Functional switch between motor tracts in the presence of the mAb IN-1 in the adult rat

Fine finger and hand movements in humans, monkeys, and rats are under the direct control of the corticospinal tract (CST). CST lesions lead to severe, long-term deficits of precision movements. We transected completely both CSTs in adult rats and treated the animals for 2 weeks with an antibody that neutralized the central nervous system neurite growth inhibitory protein Nogo-A (mAb IN-1). Anatomical studies of the rubrospinal tracts showed that the number of collaterals innervating the cervical spinal cord doubled in the mAb IN-1- but not in the control antibody-treated animals. Precision movements of the forelimb and fingers were severely impaired in the controls, but almost completely recovered in the mAb IN-1-treated rats. Low threshold microstimulation of the motor cortex induced a rapid forelimb electromyography response that was mediated by the red nucleus in the mAb IN-1 animals but not in the controls. These findings demonstrate an unexpectedly high capacity of the adult central nervous system motor system to sprout and reorganize in a targeted and functionally meaningful way.

Mutations in the MSH3 gene preferentially lead to deletions within tracts of simple repetitive DNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Eukaryotic genomes contain tracts of DNA in which a single base or a small number of bases are repeated (microsatellites). Mutations in the yeast DNA mismatch repair genes MSH2, PMS1, and MLH1 increase the frequency of mutations for normal DNA sequences and destabilize microsatellites. Mutations of human homologs of MSH2, PMS1, and MLH1 also cause microsatellite instability and result in certain types of cancer. We find that a mutation in the yeast gene MSH3 that does not substantially affect the rate of spontaneous mutations at several loci increases microsatellite instability about 40-fold, preferentially causing deletions. We suggest that MSH3 has different substrate specificities than the other mismatch repair proteins and that the human MSH3 homolog (MRP1) may be mutated in some tumors with microsatellite instability.

Kitāb Soḥbat ōrang ber-dōsa: [The friend of sinners; a collection of pious tracts in the Malay language]

Lithographed.

Tracts for computers.

Mode of access: Internet.

The Scholar armed against the errors of the time ; or, A collection of tracts on the principles and evidences of Christianity, the constitution of the Church, and the authority of civil government ... /

Edited by William Jones. Cf. Halkett & Laing.

Land areas : or, How to calculate and verify contents of tracts of land /

Mode of access: Internet.

Later Stuart tracts,

Most of the tracts have special title-pages.

Tracts issued by the Marriage Law Defence Union.

Mode of access: Internet.

The cases of polygamy, concubinage, adultery, divorce, &c. seriously and learnedly discussed. : Being a compleat collection of all the remarkable tryals and tracts which have been written on those important subjects. /

Reissued 1736 with title: Select and curious cases of polygamy.

Census tracts : 1980 census of population and housing.

Issued May 1983-

Bibliotheca gloucestrensis: a collection of scarce and curious tracts relating to the county and city of Gloucester, illustrative of, and published during the civil war, with biographical and historical remarks /

Each tract has reprint of original t.p.

Tracts. : no. I-IV.

I. Income and expenditure. Method of keeping the public accounts The national debt.--II. The war establishment.--III. The civil government.--IV. Miscellaneous estimates.

Tracts

No. 9, 11-12, 2nd ed. ; no. 10, 3rd ed.

Sixteenth census of the United States: 1940. Population and housing. Statistics for census tracts ...

Typed title-page.