The Status of Loggerhead, Caretta caretta; Kemp's Ridley, Lepidochelys kempi; and Green, Chelonia mydas, Sea Turtles in U.S. Waters: A Reconsideration

Assessing the status of widely distributed marine species can prove difficult because virtually every sampling technique has assumptions, limitations, and biases that affect the results of the study. These biases often are overlooked when the biological and nonbiological implications of the results are discussed. In a recent review, Thompson (1988) used mostly unpublished population census data derived from studies conducted by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) to draw conclusions about the status of Kemp's ridley, Lepidochelys kempi; Atlantic coast green turtles, Chelonia mydas; and the loggerhead sea turtle, Caretta caretta.

Incidental capture of loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) sea turtles by the pelagic longline fishery off southern Brazil

Incidental capture in fishing gear is one of the main sources of injury and mortality of juvenile and adult sea turtles (NRC, 1990; Lutcavage et al., 1997; Oravetz, 1999). Six out of the seven extant species of sea turtles — the leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea), the green turtle (Chelonia mydas), the loggerhead (Caretta caretta), the hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata), the olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea), and the Kemp’s ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) — are currently classified as endangered or critically endangered by the World Conservation Union (IUCN, formerly the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources), which makes the assessment and reduction of incidental capture and mortality of these species in fisheries priority conservation issues (IUCN/Species Survival Commission, 1995).

Validation and interpretation of annual skeletal marks in loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and Kemp’s ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) sea turtles

Numerous studies have applied skeletochronology to sea turtle species. Because many of the studies have lacked validation, the application of this technique to sea turtle age estimation has been called into question. To address this concern, we obtained humeri from 13 known-age Kemp’s ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) and two loggerhead (Caretta caretta) sea turtles for the purposes of examining the growth marks and comparing growth mark counts to actual age. We found evidence for annual deposition of growth marks in both these species. Corroborative results were found in Kemp’s ridley sea turtles from a comparison of death date and amount of bone growth following the completion of the last growth mark (n=76). Formation of the lines of arrested growth in Kemp’s ridley sea turtles consistently occurred in the spring for animals that strand dead along the mid- and south U.S. Atlantic coast. For both Kemp’s ridley and loggerhead sea turtles, we also found a proportional allometry between bone growth (humerus dimensions) and somatic growth (straight carapace length), indicating that size-at-age and growth rates can be estimated from dimensions of early growth marks. These results validate skeletochronology as a method for estimating age in Kemp’s ridley and loggerhead sea turtles from the southeast United States.

The international importance of the archipelago of Cape Verde for marine turtles, in particular the loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta

[ES] The shores of Cape Verde hosts one of the most important nesting populations of the loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta in the world, as well as important feeding grounds for hawksbill Eretmochelys imbricata and green turtles Chelonia mydas. In the past few years, a number of scientific studies have demonstrated the relevance of the waters and beaches of this archipelago for the conservation of these endangered marine megavertebrates. This article aims to bring together the most relevant scientific information published on the subject so far. In addition, we will provide an overview of the current situation of sea turtles in Cape Verde, their conservation status and their importance in an international context.

Caretta caretta (Loggerhead Sea Turtle). Nest Architecture.

Researchers compared nest architecture in loggerhead sea turtles at natural beaches in Florida, USA and Brazil to determine how similarities and differences in female morphology and reproductive output in these two populations are reflected in the structure of the nest.

Estudio de los sonidos emitidos por las crías de tortuga boba, Caretta caretta, en el momento de la eclosión

Las crías Caretta caretta durante la eclosión y antes de salir del nido, emiten sonidos asociados a crujido y raspado del corion, así como chillidos, silbidos y tos, en un rango de frecuencia entre los 300 y 2600 Hz. No obstante, los silbidos y chillidos, que pueden ser asociables a un sistema de vocalización, se emiten a una frecuencia (1500-2600 Hz) mucho mayor al rango de sensibilidad descrito para esta especie (250-1000 Hz) y por tanto imperceptibles para ellas. Sin embargo, los sonidos producidos como consecuencia de ejercicios de respiración y expulsión de arena de las vías respiratorias, acompañados de tos (300-1200 Hz), por parte de las crías recién eclosionadas, son los únicos sonidos que podrían servir de señal y estimulación a la eclosión del resto de crías en el nido. ABSTRACT The hatchlings Caretta caretta, during the eclosion and before the abandon of their nest, produce sounds associated to creakling and scrape of the eggshell, and howl, whistle and cough, in a frequency range between 300 and 2600 Hz. Nevertheless, the howls and whistles, that could be associated to a vocalization apparatus, were emitted at a higher frequency (1500-2600 Hz) than the auditory range describe for this species (250-1000 Hz), and therefore probably inaudible for them. However, sounds generated as a consequence of breathing exercises and sand expulsion from the airways through coughs (300- 1200 Hz), by the recently hatched turtles, could be used as signal or stimulus for the hatch of the reminder eggs in the nest.

Genetic patterns in recovered specimens of Caretta caretta from the Adriatic Sea

The Adriatic Sea is considered a feeding and developmental area for Mediterranean loggerhead turtles, but this area is severely threatened by human impacts. In the Adriatic Sea loggerhead turtles are often found stranded or floating, but they are also recovered as by-catch from fishing activities. Nevertheless, information about population structuring and origin of individuals found in the Adriatic Sea are still limited. Cooperation with fishermen and a good network of voluntary collaborators are essential for understanding their distribution, ecology and for developing conservation strategies in the Adriatic Sea. In this study, a comparative analysis of biometric data and DNA sequence polymorphism of the long fragment of the mitochondrial control region was carried out on ninety-three loggerheads recovered from three feeding areas in the Adriatic Sea: North-western, North-eastern and South Adriatic. Differences in turtles body sizes (e.g. Straight Carapace Length) among the three recovery areas and relationship between SCL and the type of recovery were investigated. The origin of turtles from Mediterranean rookeries and the use of the Adriatic feeding habitats by loggerheads in different life-stages were assessed to understand the migratory pathway of the species. The analysis of biometric data revealed a significant difference in turtle sizes between the Southern and the Northern Adriatic. Moreover, size of captured turtles resulted significantly different from the size of stranded and floating individuals. Actually, neritic sub-adults and adults are more affected by incidental captures than juveniles because of their feeding behavior. The Bayesian mixed-stock analysis showed a strong genetic relationship between the Adriatic aggregates and Mediterranean rookeries, while a low pro¬portion of individuals of Atlantic origin were detected in the Adriatic feeding grounds. The presence of migratory pathways towards the Adriatic Sea due to the surface current system was reinforced by the finding of individuals bearing haplotypes endemic to the nesting populations of Libya, Greece and Israel. A relatively high contribution from Turkey and Cyprus to the Northwest and South Adriatic populations was identified when the three sampled areas were analyzed independently. These results have to be taken in account in a conservative perspective, since coastal hazards, affecting the population of turtles feeding in the Adriatic Sea may also affect the nesting populations of the Eastern Mediterranean with a unique genetic pattern.

Monitoring and conservation of the largest loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) nesting population in Africa: successes and challenges.

[EN] The Republic of Cape Verde is situated about 500 km off the coast of Senegal, West Africa. The islands of Sal, Boa Vista and Maio constitute the Eastern group and harbour the most important nesting beaches for loggerhead turtles in the Archipelago. During 1998-2004 nesting seasons, fieldwork has been focused on the eastern beaches of Boa Vista and, occasionally, in other beaches of Boa Vista and in the islands of Maio, Sal and Santa Luzia. The main study area includes a total extension of 3.1 km of suitable nesting beaches. All through these years, a tagging program has been carried out, alongside recording of biological data and monitoring of nests.

Thermal conditions in nests of loggerhead turtles: further evidence suggesting female skewed sex ratios of hatchling production in the Mediterranean

Temperature was recorded in 23 nests of the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) and control sites of nest depth at Alagadi (35 degrees 33'N, 33 degrees 47'E), Northern Cyprus, eastern Mediterranean. Control site sand temperature was found to be highly correlated with mean daily air temperature and mean nest temperature. Mean temperature in nests ranged from 29.5 degreesC to 33.2 degreesC, with mean temperature in the middle third of incubation ranging from 29.3 degreesC to 33.7 degreesC. Hatching success was significantly correlated with incubation temperature, with nests experiencing very high temperatures exhibiting low hatching success. All nests demonstrated regular diel variation in temperature with mean daily fluctuations ranging from 0.3 degreesC to 1.4 degreesC. Increase in temperature above that of the prevailing sand temperature attributed to metabolic heating was clearly demonstrated in 14 of 15 clutches, with the mean level of metabolic heating of all nests being 0.4 degreesC. However, the level of metabolic heating varied markedly throughout the incubation period with levels being significantly higher in the final third of incubation. Incubation duration was found to be significantly correlated to both the mean temperature of nests throughout the incubation period and during the middle third of incubation. The relationship between incubation duration and mean incubation temperature was used to estimate mean incubation temperatures at most major nesting sites throughout the Mediterranean from available data on incubation durations, showing that mean incubation temperature is likely to be above 29.0 degreesC at most sites in most seasons. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Caracterização das capturas de tartaruga careta (Caretta caretta) e influência de parâmetros ambientais e pesqueiros, na pesca dirigida ao espadarte (Xiphias gladius) nos Açores

Dissertação de mest., Estudos Marinhos e Costeiros, Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e Ambiente, Univ. do Algarve, 2005

Ecologia do Ocypode cursor e impacte da predação sobre os ninhos de Caretta caretta na ilha da Boavista, República de Cabo Verde

A predação de ovos pode ter impactes severos no sucesso reprodutivo das tartarugas marinhas, com implicações ecológicas e demográficas na abundância e na dinâmica populacional destas espécies. O conhecimento da estrutura da rede trófica e da relação dinâmica entre predador e presas, e as suas abundâncias relativas tem implicações importantes para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de gestão eficiente que vise a conservação da biodiversidade, principalmente quando estão envolvidas espécies alvo que estão ameaçadas de extinção. Cabo Verde é reconhecido por suportar uma importante população nidificante de tartaruga comum Caretta caretta. O caranguejo fantasma Ocypode cursor é o predador mais voraz das posturas e dos neonatos. Em contraste com praias continentais, as ilhas possuem redes tróficas muito simples, que podem explicar interações ecológicas extremas entre pares de espécies. Ao geralmente carecerem de predadores naturais da classe dos mamíferos, os caranguejos encontram-se em grande número. Os principais objetivos deste trabalho foram aprofundar o conhecimento da ecologia do O.cursor, avaliar os níveis de predação do O.cursor sobre os ninhos de C. caretta, explorar os principais meios empregues pelo O. cursor para detetar os ninhos e os neonatos, e comparar a eficiência de duas medidas de proteção como meio de mitigação do efeito predatório em três praias de nidificação na ilha da Boavista, República de Cabo Verde. As três praias são bastante próximas entre si, mas apresentam características físicas e níveis de utilização humana distintos. A dinâmica geomorfológica litoral, a inundação pela ação de marés e a predação são as principais ameaças naturais aos ovos e às crias recémnascidas. Apesar de existirem já vários estudos sobre esta espécie no Mediterrâneo, nomeadamente em Israel, na Turquia e no Chipre, o presente estudo constitui uma abordagem pioneira da ecologia do O. cursor na região atlântica. Aspetos da ecologia e do comportamento do O. cursor foram estudados entre os meses de junho e outubro de 2010. Constatou-se que a maior parte das tocas de dimensões reduzidas se encontrava junto à linha de maré alta, enquanto que os caranguejos de maiores dimensões ocorreriam nas zonas superiores da praia. O número de tocas variou ao longo do período de estudo, aumentando em agosto graças ao recrutamento de juvenis e diminuindo em Setembro, possivelmente devido à mortalidade dos indivíduos mais velhos da população ou ao aumento da predação de ninhos de C.caretta. O O. cursor demonstrou hábitos principalmente noturnos e exibiu diferentes estratégias de alimentação. Os resultados mostraram que o caranguejo fantasma foi o único predador relevante de ovos e que este por si só reduziu consideravelmente a sobrevivência dos ovos até aos neonatos. De fato, mais de 70% dos ninhos monitorizados em cada praia exibiu sinais de predação parcial ou completa, principalmente no final do período de incubação, no entanto em anos com marés vivas extremas os ninhos acabam por perder-se antes de atingirem o ponto crítico de predação. A deteção dos ninhos pelo O.cursor poderá estar relacionada com estímulos químicos presentes na areia, aumento da temperatura no final da incubação ou vibração produzida pelos neonatos prestes a eclodir. No entanto, pouco foi possível avançar no conhecimento específico deste tópico. A utilização da rede plástica com uma malha de 1 cm2 cobrindo o ninho até 60 cm de profundidade desde a superfície da areia, provou ser uma medida efetiva na prevenção do acesso dos caranguejos ao ninho. Este método preventivo foi recomendado de forma a aumentar o sucesso reprodutivo em praias com declive acentuado e baixa densidade de ninhos, uma vez que aparenta ser uma medida efetiva e ecológica. A presença de investigadores, voluntários e atividades turísticas moderadas nas praias de nidificação poderá também reduzir a predação, ao reduzir a densidade de caranguejos pelo pisoteio contínuo. Em geral, os nossos resultados indicaram que a trasladação de ninhos para viveiros foi a medida de conservação mais efetiva e adequada permitindo o aumento da produção de neonatos, embora a sua escolha e aplicação deva ser baseada em condições específicas relacionadas com a densidade de ninhos e ameaças a cada ninho.