Características bioquímicas e hematológicas do pirarucu Arapaima gigas Schinz, 1822 (Arapaimidae) de cultivo semi-intensivo na Amazônia

O presente estudo comparou os níveis plasmáticos de glicose, proteínas totais, uréia, triglicerídeos e colesterol, a contagem de eritrócitos, leucócitos e trombócitos entre alevinos e juvenis de Arapaima gigas (Osteoglociformes, Arapaimidae) de uma piscicultura semi-intensiva de Manaus, estado do Amazonas, Brasil. Os alevinos de A. gigas apresentaram níveis significativamente (p<0,05) menores de proteínas totais, triglicerídeos, uréia e Volume Corpuscular Médio (VCM) e maior concentração de glicose, colesterol e hemoglobina, contagem de eritrócitos, hematócrito e Concentração da Hemoglobina Corpuscular Média (CHCM) quando comparados aos juvenis. Porém, não houve diferença significativa (p>0,05) no número de trombócitos e leucócitos totais entre alevinos e juvenis. Os juvenis de A. gigas apresentaram menor quantidade de linfócitos e maior quantidade de monócitos, neutrófilos e eosinófilos, quando comparados aos alevinos. Em estudos futuros, espécimes de A. gigas com outras idades também deverão ser comparados para melhor entendimento dos efeitos da idade neste peixe amazônico, pois estas informações, além de possibilitarem uma melhor compreensão da fisiologia desta espécie, poderão auxiliar no estabelecimento de estratégias para seu manejo.

Sex determination in the Giant fish of Amazon Basin, Arapaima gigas (Osteoglossiformes, Arapaimatidae), using laparoscopy

The Giant of Amazon basin, pirarucu, Arapaima gigas, is the largest scaled freshwater fish in the world. pirarucu cultivation has recently started, driven by the decline in natural populations and high market value. Currently, there are no reliable methods for sexual differentiation in this species other than direct examination of gonads, which requires dissection of specimens. A non-lethal and less invasive method for sexual identification is highly desirable in order to properly group broodstock for mating and offspring production. We utilized laparoscopic examination in anesthetized pirarucu to differentiate between male and female individuals. This method allowed for the observation and differentiation of the reproductive organs within an individual. Our results suggest that laparoscopy is an efficient method for sex differentiation in pirarucu causing minimal stress to the fish.

Estudos etnoictiológicos sobre o pirarucu Arapaima gigas na Amazônia Central

O presente estudo visou identificar saberes comuns entre o conhecimento científico e o conhecimento local sobre a ecologia e biologia do pirarucu (Arapaima gigas), contribuindo com informações úteis para a implementação e consolidação de projetos de manejo participativo pesqueiro na região. Foram realizadas 57 entrevistas semi-estruturadas, com pescadores profissionais de Manaus e pescadores de subsistência de Manacapuru durante o período de junho a dezembro do ano de 2002. Foi observado que os pescadores profissionais possuem informações igualmente precisas e abrangentes em relação aos saberes dos pescadores ribeirinhos de subsistência nos aspectos de reprodução, predação, migração, crescimento e mortalidade. Os aspectos que não são equivalentes entre os pescadores profissionais comerciais citadinos e ribeirinhos de subsistência são nos aspectos de tipo de alimentação e no tamanho de recrutamento pesqueiro. Concluímos que os pescadores da Amazônia central possuem os conhecimentos necessários que possibilitam o manejo participativo do pirarucu, como um profundo saber nos aspectos comportamentais, biológicos e ecológicos desta espécie, podendo assim contribuir de fato com a participação de gestão nos recursos pesqueiros locais.

First record of Trichodina heterodentata (Ciliophora: Trichodinidae) from Arapaima gigas cultivated in Peru

This study characterized morphologically Trichodina heterodentata Duncan, 1977 from cultivated fingerlings of "pirarucu" Arapaima gigas in Peru. Body and gill smears were air-dried at room temperature, impregnated with silver nitrate and/or stained with gomori trichromic. Prevalence was 100%. Trichodina heterodentata was considered a medium-sized trichodinid with mean body diameter of 56.0+ 5.25 (47.3-76.0) μm, denticulate ring 28.21± 2.71 (20-34.7) μm, adhesive disc 45.7±3.8 (37.1-57.3) μm diameter and number of denticles of 20.7± 2.6 (12-24). The present study reports not only the first occurrence of T. heterodentata in Peru but also the first record of this trichodinid infesting A. gigas. Camparative tables of all reports of T. heterodentata are also presented.

On certain portions of the skeleton of Protostega gigas [by] O. P. Hay.

v.1:no.2(1895)

Response of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, Thunberg 1793, to pesticide exposure under experimental conditions.

Pesticide run-off into the ocean represents a potential threat to marine organisms, especially bivalves living in coastal environments. However, little is known about the effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of pesticides at the individual level. In this study, the suppression subtractive hybridisation technique was used to discover the main physiological function affected by a cocktail of three pesticides (lindane, metolachlor and carbofuran) in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Two oyster populations exposed to different pollution levels in the wild were investigated. The pesticide concentrations used to induce stress were close to those found in the wild. In a time course experiment, the expression of three genes implicated in iron metabolism and oxidative stress as well as that of two ubiquitous stress proteins was examined. No clear regulation of gene or protein expression was found, potentially due to a low-dose effect. However, we detected a strong site- and organ-specific response to the pesticides. This study thus (1) provides insight into bivalve responses to pesticide pollution at the level of the transcriptome, which is the first level of response for organisms facing pollution, and (2) raises interesting questions concerning the importance of the sites and organs studied in the toxicogenomic field.

Capillostrongyloides arapaimae sp. n. (Nematoda: Capillariidae), a new intestinal parasite of the arapaima Arapaima gigas from the Brazilian Amazon

A new nematode species, Capillostrongyloides arapaimae sp. n., is described from the intestine and pyloric caeca of the arapaima, Arapaima gigas (Schinz), from the Mexiana Island, Amazon river delta, Brazil. It is characterized mainly by the length of the spicule (779-1,800 µm), the large size of the body (males and gravid females 9.39-21.25 and 13.54-27.70 mm long, respectively) and by the markedly broad caudal lateral lobes in the male. It is the third species of genus Capillostrongyloides reported to parasitize Neotropical freshwater fishes.

The depuration dynamics of oysters (Crassostrea gigas) artificially contaminated with hepatitis A virus and human adenovirus

Within the country of Brazil, Santa Catarina is a major shellfish producer. Detection of viral contamination is an important step to ensure production quality and consumer safety during this process. In this study, we used a depuration system and ultraviolet (UV) disinfection to eliminate viral pathogens from artificially infected oysters and analysed the results. Specifically, the oysters were contaminated with hepatitis A virus (HAV) or human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV5). After viral infection, the oysters were placed into a depuration tank and harvested after 48, 72 and 96 h. After sampling, various oyster tissues were dissected and homogenised and the viruses were eluted with alkaline conditions and precipitated with polyethylene glycol. The oyster samples were evaluated by cell culture methods, as well as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative-PCR. Moreover, at the end of the depuration period, the disinfected seawater was collected and analysed by PCR. The molecular assays showed that the HAdV5 genome was present in all of the depuration time samples, while the HAV genome was undetectable after 72 h of depuration. However, viral viability tests (integrated cell culture-PCR and immunofluorescence assay) indicated that both viruses were inactivated with 96 h of seawater recirculation. In conclusion, after 96 h of UV treatment, the depuration system studied in this work purified oysters that were artificially contaminated with HAdV5 and HAV.

Desarrollo sexual del paiche (arapaima gigas) en las zonas reservadas del estado (ríos Pacaya y Samiria) 1971 - 1975

Desarrolla los datos registrados en la Reserva Nacional Pacaya - Samiria, de noviembre de 1971 a noviembre de 1975, efectuado con 697 paiches hembras; donde determinaron el ciclo de desove y la longitud que alcanza el paiche en su primera madurez sexual.

Prospección pesquera del calamar gigante (dosidicus gigas) a bordo del buque japonés "Shinko Maru 2" (04 de noviembre - 17 de diciembre de 1989)

Presenta los resultados obtenidos durante la prospección efectuada a bordo del buque japonés "Shinko Maru 2" entre el 04 de noviembre y el 17 de diciembre de 1989, cuyo objetivo principal fue evaluar la factibilidad de explotar comercialmente el Dosidicus gigas (ORBIGNY) "calamar gigante" o "pota" en el mar peruano. El área de estudio comprendió desde los 03°30 ' S hasta el Callao (12°00 'S). Se emplearon dos sistemas de captura: con calamareras automáticas y luces de atracción (JIGGING) y otra con redes de deriva (DRIFT NET), llevándose a cabo 32 y 24 operaciones de pesca respectivamente.

Adaptación y reproducción de la Ostra Japonesa Crassostrea gigas en ambiente controlado. Informe preliminar

Presenta información sobre la adaptación y reproducción de la Ostra Japonesa, recurso que tiene como principal característica su amplia distribución geográfica. El estudio tiene como finalidad realizar experimentos orientados a la producción de semillas y cultivo. Los resultados del informe señalan que se logró obtener semillas bajo condiciones controladas con baja mortalidad del recurso.

Crecimiento y reclutamiento del calamar gigante Dosidicus gigas en el Perú (1991 a 1994)

Presenta las características biológicas y poblacionales del calamar gigante a fin de establecer las medidas adecuadas de explotación. Se aprecia que el calamar presenta una alta tasa de crecimiento pudiendo alcanzar tallas de 41 a 53 cm. al año de edad y se revela la presencia de dos pulsos anuales de reclutamiento, los que involucran varios meses durante primavera-verano y otoño-invierno.

Distribución y abundancia relativa del calamar gigante (Dosidicus gigas) en el Perú

Analiza los cambios producidos en los niveles de captura, esfuerzo y abundancia relativa del calamar gigante o pota (Dosidicus gigas) durante la extracción comercial realizada entre abril de 1991 y diciembre de 1994. Determina las características de la especie, su distribución, concentración, niveles de abundancia y estructura de tallas, así como un análisis comparativo entre las flotas japonesa y coreana, las mismas que presentaron valores similares de captura, esfuerzo y captura por unidad de esfuerzo (CPUE).

Distribución, captura y CPUE del calamar gigante Dosidicus gigas a bordo de buques calamareros (27 de julio al 26 de agosto de 1997)

Presenta los resultados biológicos, pesqueros y oceanográficos del muestreo complementario del calamar gigante o pota, obtenidos a bordo de las embarcaciones calamareras comerciales de bandera japonesa KIKU MARU 58 y NIKKO MARU 21, que operaron en aguas nacionales, entre julio y agosto de 1997.