Cacao fino y de aroma del Ecuador : Cacao Arriba

A partir del siglo XIX con el desarrollo de la industria del chocolate en Europa, la producción de cacao se incrementó aceleradamente en Brasil y Ecuador, y más tarde a través de los colonizadores, se promovió el cultivo en África, llegando primero a Ghana y luego a Nigeria, Camerún y Costa de Marfil. El mercado mundial de cacao en grano distingue dos amplias categorías: el cacao fino y de aroma y el cacao común u ordinario. Alrededor del 95 por ciento de la producción mundial es cacao común, el cual procede en su mayoría de África, Asia, América Central y del Sur. El restante de la producción, es decir el 5 por ciento, corresponde a cacao fino y de aroma, el mismo que se produce en Ecuador, Indonesia, Papúa Nueva Guinea, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad y Tobago, entre otros (ICCO, 2009), y cuyas características distintivas de aroma y sabor son buscadas principalmente por los fabricantes de chocolates finos, por lo que reciben un plus o premio al precio base en los mercados internacionales. La demanda de cacao fino y de aroma es muy limitada y selectiva, ya que se usa en la elaboración de chocolates de calidad premium o gourmet, los mismos que para ser considerados finos deben elaborarse con más del 75 por ciento de esta variedad. En otros casos, el cacao fino y de aroma se combina con el cacao común para reducir el costo de la materia prima, en la elaboración de chocolates de calidad superior a la estándar como chocolates oscuros, tabletas y coberturas. Sin embargo, en los últimos años, el mercado de estos tipos de chocolate ha crecido en respuesta a los altos estándares de vida en los países consumidores, como son Europa y Estados Unidos. Actualmente, en el ámbito mundial, el grado de exigencia de los consumidores respecto de los alimentos se ha elevado y diversificado, en virtud del aumento de su poder de negociación, de la cantidad de información disponible, y de la oferta de una gran variedad de productos. Los consumidores buscan productos auténticos, genuinos, de identificación cultural, avalados por una tradición del saber hacer, es decir, alimentos que tengan un cuento que contar. De aquí la importancia de la Denominación de Origen como sello de certificación. En el Ecuador existe un tipo de cacao fino y de aroma único en el mundo, conocido en el país con el nombre de "Cacao Arriba" que posee características de sabor y aroma muy distintivas y valoradas a nivel mundial, como notas florales, frutales y a nuez. Este reconocimiento le permite ser competitivo en calidad, mas no en productividad, ya que los países africanos son los mayores productores a nivel mundial, y se han especializado en rendimiento y no en atributos.

delta C-13 and delta N-15 reveal significant differences in the coastal foodwebs of the seas surrounding Trinidad and Tobago

This study assessed nearshore, marine ecosystem function around Trinidad and Tobago (TT). The coastline of TT is highly complex, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Paria and the Columbus Channel, and subject to local terrestrial runoff and regional riverine inputs (e.g. the Orinoco and Amazon rivers). Coastal organisms can assimilate energy from allochthonous and autochthonous Sources, We assessed whether stable isotopes delta C-13 and delta N-15 Could be used to provide a rapid assessment of trophic interactions in primary consumers around the islands. Filter-feeding (bivalves and barnacles) and grazing organisms (gastropods and chitons) were collected from 40 marine sites during the wet season. The flesh of organisms was analysed for delta C-13 and delta N-15. Results indicate significant variation in primary consumers (by feeding guild and sampling zone). This variation was linked to different energy Sources being assimilated by consumers. Results suggest that offshore production is fuelling intertidal foodwebs; for example, a depleted delta C-13 signature in grazers from the Gulf of Paria, Columbus Channel and the Caribbean and Atlantic coastline of 9 Tobago indicates that carbon with an offshore origin (e.g. phytoplankton and dissolved organic matter) is more important than benthic or littoral algae (luring the wet season. Results also confirm findings from other studies indicating that much of the coastline is subject to Cultural eutrophication. This Study revealed that ecosystem function is spatially variable around the coastline of TT, This has clear implications for marine resource management, as a single management approach is unlikely to be successful at a national level.

Strategies for economic development in the Commonwealth Caribbean: a comparative study of the foreign economic policy strategies adopted by the Manley government in Jamaica and the Williams government in Trinidad and Tobago

This thesis compares the foreign economic poUcy dimension of the development strategies adopted by the governments of two Commonwealth caribbean countries: The Hardey government In Jamaica, and the· Williams government in Trlnidad and T ooago, The foreign economic policIes adopted by these governments appeared, on the surface~ to be markedly dissimilar. The Jamakan strategv on the one hand, emphasised self-reliance and national autonomy; and featured the espousal of radical oonaHgnment together with attempts to re-deftne the terms of the Islands externaa economIc relaUoos. The Trinidadian strategy 00 the other hand, featured Uberal externaUy-oriented growth poUctes, and close relatjoos with Western governments and financial institutions. Th1s study attempts to identify the explanatory factors that account for the apparent dlssimUarUy 1n the foreign economic policies of these two govemnents. The study is based on a comparison of how the structural bases of an underdeveloped ecooomYg and the foreign penetration and vulnerabUUy to external pressures asSOCiated wUh dependence, shape and influence foreign economic poUcy strategy. The framework views fore1gn ecooom1c strategy as an adaptive response on the part of the decision makers of a state to the coostralnts and opportunities provided by a particular situation. The · situat i 00' in this case being the events, conditions, structures and processes, associated wUh dependente and underdevelopment. The results indicate that the similarities and dissimHarities in the foreign economic policies of the governments of Jamaica and Trinidad were a reflecUon of the simHarities and dissimilarities in their respective situations. The conclusion derived suggests that If the foreign pol1cy field as an arena of choice, Is indeed one of opportunities and constraints for each and every state, then poHcy makers of smaU, weak, hlghW penetrated and vulnerable states enter thlS arena with constraints outweighing opportunities. This places effective limits 00 their decisional latitude and the range of policy options avaUable. Policy makers thus have to decide critical issues with few estabUshed precedents, in the face of domestic social and political cleavages, as wen as serious foreign pressures. This is a reflection not only of the trappings of dependence, but also of the Umned capabilities arising from the sman size of the state, and the Impact of the resource-gap In an underdeveloped economy. The Trinidadian strategy 1s UlustraUve of a development strategy made viable through a combination of a fortuitous circumstance, a confluence of the interests of influential groups» and accurate perception on the part of poUcy makers. These factors enabled policy makers to minimise some of the constraints of dependence. The faUure of Manlets strategy on the other hand, 15 iHustraUve of the problems involved tn the adoption of poUcles that work against the interest of internal and external political and economic forces. It is also tUustraUve of the consequences of the faUure 00 the part of policy makers to clarify goals, and to reconcile the values of rapid economic growth with increased self-reliance and national autonomy. These values tend to be mutuany Incompatible given the existing patterns of relations in the jnternational economy.

La prensa y el deterioro de las relaciones Colombia y Ecuador : análisis de contenido mediático de la captura de Simón Trinidad y la muerte de Raúl Reyes

En este trabajo se estudiaron los artículos publicados en las versiones online de los diarios El Tiempo (Colombia) y El Comercio (Ecuador), relacionados con dos acontecimientos de orden público que generaron tensión en las relaciones colombo-ecuatorianas. A partir de un análisis de contenido, se observó la manera como fueron cubiertos estos hechos noticiosos, el tono como se presentaron las informaciones, así como las fuentes y los géneros más empleados.