Expansao das lavouras de soja e trigo no Estado de São Paulo

Shows the viability of using the Trend Surface Analysis (TSA) in studies of the distribution of items of geographical interest in time and space; tests comparatively the techniques of cartographic representation conventionally used in TSA. It follows that the TSA offers more resources for analyses of the spatial items behaviour than the techniques commonly employed for the same purpose.- English summary

Análise de superfície de tendência aplicada à chuva, medida por radar meteorológico, nas regiões de Assis e Piracicaba, SP

This paper presents the results from lineal trend surface analysis technique application. The purpose was to detect positive and negative anomalies in the rain measure distribution obtained by the meteorological radar Doppler, band S, located in Bauru, during the period of 21 of October/2004 to 29 of April/2005 in the areas of Assis and Piracicaba. Using three Z-R radar relations for rain quantification was chosen the specific equation Z = 32R1,65, as the best one. The results showed that the applied methodology was able to indicate the space distribution of the rain accumulated, identifying and locating the regions where there was rainy excess and rainy lack during each analyzed period. Such results indicate areas with larger pluvial impact and consequently more favorable for environmental damages.

Desenvolvimento de uma Plataforma de Software para a Modelagem Digital de Terrenos baseada em TIN

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Impacto do balanço hídrico em diferentes tipos de solos: comparação entre dados de radar-pluviômetro e análise de tendência da chuva em área agrícola

Pós-graduação em Geociências e Meio Ambiente - IGCE

Uso de sombras na correção do efeito vinhete

When registering spectral radiance from surface targets, digital numbers recorded by the imagery sensor may vary. Such variation causes imperfections on the images coming from aerial surveys. Variation in the image brightness related to the distance from the center of the image is known as the vignetting effect. Correcting this effect aims at achieving an homogeneous image brightness. The purpose of this paper is to present a specific methodology to determine a model in order to minimize this vignette effect based on a model fit by Least Squares Method (LSM), using digital numbers (DN) from shadowed regions. The main hypothesis is that the recorded DN of shadow pixels should be suitable to model the vignetting effect. Considering that the vignetting effect could be modeled as a trend of spatial image variation, a trend surface analysis of a sample of pixels from shadowed regions was carried out. Two approaches were adopted to represent the shadow regions of an image. The first one takes into account the components R, G, B of the aerial image within the visible spectral band, and the second one considers the component I of the HSI image. In order to evaluate the methodology, a study case with a color aerial image was carried out. The findings showed that the best results were obtained by applying the model in the RGB components, which allows to conclude that the vignetting effect can be modeled based on trend surfaces fit on shadow regions DN.

fuzzySim: Fuzzy similarity in species distributions

fuzzySim is an R package for calculating fuzzy similarity in species occurrence patterns. It includes functions for data preparation, such as converting species lists (long format) to presence-absence tables (wide format), obtaining unique abbreviations of species names, or transposing (parts of) complex data frames; and sample data sets for providing practical examples. It can convert binary presence-absence to fuzzy occurrence data, using e.g. trend surface analysis, inverse distance interpolation or prevalence-independent environmental favourability modelling, for multiple species simultaneously. It then calculates fuzzy similarity among (fuzzy) species distributions and/or among (fuzzy) regional species compositions. Currently available similarity indices are Jaccard, Sørensen, Simpson, and Baroni-Urbani & Buser.

Origin of a trend in ECMWF wind analysis and its objective removal

The suitability of the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) operational wind analysis for the period 1980-1991 for studying interannual variability is examined. The changes in the model and the analysis procedure are shown to give rise to a systematic and significant trend in the large scale circulation features. A new method of removing the systematic errors at all levels is presented using multivariate EOF analysis. Objectively detrended analysis of the three-dimensional wind field agrees well with independent Florida State University (FSU) wind analysis at the surface. It is shown that the interannual variations in the detrended surface analysis agree well in amplitude as well as spatial patterns with those of the FSU analysis. Therefore, the detrended analyses at other levels as well are expected to be useful for studies of variability and predictability at interannual time scales. It is demonstrated that this trend in the wind field is due to the shift in the climatologies from the period 1980-1985 to the period 1986-1991.

Valve disease in chronic venous disorders: a quantitative ultrastructural analysis by transmission electron microscopy and stereology

INTRODUCTION: The ultrastructure of venous valves and walls in chronic venous disease was investigated. METHODS: Consecutive patients were categorised into one of three groups (group A: patients with C1 venous disease in accordance with CEAP (Clinical severity, Etiology, Anatomy, Pathophysiology); group B: C2 and C3; group C: C4, C5 and C6). The terminal or preterminal valve and adjacent vessel wall was harvested from the great saphenous vein. Sections were examined with a transmission electron microscope. The volumes of elastin and of collagen per unit surface area of valve were assessed, as well as the surface endothelium of valve and vessel wall. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 17 patients. The elastin ratio was analysed by means of stereology. Mean values were: in group A, 0.45 μm3/m2; in group B, 0.67 μm3/m2; in group C, 0.97 μm3/m2. The ratio was similar for collagen (A, 15.7 μm3/m2; B, 26.8 μm3/m2; C, 30.1 μm3/m2). Surface analysis of the valve endothelium and the adjacent vessel wall endothelium showed a trend towards increasing damage with more severe disease. CONCLUSIONS: With progression of venous disease, the valve elastin content, assessed morphologically, seems to increase, and the endothelium of the venous valve and the vein wall tend to show more damage.

Surface sulfur measurements on stratospheric particles

The surface chemistries of three particulate samples collected from the lower stratosphere have been determined using a Scanning Auger Microprobe (SAM). These samples are typical of the most abundant natural and anthropogenic particles observed within the stratosphere in the >2µm diameter size fraction. Successive sputtering and analysis below the first few adsorbed monolayers of all particles shows the presence of a thin <150A) sulphur layer. These sulphur regions probably formed by surface reaction of sulphur-rich aerosols with each particle within the stratosphere. Settling rate calculations show that a typical sphere (10µm diameter) may reside within the aerosol layer for ~20 days and thus, provide a qualitative guide to surface sulphur reaction rates.

Automated surface sampling of lipids from worn contact lenses coupled with tandem mass spectrometry

The deposition of biological material (biofouling) onto polymeric contact lenses is thought to be a major contributor to lens discomfort and hence discontinuation of wear. We describe a method to characterize lipid deposits directly from worn contact lenses utilizing liquid extraction surface analysis coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LESA-MS/MS). This technique effected facile and reproducible extraction of lipids from the contact lens surfaces and identified lipid molecular species representing all major classes present in human tear film. Our data show that LESA-MS/MS is a rapid and comprehensive technique for the characterization of lipid-related biofouling on polymer surfaces.

Experimental and Theoretical Charge Density Analysis of Polymorphic Structures: The Case of Coumarin 314 Dye

Experimental charge density distributions in two known conformational polymorphs (orange and yellow) of coumarin 314 dye are analyzed based on multipole modeling of X-ray diffraction data collected at 100 K. The experimental results are compared with the charge densities derived from multipole modeling of theoretical structure factors obtained from periodic quantum calculation with density functional theory (DFT) method and B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory. The presence of disorder at the carbonyl oxygen atom of ethoxycarbonyl group in the yellow form, which was not identified earlier, is addressed here. The investigationof intermolecular interactions, based on Hirshfeld surface analysis and topological properties via quantum theory of atoms in molecule and total electrostatic interaction energies, revealed significant differences between the polymorphs. The differences of electrostatic nature in these two polymorphic forms were unveiled via construction of three-dimensional deformation electrostatic potential maps plotted over the molecular surfaces. The lattice energies evaluated from ab initio calculations on the two polymorphic forms indicate that the yellow form is likely to be the most favorable thermodynamically. The dipole moments derived from experimental and theoretical charge densities and also from Lorentz tensor approach are compared with the single-molecule dipole moments. In each case, the differences of dipole moments between the polymorphs are identified.

Halogen Bonding in 2,5-Dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone: Insights from Experimental and Theoretical Charge Density Analysis

Experimental charge density distribution in 2, 5-dichloro-1, 4-benzoquinone has been carried out using high resolution X-ray diffraction data at 90 K to quantitatively evaluate the nature of C-Cl center dot center dot center dot O=C halogen bond in molecular crystals. Additionally, the halogen bond is studied from geometrical point of view and the same has been visualized using Hirshfeld surface analysis. The obtained results from experimental charge density analysis are compared with periodic quantum calculations using B3LYP 6-31G(d,p) level of theory. The topological values at bond critical point, three-dimensional static deformation density features and electrostatic potential isosurfaces unequivocally establish the attractive nature of C-Cl center dot center dot center dot O=C halogen bond in crystalline lattice.