Cuticular hydrocarbons of Chagas disease vectors in Mexico

Capillary gas-liquid chromatography was used to analyse the cuticular hydrocarbons of three triatomine species, Triatoma dimidiata, T. barberi and Dipetalogaster maxima, domestic vectors of Chagas disease in Mexico. Mixtures of saturated hydrocarbons of straight and methyl-branched chains were characteristic of the three species, but quantitatively different. Major methylbranched components mostly corresponded to different saturated isomers of monomethyl, dimethyl and trimethyl branched hydrocarbons ranging from 29 to 39 carbon backbones. Sex-dependant, quantitative differences in certain hydrocarbons were apparent in T. dimidiata.

Distribution and ecological aspects of Rhodnius pallescens in Costa Rica and Nicaragua and their epidemiological implications

In light of the Central American Initiative for the control of Chagas disease, efforts were made on the part of Costa Rican and Nicaraguan teams, working separately, to determine the present status of Rhodnius pallescens in areas close to the common border of the two countries, where the insect has appeared within the last few years. The opportunity was also used to establish whether R. prolixus, a vector present in some areas of Nicaragua, has been introduced in recent years into Costa Rica with Nicaraguan immigrants. It became evident that wild adults of R. pallescens are common visitors to houses in different towns of a wide area characterized as a humid, warm lowland, on both sides of the frontier. Up to the present, this bug has been able to colonize a small proportion of human dwellings only on the Nicaraguan side. There was strong evidence that the visitation of the adult bug to houses is related to the attraction of this species to electric lights. There were no indications of the presence of R. prolixus either in Nicaragua or in Costa Rica in this area of the Caribbean basin. Triatoma dimidiata, a widespread domestic species in both countries, was totally absent in the explored areas of Costa Rica but occasionally occurs on the Nicaraguan side. Serological surveys in children of both areas showed that transmission of Chagas disease takes place in a rather small degree in Costa Rica and more commonly in Nicaragua, indicating that R. pallescens could be a potential threat as a vector in this particular region.

Current situation of Chagas disease in Central America

Chagas disease in Central America is known since 1913 when the first human case was reported in El Salvador. The other Central American countries reported their first cases between 1933 and 1967. On October 1997 was launched the Central American Initiative for Chagas Disease Control (IPCA). The objectives of this sub-regional Initiative are: (1) the elimination of Rhodnius prolixus in Central America; (2) the reduction of the domiciliary infestation of Triatoma dimidiata; and (3) the elimination of the transfusion transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi. Significant advancements being close to the elimination of R. prolixus in Central America and the control of the transfusion transmission has been a transcendent achievement for the sub-region. The main challenges that the IPCA will have in the close future are: developing effective strategies for control and surveillance of T. dimidiata; and surveillance of other emerging triatominae species like R. pallescens, T. nitida, and T. ryckmani.

Distribution and infection of triatomines (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) by Trypanosoma cruzi in the state of Michoacán, Mexico

An entomological study of triatomine species was carried out to assess their prevalence in 10 localities of the state of Michoacán, Mexico. Entomological indices were calculated to estimate the risk for vector-borne transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi to the human population in this area. Four triatomine species (Triatoma barberi, Triatoma dimidiata, Meccus pallidipennis and Meccus longipennis) were collected from the study area. This is the first report of M. longipennis and T. dimidiata in Michoacán. M. pallidipennis was significantly (p < 0.05) more abundant than any of the other species collected in the study area. Infection indices were greater than 50% for each of the four collected triatomine species. Significantly more triatomines were collected from intradomiciliary areas than from peridomiciliary or sylvatic areas. Infestation, crowding and density indices were low, whereas colonisation indices were high in five localities. The current vectorial conditions in the study area require continuous entomological and serological surveillance to diminish the risk of T. cruzi transmission to human populations.

Elimination of Rhodnius prolixus in El Salvador, Central America

Epidemiological studies performed in El Salvador between 1955-1972 demonstrated a high frequency of two triatomine vectors (Triatoma dimidiata and Rhodnius prolixus). However, the frequency of R. prolixus decreased by 1976 and this species has not been found since 1995. The main factors influencing the elimination of R. prolixus in El Salvador are discussed in this paper.

Impact of a community-based bug-hunting campaign on Chagas disease control: a case study in the department of Jalapa, Guatemala

Chagas disease control requires an innovative approach to strengthen community participation in vector surveillance. This paper presents a case study of a community-based bug-hunting campaign in Guatemala. The campaign was implemented in 2007 in the following three stages: (i) a four week preparation stage to promote bug-hunting, (ii) a one week bug-hunting stage to capture and collect bugs and (iii) a 10 week follow-up stage to analyse the bugs and spray insecticide. A total of 2,845 bugs were reported, of which 7% were Triatominae vectors, such as Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma dimidiata. The bug-hunting campaign detected a five-six-fold higher amount of vectors in one week than traditional community-based surveillance detects in one year. The bug-hunting campaign effectively detected vectors during a short period, provided information to update the vector infestation map and increased community and political awareness regarding Chagas disease. This approach could be recommended as an effective and feasible strategy to strengthen vector surveillance on a larger scale.

The main sceneries of Chagas disease transmission. The vectors, blood and oral transmissions - A comprehensive review

This review deals with transmission ofTrypanosoma cruziby the most important domestic vectors, blood transfusion and oral intake. Among the vectors,Triatoma infestans,Panstrongylus megistus, Rhodnius prolixus,Triatoma dimidiata, Triatoma brasiliensis,Triatoma pseudomaculata, Triatoma sordida,Triatoma maculata, Panstrongylus geniculatus,Rhodnius ecuadoriensis and Rhodnius pallescens can be highlighted. Transmission of Chagas infection, which has been brought under control in some countries in South and Central America, remains a great challenge, particularly considering that many endemic countries do not have control over blood donors. Even more concerning is the case of non-endemic countries that receive thousands of migrants from endemic areas that carry Chagas disease, such as the United States of America, in North America, Spain, in Europe, Japan, in Asia, and Australia, in Oceania. In the Brazilian Amazon Region, since Shaw et al. (1969) described the first acute cases of the disease caused by oral transmission, hundreds of acute cases of the disease due to oral transmission have been described in that region, which is today considered to be endemic for oral transmission. Several other outbreaks of acute Chagas disease by oral transmission have been described in different states of Brazil and in other South American countries.

Búsqueda de triatóminos en el entorno familiar y presencia de la enfermedad de chagas en la población de 5 a 15 años, caserío San Rafael, cantón Guanacaste, municipio de Ciudad Barrios, departamento de San Miguel en el período de mayo a julio de 2014

La enfermedad de Chagas, también conocida como tripanosomiasis americana o Mal de Chagas-Mazza, es una enfermedad parasitaria tropical, generalmente crónica, causada por el protozoo flagelado Trypanosoma cruzi. Esta enfermedad afecta mayormente a las zonas con un gran índice de pobreza, siendo un problema en El Salvador, por lo cual se realizó el estudio de búsqueda de triatóminos en el entorno familiar y presencia de la enfermedad de Chagas en la población de 5 a 15 años, caserío San Rafael, cantón Guanaste, municipio de Ciudad Barrios, departamento de San Miguel en el período de mayo a julio de 2014. Se plantearon como Objetivos Aplicar los indicadores entomológicos en los vectores capturados y las viviendas inspeccionadas donde habita la población de 5 a 15 años de edad del caserío San Rafael y determinar la presencia de la enfermedad de Chagas en la población de 5 a 15 años de edad. La Metodología empleada en el estudio es de tipo prospectivo de corte transversal, descriptivo, de campo y de laboratorio. La población estuvo formada por 63 menores de edad y 37 viviendas. Resultados de esta investigación son: respecto a las viviendas se estudiaron 37 casas donde residen menores de 5 a 15 años de edad, encontrándose en viviendas un total de 22 vectores transmisores de la enfermedad, de las cuales en 3 (13.6%) de estas se encontraron positivas al parásito Trypanosoma cruzi; favorece a la proliferación de este vector en la comunidad el tipo de construcción de las viviendas, en las cuales predominó las casas de pared, piso y tierra con adobe, tierra y teja y bahareque, tierra y teja, respectivamente En la población se examinaron a 63 menores entre 5 a 15 años, de estos se detectaron 9 casos sospechosos y confirmaron 6 casos positivos, lo que equivale al 9% a la presencia de la enfermedad de Chagas. Conclusiones Se estudiaron 37 viviendas dado que en ellas habitan menores de 5 a 15 años, 10 de estas se encuentran infectadas con el vector. Encontrando un total de 22 chinches con un porcentaje de 27.02% de infestación de vivienda por Triatoma dimidiata. Se realizó una búsqueda dentro de las viviendas, con un índice de infestación intradomiciliar de 27.02%. A pesar de la búsqueda exhaustiva realizada en el área peridomiciliar de las viviendas no se logró encontrar el vector por lo tanto el índice de infestación peridomiciliar es de 0.0%. Al realizar la compresión abdominal de los 22 triatóminos capturados 3 resultaron positivos a la presencia del parásito, obteniéndose el índice de infestación natural de T. cruzi de 13.6%. De las chinches positivas, 2 de ellas fueron encontradas en viviendas de menores que salieron negativos a las pruebas parasitológicas directas e indirectas. Un factor importante para la detección de la enfermedad es que la comunidad esté informada completamente sobre los signos y síntomas de esta, y así evitar que la enfermedad pase desapercibida.

Enfermedad de Chagas en la población de 5 a 15 años de edad y búsqueda del vector en el ámbito familiar, caserío Los Orellana, cantón San Matías del municipio de Ciudad Barrios, departamento de San Miguel en el periodo de mayo a julio de 2014

La Enfermedad de Chagas es una enfermedad causada por un parásito llamado Trypanosoma cruzi, que puede vivir en la sangre y en los tejidos de personas y animales y en el tubo digestivo de unos insectos conocidos como triatóminos o chinches. El OBJETIVO de esta investigación fue detectar casos de la Enfermedad de Chagas en la población de 5 a 15 años de edad en el caserío Los Orellana y determinar la presencia de Triatoma dimidiata en el ámbito familiar de la población en estudio. METODOLOGÍA: El estudio fue prospectivo, transversal, descriptivo, de campo y de laboratorio. La población estuvo constituida por 66 menores en edades de 5 a 15 años que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Así como también la búsqueda de Triatoma dimidiata que se llevó a cabo en las viviendas donde se buscó el vector. Se llenó una cédula de entrevista con respuestas de los representantes de cada hogar inspeccionado la cual constaba de 8 preguntas referentes a la investigación. A los vectores capturados se les realizó la técnica de compresión abdominal en busca del parásito Trypanosoma cruzi en la deyecciones de estos. Posteriormente se procedió a tomar una muestra de sangre a los menores que participaron en el estudio para realizar las pruebas parasitológicas que fueron el frotis de sangre periférica, gota gruesa y concentrado de Strout en busca del parásito en la sangre y las pruebas serológicas de ELISA Tercera y Cuarta generación e Inmunofluorescencia Indirecta para confirmar los casos que resultaron reactivos. RESULTADOS OBTENIDOS: El porcentaje de casas infestadas con Triatoma dimidiata fue de 9 (21.43 %) habiendo capturado 28 triatóminos los cuales 3 presentaron el parásito que corresponde al 10.71 %. En los métodos parasitológicos directos (Frotis de sangre periférica, Gota gruesa y Concentrado de Strout) no se observó la presencia del parásito; El método serológico indirecto ELISA de Tercera generación dio como resultado 3 casos reactivos (4.5%) procediéndose a realizar su respectiva confirmación a través de ELISA de Cuarta generación e Inmunofluorescencia Indirecta, detectándose anticuerpos anti - Trypanosoma cruzi tipo IgG en las tres muestras. CONCLUSIÓN: Se encontró en un 21.43 % (9) de las casas la presencia del vector transmisor de la Enfermedad de Chagas los cuales se analizaron encontrándose en el 10.71 % (3) la presencia del parásito. Finalmente se encontró el 4.5 % (3) de los menores con la enfermedad en su fase crónica.

Geographic distribution and morphometric differentiation of Triatoma nitida usinger 1939 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) in Guatemala

Triatoma nitida was found in 14 (0.4%) out of 3,726 houses located in six departments across Guatemala, which were surveyed from 1994 to 1998 by the man-hour collection method. Compared to previous information, the distribution of T. nitida in Guatemala has increased from five to nine departments; the species is present in mild climates at altitudes from 960 to 1,500 m. Fourteen percent of the intradomestic T. nitida were infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. The species was often found in conjunction with other triatomines (T. dimidiata and Rhodnius prolixus). The domestic and peridomestic presence of T. nitida in Guatemala was rare, but occasionally this species was colonizing human-made constructions. T. nitida appears to have a low importance as Chagas disease vector in Guatemala, as indicated by its scarce presence in the domestic habitats and defecation patterns. However, it clearly has potential to become a Chagas vector so we recommend an on-going study of the intradomestic presence of T. nitida following the control programs in Guatemala. Morphometric analysis of 47 T. nitida males from three localities showed quantitative differences between the populations, which indicates that geographic distance is an important factor in the structuring of T. nitida populations.

Cytogenetic And Morphologic Approaches Of Hybrids From Experimental Crosses Between Triatoma Lenti Sherlock & Serafim, 1967 And T. Sherlocki Papa Et Al., 2002 (hemiptera: Reduviidae).

The reproductive capacity between Triatoma lenti and Triatoma sherlocki was observed in order to verify the fertility and viability of the offspring. Cytogenetic, morphological and morphometric approaches were used to analyze the differences that were inherited. Experimental crosses were performed in both directions. The fertility rate of the eggs in crosses involving T. sherlocki females was 65% and 90% in F1 and F2 offspring, respectively. In reciprocal crosses, it was 7% and 25% in F1 and F2 offspring, respectively. The cytogenetic analyses of the male meiotic process of the hybrids were performed using lacto-acetic orcein, C-banding and Feulgen techniques. The male F1 offspring presented normal chromosome behavior, a finding that was similar to those reported in parental species. However, cytogenetic analysis of F2 offspring showed errors in chromosome pairing. This post-zygotic isolation, which prevents hybrids in nature, may represent the collapse of the hybrid. This phenomenon is due to a genetic dysregulation that occurs in the chromosomes of F1. The results were similar in the hybrids from both crosses. Morphological features, such as color and size of connexive and the presence of red-orange rings on the femora, were similar to T. sherlocki, while wins size was similar to T. lenti in F1 offspring. The eggshells showed characteristics that were similar to species of origin, whereas the median process of the pygophore resulted in intermediate characteristics in the F1 and a segregating pattern in F2 offspring. Geometric morphometric techniques used on the wings showed that both F1 and F2 offspring were similar to T. lenti. These studies on the reproductive capacity between T. lenti and T. sherlocki confirm that both species are evolutionarily closed; hence, they are included in the brasiliensis subcomplex. The extremely reduced fertility observed in the F2 hybrids confirmed the specific status of the species that were analyzed.

Monitoramento da suscetibilidade de populações de Triatoma sordida Stål, 1859 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) ao inseticida deltametrina, na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil

INTRODUÇÃO: Populações de Triatoma sordida Stål, 1859 foram investigadas quanto à suscetibilidade à deltametrina. MÉTODOS: Análise por meio de bioensaios por aplicação tópica em 11 populações de T. sordida procedentes dos Estados de Goiás, Mato Grosso e Mato Grosso do Sul. RESULTADOS: As estimativas de DL50 e RR50 demonstraram elevados níveis de suscetibilidade (DL50 < 1 e RR50 < 2). Entretanto, as análises do coeficiente angular da curva dose resposta revelaram que as populações de triatomíneos dos municípios de Firminópolis/GO, Posse/GO, Poxoréu/MT, Douradina/MS e Aparecida do Taboado/MS apresentam maiores probabilidades de evolução de resistência, portanto, mais propícias a tolerar o tratamento com deltametrina. CONCLUSÕES: Detectaram-se pequenas alterações de suscetibilidade e baixos níveis de resistência, porém as alterações temporais de suscetibilidade deverão ser continuamente monitoradas, a fim de nortear adequadamente as ações de controle dos vetores da DC.

SUITABILITY OF A RAPID DNA ISOLATION AND AMPLIFICATION FOR DETECTION OF TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI IN TRIATOMA INFESTANS DRY FECAL SPOTS COLLECTED ON FILTER PAPER

A rapid DNA extraction was used for T. cruzi detection in triatomines dry fecal spots collected on filter paper and analyzed by PCR. Fifty T infestans were fed on experimentally infected Balb/C mice with high T. cruzi parasitemia and divided into five groups of len triatomines, and 100 triatomines were infected with lower parasitemia and divided into five groups of 20 triatomines, One dry fecal spot was analyzed per group on days 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 post feeding. Amplification targeted T. cruzi TCZ sequence and resulted positive from day 4 after bugs feeding in the two models (high and lower parasitemia). The rapid DNA isolation and PCR proposed are suitable for detection of T. cruzi DNA in in filter paper and should be considered in field research.

Dados sôbre a biologia do Triatoma arthurneivai no sudeste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil (Hemiptera, Reduviidae)

Assinala-se o encontro de focos naturais do Triatoma arthurneivai Lent e Martins, 1940, na localidade de Itupararanga, Município de Votorantim, no Estado de São Paulo. Os ecótopos apresentaram as mesmas características já assinaladas anteriormente em regiões vizinhas, ou sejam, as de espaços localizados entre lascas de pedras de «granito róseo». O triatomíneo apresentou-se associado com lagartos Tropidurus torquatus Wied. mas, no laboratório, mostrou acentuada avidez por sangue de camundongos albinos. Por outro lado, a infecção experimental com Trypanosoma cruzi (cêpa F-1) foi obtida com facilidade. Em vista dos dados coletados, os autores permitem-se tecer considerações sôbre a possibilidade desse hemíptero vir a desempenhar algum papel transmissor, na natureza.

Medida da infestação domiciliar por Triatoma infestans

Em conjunto de 27 edifícios situados na localidade denominada Bairro da Ilha, no Município de Salto de Pirapora, Estado de São Paulo, procurou-se aplicar o método de Gómez-Núñez para a seleção de casas infestadas pelo Triatoma infestans. Comparando com o processo de inspeção domiciliar mediante a captura manual, porém sem o emprêgo de substâncias insetífugas, o método revelou-se equivalente. Contudo, êle traz vantagens que não podem ser desprezadas. Entre outras, ressaltam a sua uniformidade e o baixo custo. Através o levantamento da percentagem de caixas positivas até a segunda semana de observação, pode-se também estimar o grau de infestação local. Nesta pesquisa, revelou índice de Tipo III. O significado e classificação desses índices deverá ser objeto de maiores investigações. Contudo, no que pese a necessidade de maior número de ensaios, o método poderá vir a ser de bastante utilidade na avaliação de localidades submetidas a expurgos, sejam êles seletivos ou não.