β-acetyl-6β, 10β-dihydroxyeremophila-7(11), 8(9)-dien-8,12-olide (25), 3β-acetyl-6β, 10α-dihydroxyeremophila- 7(11), 8(9)-dien-8,12-olide (26), (3aR,4R,5S,7aS)-2-acetyl-7a-hydroxy-3a, 4, 5, 6,7, 7a-hexahydro-1H-inden-5-yl acetate (27) by spectroscopic analysis and confirmed by X-ray crystallography analysis. It was revealed that compound 23 has the ability to inhabit the PTP1B in vivo. And its IC50 is 1.30 μg/ml. The third part is a review on the study progress of Eremophilanolides.

Efectes de la invasió de la formiga argentina, Linepithema humile (Mayr), sobre el procés de dispersió de llavors de plantes mediterrànies

La formiga invasora Linepithema humile (Mayr), també coneguda com la formiga argentina, és una espècie present a la península Ibèrica. En aquesta tesi s'ha estudiat com afecta la presència d'aquesta espècie plaga a la comunitat de formigues autòctones y al procés de dispersió de llavors de plantes mediterrànies. L'estudi es va dur a terme en una àrea de sureda i brolla d'estepes i bruc boal situada al nord-est peninsular, prop de la línia de costa mediterrània. Un dels primers y més notables efectes de la invasió a les nostres àrees d'estudi és la dramàtica alteració de la comunitat de formigues, en forma de una reducció de la riquesa específica i de la homogeneïtat d'abundàncies. A més, a les zones envaïdes no hi queda cap espècie de formiga autòctona dispersant de llavors. A causa de la gran abundància d'obreres de la formiga argentina a les zones envaïdes, i del seu elevat ritme d'activitat, aquesta espècie efectua un intens rastreig del sòl, la qual cosa li permet localitzar els recursos en un temps menor que les formigues autòctones de les zones no envaïdes. No obstant, la obertura mandibular de la comunitat de formigues esdevé molt disminuïda a les zones envaïdes a causa de la desaparició de les espècies autòctones, la majoria d'elles de mida més grossa que la formiga argentina, la qual cosa podria limitar la capacitat de manipulació de l'entorn que té la comunitat de formigues a les zones envaïdes, i podria explicar la falta de reemplaçament d'alguns dels rols que duien a terme les espècies de formigues autòctones abans de la invasió. La formiga argentina es mostra atreta per les llavors de les nou espècies vegetals estudiades (dues euforbiàcies: Euphorbia biumbellata i E. characias; dues compostes: Cirsium vulgare i Galactites tomentosa; i cinc papilionàcies: Genista linifolia, G. monspessulana, G. triflora, Sarothamnus arboreus i Ulex parviflorus), arribant a transportar i fins i tot introduir al niu algunes llavors, però amb probabilitats inferiors a les realitzades per les formigues autòctones de les zones no envaïdes. No obstant, el seu comportament davant les nou espècies de llavors és variable, de manera que sembla que el seu efecte sobre la dispersió de llavors podria ser diferent per a cada espècie vegetal. L'alteració del procés de dispersió no sembla alterar l'èxit reproductiu d'una espècie concreta, Euphorbia characias, a les zones envaïdes; ni el seu reclutament, ni la distribució espacial, ni la supervivència de les plàntules són significativament diferents a les zones envaïdes que a les no envaïdes. La desaparició de les espècies de formigues granívores de les zones envaïdes pot afectar la dinàmica de les llavors de plantes no mirmecòcores. Així, les llavors de tres papilionàcies (Calicotome spinosa, Psoralea bituminosa i Spartium junceum) resulten amb un menor nivell de transports (i probablement menor depredació) a les zones envaïdes per la formiga argentina.

Flora polínica da Reserva do Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga (São Paulo, Brasil): família: 135-Asclepiadaceae

No presente trabalho, foram estudados os polinários de nove gêneros e 16 espécies de Asclepiadaceae ocorrentes na Reserva do Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga: Asclepias curassavica L., Blepharodon nitidum (Vell.) J F. Macbr., Ditassa burchellii var. vestita (Malme) Fontella, Ditassa hispida (Vell.) Fontella, Ditassa tomentosa (Decne.) Fontella, Gomphocarpus physocarpus E. Mey., Gonianthela axillaris (Vell.) Fontella & E.A. Schwarz, Matelea glaziovii (E. Fourn.) Morillo, Orthosia urceolata E. Fourn., Oxypetalum appendiculatum Mart., Oxypetalum capitatum subsp. capitatum Mart., Oxypetalum insigne (Decne.) Malme, Oxypetalumpachyglossum Decne., Oxypetalumpedicellatum Decne., Oxypetalum wightianum Hook. & Arn., Tassadia subulata var. subulata (Vell.) Fontella & E.A. Schwarz. São apresentadas descrições e ilustrações para todas as espécies estudadas, bem como chaves para identificação das espécies dos gêneros Ditassa e Oxypetalum tomando como base a morfologia dos polinários.

Florística e fitossociologia em parcelas permanentes da Mata Atlântica do sudeste do Brasil ao longo de um gradiente altitudinal

This paper summarizes floristic and phytossociology data of 11, out of 14 plots of 1 ha, allocated along an altitudinal gradient in the Serra do Mar, Silo Paulo, Brazil. The study was conducted at Serra do Mar State Park and the plots start at the sea level (10 m - plot of Restinga Forest that occurs at Praia da Fazenda, Picinguaba, municipality of Ubatuba) up to 1100 m above sea level (the Montane Ombrophilous Dense occurs alongside the Itamambuca Trail, municipality of Silo Luis do Paraitinga). The Restinga Forest occurs in Pleistocenic Coastal Plain where the soil is classified as a sandy Quartzipsamment (Quartzenic Neosol), while along the slopes of the Serra do Mar, the Ombrophylus Dense Forest grows on the top of a pre-Cambrian crystalline basement with granitic rocks, where the soil is a sandy-loam Dystrophic Inceptisol (Cambisol/Latosol). In all 14 plots soils are acidic (pH 3 - 4), chemically poor, with high dilution of nutrients and high saturation of aluminum. In the Restinga and at the foot of the slope the climate is Tropical/Subtropical Humid (Af/Cfa), with no dry season, an average annual rainfall over 2,200 mm and an average annual temperature of 22 degrees C. Towards the top of the Serra do Mar there is a gradual cooling along the slope, but there is no reduction in rainfall, so at 1,100 m above sea level the climate is classified as Humid Subtropical (Cfa/Cfb), with no dry season and an average annual temperature of 17 degrees C. It is important to remark that, almost daily, from 400 m above sea level up to the top of slopes the mountains are covered by a dense fog. In the 14 plots 21,733 individuals with DBH >= 4.8 cm, including trees, palms and ferns, were marked, measured and sampled. The average number of individuals sampled in each plot was 1264 ind.ha(-1)(+/- 218 SE 95%). Within the parameters considered trees prevailed (71% in the Montane ODF to 90% in the Restinga Forest), followed by palms (10% in the RF and 25% in the Montane Ombrophilous Dense Forest/ODF) and ferns (0% % in the RF and 4% in the Montane ODF). Regarding these proportions the Exploited Lowlands ODF differs from the others with only 1.8% of palm trees and striking 10% of ferns. The forest canopy is irregular with heights ranging from 7 to 9 m, rarely emergent trees reach 18 m, and due to this irregularity of the canopy the amount of light that gets through sets conditions for the development of hundreds of epiphytic species. Aside from Montana ODF, where the number of dead trees was more than 5% of individuals sampled, in the other phytophysiognomies this value was below 2.5%. In the 11 plots where the floristic study was conducted we found 562 species in 195 genera and 68 families. Only seven species - Euterpe edulis Mart. (Arecaceae), Calyptranthes lucida Mart. ex DC. and Marlierea tomentosa Cambess (both Myrtaceae), Guapira opposita (Veil.) Reitz (Nyctaginaceae), Cupania oblongifolia Mart. (Sapindaceae), Cecropia glaziovii Snethl. and Coussapoa microcarpa (Schott) Rizzini (both Urticaceae) - occurred from Restinga to Montane ODF, while 12 other species did not occur only in the Restinga Forest. Families with the greatest number of species are Myrtaceae (133 spp), Fabaceae (47 spp), Rubiaceae (49) and Lauraceae (49) throughout the gradient and Monimiaceae (21) specifically in portions Montane ODF. Only in the F plot, where logging has occurred between 1950 and 1985, the abundance of palm trees has been replaced by Cyatheaceae. The study shows a peak of diversity and richness, Shannon-Weiner index (H') ranging from 3.96 to 4.48 nats.ind(-1), in the intermediate altitudes (300 to 400 m) along the slope. Several explanations for this result are raised here, including the fact that these elevations are within the limits expansions and retractions of the different phytophysiognomies of the Atlantic ODF due to climate fluctuations during the Pleistocene. The results presented in this paper demonstrate the extraordinary richness of tree species of the Atlantic Rainforest from the northeastern coast of the State of São Paulo, reinforcing the importance of its conservation throughout the altitudinal gradient. The richness of this forest justifies a long term commitment to study its dynamics and functioning through permanent plots, and monitor the impacts of climate change in this vegetation.