O Brasil na historiografia inglesa dos anos joaninos

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Efeito protetor da proteína anti-inflamatória Galectina-1 sobre o processo de uveíte induzida pelo inflamógeno lipopolissacarídeo

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Modelo experimental de conjuntivite alérgica: efeito do tratamento farmacológico com a proteína anti-inflamatória galectina - 1

Pós-graduação em Genética - IBILCE

The essential role of annexin A1 mimetic peptide in the skin allograft survival

Immunosuppressive drugs have a critical role in inhibiting tissue damage and allograft rejection.Studies have demonstrated the anti-infl ammatory effects of the annexin A1 (AnxA1) in the regulationof transmigration and apoptosis of leucocytes. In the present study, an experimental skin allograftmodel was used to evaluate a potential protective effect of AnxA1 in transplantation survival. Micewere used for the skin allograft model and pharmacological treatments were carried out using eitherthe AnxA1 mimetic peptide Ac2-26, with or without cyclosporine A (CsA), starting 3 days beforesurgery until rejection. Graft survival, skin histopathology, leucocyte transmigration and expressionof AnxA1 and AnxA5 post-transplantation were analysed. Pharmacological treatment with Ac2-26increased skin allograft survival related with inhibition of neutrophil transmigration and inductionof apoptos is, thereby reducing the tissue damage compared with control animals. Moreover, AnxA1and AnxA5 expression increased after Ac2-26 treatment in neutrophils. Interestingly, thecombination of Ac2-26 and cyclosporine A showed similar survival of transplants when compared withthe cyclosporine A group, which could be attributed to a synergistic effect of both drugs. Investigationsin vitro revealed that cyclosporine A inhibited extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphory-lation induced by Ac2-26 in neutrophils. Overall, the results suggest that AnxA1 has an essential role inaugmenting the survival of skin allograft, mainly owing to inhibition of neutrophil transmigration andenhancement of apoptosis. This effect may lead to the development of new therapeutic approachesrelevant to transplant rejection.

Tratamento cirúrgico de canino incluso em mento: relato de caso

The mandibular and maxillary canines when well positioned in the arch, are important functionally and aesthetically. Although these teeth are frequently malpositioned in the dental arch, their absence of eruption are not common, occuring more frequently with the maxillary canine than the mandibular canine. The canine transmigration is a well-known pre eruptive phenomenon in which the tooth goes thru the facial midline, occurring more frequently in the mandible than in maxila. Females are more susceptible than males and the right side more than the left one. Normally the patients do not show any symptoms, and this condition is observed during radiographic exams to diagnose the late exfoliation of the deciduous canine or for any other purpose. Due to the relationship between impacted canines and pathologic lesions, infection, trauma to the adjacent teeth, pain, ectopic eruption and interference with prosthesis, it´s indicated the surgical extraction of these teeth. The goal of this article is to describe and discuss the surgical treatment of an impacted canine (43) in the chin.

Recognition of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri by dendritic cells: distinct dendritic cell activation states

The innate and adaptive immune responses of dendritic cells (DCs) to enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) infection were compared with DC responses to Shigella flexneri infection. EIEC triggered DCs to produce interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, whereas S. flexneri induced only the production of TNF-alpha. Unlike S. flexneri, EIEC strongly increased the expression of toll like receptor (TLR)-4 and TLR-5 in DCs and diminished the expression of co-stimulatory molecules that may cooperate to inhibit CD4(+) T-lymphocyte proliferation. The inflammation elicited by EIEC seems to be related to innate immunity both because of the aforementioned results and because only EIEC were able to stimulate DC transmigration across polarised Caco-2 cell monolayers, a mechanism likely to be associated with the secretion of CC chemokine ligands (CCL) 20 and TNF-alpha. Understanding intestinal DC biology is critical to unravelling the infection strategies of EIEC and may aid in the design of treatments for infectious diseases.

Comparative analysis of the pathological events involved in immune and non-immune TRALI models

Background and Objectives Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is characterized by leukocyte transmigration and alveolar capillary leakage shortly after transfusion. TRALI pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. In some cases, the infusion of alloantibodies (immune model), whereas in others the combination of neutrophil priming by proinflammatory molecules with the subsequent infusion of biological response modifiers (BRMs) in the hemocomponent (non-immune model) have been implicated. Our aim was to compare the pathological events involved in TRALI induced by antibodies or BRMs using murine models. Materials and Methods In the immune model, human HNA-2+ neutrophils were incubated in vitro with a monoclonal antibody (anti-CD177, clone 7D8) directed against the HNA-2 antigen and injected i.v. in NOD/SCID mice. In the non-immune model, BALB/c mice were treated with low doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) followed by platelet-activating factor (PAF) infusion 2 h later. Forty minutes after PAF administration, or 6 h after neutrophil injection, lungs were isolated and histological analysis, determination of a variety of cytokines and chemokines including keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC), MIP-2, the interleukins IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8 as well as TNFa, cell influx and alveolar capillary leakage were performed. Results In both models, characteristic histological findings of TRALI and an increase in KC and MIP-2 levels were detected. In contrast to the immune model, in the non-immune model, there was a dramatic increase in IL-1 beta and TNFa. However, capillary leakage was only detected if PAF was administrated. Conclusions Regardless of the triggering event(s), KC, MIP-2 and integrins participate in TRALI pathogenesis, whereas PAF is essential for capillary leakage when two events are involved.

Untersuchungen zur induzierbaren Expression des Adhäsionsmoleküls E-Selektin und dessen potentieller Bedeutung bei der Tumormetastasierung

In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass sowohl die durch TNFalpha-, als auch durch Röntgenstrahlen vermittelte Expression des Adhäsionsmoleküls E-Selektin in Endothelzellen durch kleine GTPasen der Rho-Proteinfamilie reguliert ist. Hemmung dieser kleinen G-Proteine z.B. durch HMG-CoA Reduktase-Inhibitoren (Statine) oder clostridiale Toxine führt zu verminderter Expression von E-Selektin in humanen Endothelzellen (HUVEC; EA.hy-926). Aus den in der Arbeit erhaltenen Ergebnissen kann außerdem die Schlussfolgerung gezogen werden, dass die Regulation der zytokininduzierten E-Selektin-Genexpression von der gamma-Strahlen-vermittelten Expression des E-Selektingens differiert. Für die strahleninduzierte endotheliale E-Selektin-Expression scheint beispielsweise der Transkriptionsfaktor AP-1 als ein weiterer Kontrollfaktor neben NF-kappaB zu fungieren. Des Weiteren konnte in der vorliegenden Arbeit gezeigt werden, dass eine gesteigerte E-Selektin-Proteinexpression mit erhöhter Tumorzelladhäsion und -transmigration an bzw. durch humane Endothelzellen korreliert. Hemmung der TNFalpha- bzw. gamma-Strahlen-induzierten Expression von E-Selektin durch Statine oder Retinsäuren ist ausreichend, sowohl Tumorzelladhäsion als auch Tumorzelldiapedese zu reduzieren. Zusammenfassend lässt sich festhalten, dass das Adhäsionsmolekül E-Selektin eine vielversprechende Zielstruktur ist, über deren kontrollierte Beeinflussung es auch in vivo möglich sein sollte, das Risiko der Metastasierung zu reduzieren. Mit Statinen und Retinsäurederivaten wurden somit Pharmaka identifiziert, die durch Hemmung der Rho-regulierten E-Selektin-Expression der Tumorzellmetastasierung vorbeugen könnten. Um diese Hypothese in zukünftigen tierexperimentelle Studien zu bestätigen, wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit mit der Generierung transgener Tiermodelle begonnen.

Untersuchungen zu Migration, Homing und Effektor-Funktionen humaner T-Lymphozyten in NOD.Cg-Prkdc scid Il2r gtm1Wjl, SzJ-Mäusen im Rahmen der allogenen hämatopoetischen Stammzelltransplantation

Die akute myeloische Leukämie (AML) zählt zu den aggressivsten neoplastischen Erkrankungenrnder Hämatopoese. Die Mehrheit der Patienten mit AML erreicht nach Induktions-rnChemotherapie den Zustand der kompletten Remission, jedoch erleiden mehr als die Hälfterndieser Patienten anschließend einen Rückfall und versterben an den Folgen der Erkrankungrn[1]. Die allogene hämatopoetische Stammzelltransplantation (engl.: hematopoietic stem cellrntransplantation, HSCT) stellt die einzig putativ kurative Behandlungsform für rezidierendernPatienten und solche mit schlechter Prognose dar. Jedoch birgt diese Form der Therapiernauch eine Vielzahl an Risiken. Insbesondere das Auftreten einer akuten Transplantat-gegen-rnWirt-Erkrankung (engl.: graft-versus-host disease, GvHD) stellt die Hauptursache für transplantationsassoziierternMortalität und Morbidität dar [2]. Die Depletion von alloreaktiven zytotoxischenrnT Lymphozyten (CTL) aus dem Transplantat ermöglicht zwar die Prävention derrnEntstehung einer GvH-Erkrankung, jedoch häufig unter gleichzeitigem Verlust des förderlichen,rnanti-leukämischen Transplantat-gegen-Leukämie-Effekts (engl.: graft-versus-leukemia,rnGvL) [3]. Um den GvL-Effekt unter Vermeidung einer GvH-Erkrankung zu erhalten, bietetrnsich der gezielte adoptive Transfer von Leukämie-spezifischen, nicht alloreaktiven CTL alsrnattraktive Strategie der Immuntherapie für AML-Patienten nach allogener HSCT an. In derrnvorliegenden Arbeit konnte erfolgreich ein prä-klinisches murines AML-Modell unter Einsatzrndes stark immundefizienten NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ- (NSG-) Mausstamms und primärenrnAML-Blasten durch die Optimierung bereits publizierter Protokolle etabliert werden.rnBei zehn von 17 transplantierten primären AML-Proben konnte ein erfolgreiches Engraftmentrnder humanen Zellen und eine Rekonstitution der humanen Neoplasie in den NSG-Mäusenrnerzielt werden. Die Engraftment-Rate betrug somit 58,82% und lag etwas unter dem aus derrnLiteratur bekannten Wert von 65-70% [4, 5]. Es ließen sich gut, intermediär und schlecht anwachsendernAML-Proben anhand der Engraftment-Stärke und -Reproduzierbarkeit voneinanderrnunterscheiden. Anhand der Analyse von für das Engraftment kritischer Parameter konnternein Zusammenhang zwischen Engraftment-Rate in der Maus und Flt3-Mutationsstatus sowiernFAB-Klassifikation des Patienten hergestellt und somit Angaben aus der Literatur bestätigtrnwerden. Für zwei Patienten-spezifische AML-Modelle, MZ580 und MZ308, konnten in vitrornerfolgreich AML-reaktive, über einzelne bzw. duale HLA-Diskrepanzen restringierte CTLPopulationenrngeneriert und über einen Zeitraum von bis zu 70 Tagen expandiert werden.rnDeren adoptiver Transfer in zuvor mit humanen AML-Blasten inokulierte NSG-Mäuse führternzu einer nahezu vollständigen Eradikation der AML-Blasten und Remission der Versuchstiere.rnAnhand unterschiedlich langer in vitro Kultur-Zeiträume konnte ein für die in vivo ausgeübtenrnEffektor-Funktionen optimaler Reifungszustand der CTL-Populationen von maximalrn28 Tagen bestimmt werden. Die kinetische Analyse der lytischen Aktivität in vivo deutete auf eine relativ schnelle Ausübung der Effektor-Funktionen durch die CTL-Populationen innerhalbrnvon zwei bis 24 Stunden nach adoptivem Transfer hin. Durch die Verwendung von inrnvitro generierten EBV-reaktiven CTL aus einem irrelevanten Spender konnte zudem die Spezifitätrnder in vivo ausgeübten Effektor-Funktionen nachgewiesen werden. Die ex vivo Re-rnIsolation adoptiv transferierter CTL und deren in vitro Analyse in einem IFNγ ELISpot wiesrneine konstante Reaktivität der Zellen ohne Induktion einer Xeno-Reaktivität nach. Die zurrnVerbesserung der Persistenz humaner CTL-Populationen eingesetzten autologen CD4+ TrnZellen zeigten nur im AML MZ308-System eine positive Wirkung. Generell konnte die Persistenzrnin vivo jedoch trotz initialer Substitution mit den Zytokinen IL-2 und IL-7 nicht über einenrnZeitraum von sieben Tagen hinaus aufrechterhalten werden.rnZur Untersuchung des Extravasations-Mechanismus humaner T Zellen über murines Endothelrnwurden sowohl Flusskammer- als auch Transwell-Studien durchgeführt, um die molekularenrnGrundlagen des Adhäsions- und Transmigrationsprozesses aufzuklären. Durch denrnparallelen Einsatz humaner und muriner T Zellen auf murinen Endothelzellen unter Zusatzrnfunktionsblockierender monoklonaler Antikörper konnte gezeigt werden, dass derrnExtravasations-Mechanismus beider Spezies auf Interaktionen homologer Adhäsionsmolekül-rnPaare, nämlich VLA-4–VCAM-1 und LFA-1–ICAM-1, beruht. Für einzelne Moleküle konntenrnin Abhängigkeit der eingesetzten Endothelzellen Unterschiede in der Funktionalität zwischenrnden Spezies identifiziert werden. Der Adhäsionsprozess war durch die Blockade derrnVLA-4–VCAM-1-Interaktion stärker inhibierbar als durch die Blockade von LFA-1–ICAM-1.rnDie Transmigration hingegen war durch die Blockade beider Adhäsionsmolekül-Paare vergleichbarrnstark inhibierbar.

Migration of immature mouse DC across resting endothelium is mediated by ICAM-2 but independent of beta2-integrins and murine DC-SIGN homologues

Immature dendritic cells (DC) reside in tissues where they initiate immune responses by taking up foreign antigens. Since DC have a limited tissue half-life, the DC pool in tissues has to be replenished constantly. This implies that precursor/immature DC must be able to cross non-activated endothelium using as yet unknown mechanisms. Here we show that immature, but not mature bone marrow-derived murine DC migrate across resting endothelial monolayers in vitro. We find that endothelial intercellular adhesion molecule-2 (ICAM-2) is a major player in transendothelial migration (TEM) of immature DC, accounting for at least 41% of TEM. Surprisingly, the ICAM-2-mediated TEM was independent of beta2-integrins, the known ICAM-2 ligands, since neither blocking of beta2-integrins with antibodies nor the use of CD18-deficient DC affected the ICAM-2-specific TEM. In humans, the C-type lectin DC-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) was shown to interact with ICAM-2, suggesting a similar role in mice. However, we find that none of the murine DC-SIGN homologues mDC-SIGN, murine DC-SIGN-related molecule-1 (mSIGN-R1) and mSIGN-R3 is expressed on the surface of bone marrow-derived mouse DC. Taken together, this study shows that ICAM-2 strongly supports transmigration of immature DC across resting endothelium by interacting with ligands that are distinct from beta2-integrins and DC-SIGN homologues.

Perivascular spaces and the two steps to neuroinflammation

Immune cells enter the central nervous system (CNS) from the circulation under normal conditions for immunosurveillance and in inflammatory neurologic diseases. This review describes the distinct anatomic features of the CNS vasculature that permit it to maintain parenchymal homeostasis and which necessitate specific mechanisms for neuroinflammation to occur. We review the historical evolution of the concept of the blood-brain barrier and discuss distinctions between diffusion/transport of solutes and migration of cells from the blood to CNS parenchyma. The former is regulated at the level of capillaries, whereas the latter takes place in postcapillary venules. We summarize evidence that entry of immune cells into the CNS parenchyma in inflammatory conditions involves 2 differently regulated steps: transmigration of the vascular wall into the perivascular space and progression across the glia limitans into the parenchyma.

VE-PTP maintains the endothelial barrier via plakoglobin and becomes dissociated from VE-cadherin by leukocytes and by VEGF

We have shown recently that vascular endothelial protein tyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP), an endothelial-specific membrane protein, associates with vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin and enhances VE-cadherin function in transfected cells (Nawroth, R., G. Poell, A. Ranft, U. Samulowitz, G. Fachinger, M. Golding, D.T. Shima, U. Deutsch, and D. Vestweber. 2002. EMBO J. 21:4885-4895). We show that VE-PTP is indeed required for endothelial cell contact integrity, because down-regulation of its expression enhanced endothelial cell permeability, augmented leukocyte transmigration, and inhibited VE-cadherin-mediated adhesion. Binding of neutrophils as well as lymphocytes to endothelial cells triggered rapid (5 min) dissociation of VE-PTP from VE-cadherin. This dissociation was only seen with tumor necrosis factor alpha-activated, but not resting, endothelial cells. Besides leukocytes, vascular endothelial growth factor also rapidly dissociated VE-PTP from VE-cadherin, indicative of a more general role of VE-PTP in the regulation of endothelial cell contacts. Dissociation of VE-PTP and VE-cadherin in endothelial cells was accompanied by tyrosine phoshorylation of VE-cadherin, beta-catenin, and plakoglobin. Surprisingly, only plakoglobin but not beta-catenin was necessary for VE-PTP to support VE-cadherin adhesion in endothelial cells. In addition, inhibiting the expression of VE-PTP preferentially increased tyrosine phosphorylation of plakoglobin but not beta-catenin. In conclusion, leukocytes interacting with endothelial cells rapidly dissociate VE-PTP from VE-cadherin, weakening endothelial cell contacts via a mechanism that requires plakoglobin but not beta-catenin.

Functions of lipid raft membrane microdomains at the blood-brain barrier

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly specialized structural and functional component of the central nervous system that separates the circulating blood from the brain and spinal cord parenchyma. Brain endothelial cells (BECs) that primarily constitute the BBB are tightly interconnected by multiprotein complexes, the adherens junctions and the tight junctions, thereby creating a highly restrictive cellular barrier. Lipid-enriched membrane microdomain compartmentalization is an inherent property of BECs and allows for the apicobasal polarity of brain endothelium, temporal and spatial coordination of cell signaling events, and actin remodeling. In this manuscript, we review the role of membrane microdomains, in particular lipid rafts, in the BBB under physiological conditions and during leukocyte transmigration/diapedesis. Furthermore, we propose a classification of endothelial membrane microdomains based on their function, or at least on the function ascribed to the molecules included in such heterogeneous rafts: (1) rafts associated with interendothelial junctions and adhesion of BECs to basal lamina (scaffolding rafts); (2) rafts involved in immune cell adhesion and migration across brain endothelium (adhesion rafts); (3) rafts associated with transendothelial transport of nutrients and ions (transporter rafts).

Slit2 prevents neutrophil recruitment and renal ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Neutrophils recruited to the postischemic kidney contribute to the pathogenesis of ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), which is the most common cause of renal failure among hospitalized patients. The Slit family of secreted proteins inhibits chemotaxis of leukocytes by preventing activation of Rho-family GTPases, suggesting that members of this family might modulate the recruitment of neutrophils and the resulting IRI. Here, in static and microfluidic shear assays, Slit2 inhibited multiple steps required for the infiltration of neutrophils into tissue. Specifically, Slit2 blocked the capture and firm adhesion of human neutrophils to inflamed vascular endothelial barriers as well as their subsequent transmigration. To examine whether these observations were relevant to renal IRI, we administered Slit2 to mice before bilateral clamping of the renal pedicles. Assessed at 18 hours after reperfusion, Slit2 significantly inhibited renal tubular necrosis, neutrophil and macrophage infiltration, and rise in plasma creatinine. In vitro, Slit2 did not impair the protective functions of neutrophils, including phagocytosis and superoxide production, and did not inhibit neutrophils from killing the extracellular pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. In vivo, administration of Slit2 did not attenuate neutrophil recruitment or bacterial clearance in mice with ascending Escherichia coli urinary tract infections and did not increase the bacterial load in the livers of mice infected with the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. Collectively, these results suggest that Slit2 may hold promise as a strategy to combat renal IRI without compromising the protective innate immune response.

Wnt activation of immortalized brain endothelial cells as a tool for generating a standardized model of the blood brain barrier in vitro

Reproducing the characteristics and the functional responses of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vitro represents an important task for the research community, and would be a critical biotechnological breakthrough. Pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries provide strong demand for inexpensive and easy-to-handle in vitro BBB models to screen novel drug candidates. Recently, it was shown that canonical Wnt signaling is responsible for the induction of the BBB properties in the neonatal brain microvasculature in vivo. In the present study, following on from earlier observations, we have developed a novel model of the BBB in vitro that may be suitable for large scale screening assays. This model is based on immortalized endothelial cell lines derived from murine and human brain, with no need for co-culture with astrocytes. To maintain the BBB endothelial cell properties, the cell lines are cultured in the presence of Wnt3a or drugs that stabilize β-catenin, or they are infected with a transcriptionally active form of β-catenin. Upon these treatments, the cell lines maintain expression of BBB-specific markers, which results in elevated transendothelial electrical resistance and reduced cell permeability. Importantly, these properties are retained for several passages in culture, and they can be reproduced and maintained in different laboratories over time. We conclude that the brain-derived endothelial cell lines that we have investigated gain their specialized characteristics upon activation of the canonical Wnt pathway. This model may be thus suitable to test the BBB permeability to chemicals or large molecular weight proteins, transmigration of inflammatory cells, treatments with cytokines, and genetic manipulation.